(2016) Haitian Solar-Powered Micro-grid Potential: Town Ranking Report

P U B L I C V E R S I O N Mailing and Delivery Address: 1000 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1600, Arlington, VA 22209-3901 Phone: 703–875–4357 • Fax: 703–875–4009 • Web site: www.ustda.gov Haitian Solar-Powered Micro-grid Potential: Town Ranking Report Client: Enèji Pwòp, SA Contractor: Energy and Security Group This report was funded by the U.S. Trade and Development Agency (USTDA), an agency of the U.S. Government. The opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this document are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of USTDA. USTDA makes no representation about, nor does it accept responsibility for, the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this report. Mailing and Delivery Address: 1000 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1600, Arlington, VA 22209-3901 Phone: 703–875–4357 • Fax: 703–875–4009 • Web site: www.ustda.gov The U.S. Trade and Development Agency The U.S. Trade and Development Agency helps companies create U.S. jobs through the export of U.S. goods and services for priority development projects in emerging economies. USTDA links U.S. businesses to export opportunities by funding project planning activities, pilot projects, and reverse trade missions while creating sustainable infrastructure and economic growth in partner countries. 1 Table of Content Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... 2 Executive Summary ..................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 6 Feasibility Study Process ........................................................................................................................................ 6 Energy Access Context ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Issues and Challenges .................................................................................................. 6 Methodology ............................................................................................................... 7 Results and Analysis ..................................................................................................... 8 Legal Landscape Analysis ....................................................................................................................................... 8 Town Rankings, Version 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Town Rankings, Version 2 .................................................................................................................................. 14 Top 41 Towns ........................................................................................................................................................... 21 Remaining Towns ................................................................................................................................................... 63 Prospective U.S. Sources of Supply ........................................................................... 105 2 Acknowledgements This project would not have been possible without the determined and dedicated efforts of many collaborating partners. The project would like to acknowledge its deep appreciation of the nearly 40 Microgrid Field Researchers who spent up to two months visiting remote towns under challenging conditions. Similar gratitude is extended to Thunder Capital, working in immediate collaboration with the Haitian Institute for Energy, for its flexibility and ability to recruit and manage an extensive team of researchers, all on a tight timeline. Dr. René Jean-Jumeau of the Haiti Institute for Energy, in particular, lent enormous value to the context and research components of this effort. He was supported by a talented team, including: Raymond Lerebours, Lesly Dumont, Leslie Gervais, Evenson Calixte, Cassimir Chatelier, Patrick Conde, Clampitch Louissaint, Markenson Nozine, and Betonus Pierre. The project is also grateful to Haitian universities, including Université Quisqueya, Université d’Etat d’Haïti and Enstiti Travay Sosyal ak Syans Sosyal (The Institute for Social Work and Social Sciences), that kindly cooperated to nominate field researcher candidates. Fritz Frederic and Marcia Nordgren provided valuable analysis on the legal landscape. EarthSpark International and its team and volunteers bolstered research, offered guidance, and filled gaps as they arose. The Enèji Pwòp team itself and the people of Les Anglais offered invaluable support, from expanding on the existing microgrid context to hosting the entire team in Les Anglais in the summer of 2015. Finally, many thanks to Brian Gurr who supported the project from start to finish and Alex Fisher and Ayscha Hamdani, who worked tirelessly to support project management in Haiti. We offer special thanks to the following micro-grid field researchers: Jimmy Alfred Ricardo Accus Yves Junior Beaubrun Peterson Belizaire Phara Bellevue Benan Berhan Johnson Bessard Grace Cineas Ruth Dorméus Vildens Dorvilier Emmanuel Phillipe Eder Joanne Gaillard Laurence Huneault Wilem Jean Danel Jean Denis Jesula Christine Jean Simon Davermann Joseph Stefan Koester Ganyelar Laurent Geralda Louis Marie-Hélène Marcelin Damhillahnhillah Mondélus Alizé Osner Louiceus Ozias Eventz Delly Pierre Mary Reintsma Luxone Samedy Fedner St.Cimé Alyssa Teddy Marie Judith Theodore Paul Veillard 3 Executive Summary Energy access is low in Haiti, where an estimated 70% of the population lacks a connection. In the absence of reliable electricity, economic growth is stifled and households must resort to costly fuel-based lighting and cooking solutions. Enèji Pwòp, S.A, a Haitian social enterprise, seeks to directly resolve this shortcoming with the development of town-sized solar-powered smart grids. Enèji Pwòp operates one such grid in Les Anglais, Haiti, providing nearly 500 homes and businesses with 24-hour electricity, and has set the goal of building 80 more grids in the country in the next 5 years. Unfortunately, a serious shortage of town-specific data has hindered an informed selection of future potentially viable towns, which prevents expansion. The legal and regulatory environment for rural electricity in Haiti has been uncertain and is in flux. In order for any microgrid developments to happen at scale, these problems will need to be solved. This report addresses these shortfalls. For the market data, this report documents the results and analysis of a nationwide study of 89 rural towns in Haiti assessing the feasibility of microgrid development. Over the course of several months in 2015, a team of 40 field researchers visited the towns, undertaking surveys on economic activities, political will, energy demand, infrastructure and strength of civic organizations. From the data, the towns were scored and ranked based on their potential suitability for a viable micro-grid. Scoring is subject to the weighting of data, which can vary widely, as understanding of micro-grid feasibility criteria evolves. This report presents two different scoring methodologies. Tables below present the town rankings according to the two methodologies. Table 1. Town Rankings, Version 1 Town Name Rank Town Name Rank Town Name Rank Limbé 1 L’Estère 31 Gressier 61 Petite-Rivière-de- l’Artibonite 2 Arniquet 32 Fonds-Parisien 62 La Victoire 3 Mont-Organisé 33 Dame-Marie 63 Desdunes 4 Désarmes 34 Savanette 64 Dessalines / Marchand 5 Belladère 35 Randel 65 Verrettes 6 Baie-de-Henne 36 Bois de Laurence 66 Anse-d’Ainault 7 Roseaux 37 Capotille 67 Liancourt 8 Bahon 38 Beaumont 68 Belle-Anse 9 Cerca-Carvajal 39 Chantal 69 Maïssade 10 Bord de mer de Limonade 40 Duchity 70 Anse-à-Foleur 11 Cornillon 41 Marfranc 71 Labadie 12 Arnaud 42 Mombin-Crochu 72 Pilate 13 Fond-des-Blancs 43 Mare-Rouge 73 Vallières 14 Ferrier 44 Thiotte 74 4 Town Name Rank Town Name Rank Town Name Rank Grande-Rivière-du- Nord 15 Thomassique 45 Acul-du-Nord 75 Luly 16 Anse-à-Pitre 46 Paillant 76 Plaisance-du-Sud 17 L’Ïle-à-Vache 47 Carice 77 Côtes-de-Fer 18 Plaisance 48 Borgne 78 Dondon 19 Terre-Neuve 49 Cazale 79 Anse-Rouge 20 Grand-Gosier 50 La Vallée-de-Jacmel 80 Abricot 21 Moron 51 Carcasse 81 Ennery 22 Ganthier 52 Port-Margot 82 Boucan-Carré 23 La Tortue 53 Cahoane *83 Pointe-à-Raquette 24 Perches 54 Pont-sondé 25 Bas-Limbé 55 Pestel 26 Bonbon 56 Les Irois 27 Petit Bourg de Port Margot 57 Corail 28 Milot 58 Fonds-Verrettes 29 Chambellan 59 Ranquitte 30 Tiburon 60 * Note: The following six towns were not assessed under this methodology because sufficient data was not available at the time: Anse-à-Veau, Casse, Cerca-La-Source, Grande Saline, Les Cayemites, and Sainte Suzanne. Table 2. Town Rankings, Version 2 Town Name Rank Town Name Rank Town Name Rank Dessalines / Marchand 1 Thomassique 29 Baie-de-Henne 60 Verrettes 2 Arnaud 32 Grande Saline 60 Les Irois 3 Cerca-La-Source 32 Gressier 60 L’Estère 4 Ferrier 32 L’Ïle- à-Vache 60 Limbé 5 Ganthier 32 La Vallée-de-Jacmel 60 Petite-Rivière-de- l’Artibonite 6 Pont-sondé 32 Ranquitte 60 Cerca-Carvajal 7 Sainte Suzanne 32 Chantal 67 Fond-des-Blancs 7 Anse-à-Veau 38 Cornillon 67 Fonds-Parisien 9 Bord de mer de Limonade 38 Fonds-Verrettes 67 Anse-d’Ainault 10 La Tortue 38 Mombin-Crochu 67 Bas-Limbé 11 Luly 38 Pestel 67 Beaumont 11 Anse-à-Foleur 42 Plaisance-du-Sud 67 Perches 11 Arniquet 42 Pointe-à-Raquette (La Gonâve) 67 Belladères 14 Boucan-Carré 42 Roseaux 67 5 Town Name Rank Town Name Rank Town Name Rank Desdunes 15 Paillant 42 Bois de Laurence 75 Dame-Marie 16 Plaisance 42 Carice 75 Désarmes 16 Thiotte 42 Grand-Gosier 75 Liancourt 18 Tiburon 42 La Victoire 75 Milot 19 Bonbon 49 Marfranc 75 Anse-Rouge 20 Dondon 49 Terre-Neuve 80 Maïssade 20 Duchity 49 Casse 81 Mare-Rouge 20 Pilate 49 Savanette 81 Belle-Anse 23 Port-Margot 49 Abricot 83 Ennery 23 Borgne 54 Corail 83 Côtes-de-Fer 25 Capotille 54 Randel 85 Vallières 25 Cazale 54 Cahouane 86 Acul-du-Nord 27 Labadie 54 Petit Bourg de Port Margot 86 Anse-à-Pitre 27 Les Cayemites 54 Carcasse 88 Grande-Rivière-du- Nord 29 Mont-Organisé 54 Chambellan 89 Moron 29 Bahon 60 For the legal and regulatory landscape assessment, this report draws some conclusions and makes some recommendations, however recent developments in the evolving landscape render these findings merely reference points in a larger energy policy transition that will require further assessment as time passes. We contend that energy access microgrids do indeed offer an enormous opportunity for rural electrification in rural Haitian towns, unlocking decentralized, rural economic opportunities for local enterprises and offering an exciting market for energy business opportunities with the potential to demonstrate in Haiti what is possible in other countries around the world. That said, the ongoing political crisis combined with the ‘process risks’ of microgrid development in Haiti lead us to conclude that further microgrid demonstrations would be helpful in order to prove the viability of the model. 6 Introduction Enèji Pwòp, S.A., a Haitian social enterprise, has the goal of electrifying 80 towns in Haiti by 2020. Currently, it operates a solar-powered, town-sized microgrid in the town of Les Anglais. The energy scale-up for the next 40 grids will involve the construction of specialized grids that are tailored to the physical infrastructure, energy demand, resource potential, and community and political context of each town. Feasibility Study Process Following a desk study of over 100 small, unelectrified Haitian towns, field research for a feasibility study of 89 rural towns was undertaken across Haiti from July- October of 2015 to determine potential for solar-powered town-sized microgrids. Electricité d’Haiti (EdH) The research in each town focused on political will, economic activities, energy demand, infrastructure, and strength of civic organizations. This feasibility report has ranked the towns based on their potential and provides additional context for each of the top towns. Energy Access Context In Haiti, 70% of the population lacks access to electricity. For the approximately 30% of the population that is connected to a grid1, service is often erratic and electricity rates are some of the highest in the world. Despite the high rates, cost- recovery for utilities remains elusive. While the central utility, Electricité d’Haiti, works to improve service to its customer base, there remains a big opportunity to expand energy access in Haiti through de- centralized solutions. Some innovation is already taking place. In Les Anglais, in the Sud department, EarthSpark International has built a 100 kW solar-powered micro- grid serving 500 connections. In neighboring towns, including Côteaux, Roche-à- Bateau and Port-à-Piment, the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA) established an electric co-op, serving 1600 customers via a solar-diesel hybrid system. This project anticipates that the research and analysis it provides will facilitate the way for replication of similar micro-grids in other towns where conditions are favorable. Issues and Challenges Risks to Microgrid Development in Haiti While there are many reasons to be optimistic for microgrid development in bringing sustainable energy to Haiti’s rural towns, there nevertheless remain many risks to energy access microgrid development in Haiti. The three biggest risks are discussed here. None of them are insurmountable, but each will need to be carefully 1 (2013) Population without Electricity. Inter-American Development Bank and Latin American Energy Organization. 7 addressed and mitigated in order for any viable microgrid development plan to succeed. Ongoing Political Risk As of mid-summer 2016, delayed presidential elections have led to a protracted political crisis in Haiti. Uncertainty around the national political cycle and outcomes is leading to widespread hesitation on the part of international organizations and external funders as well as difficulty in gaining clarity in the regulatory environment. Regulatory Risk After the completion of the legal analysis performed for this report, the then- outgoing President Michelle Martelly issued new, wide-reaching energy decrees, published in Haiti’s Le Moniteur newspaper on February 3, 2016. The nearly 60 pages of decrees have the potential to upend the existing legal and regulatory environment for all aspects of the electricity sector in Haiti. The decrees themselves have positive and potentially negative implications for rural microgrid development in Haiti, however uncertainty around if and how the decrees will be implemented is currently posing the greatest set of challenges. For example, the Decrees name and give broad authority to a new national electricity regulatory body, but as of the release of this report, no body had been formed, and no funding for the establishment of such a regulator had been allocated. According to the decrees, the new regulator, if indeed it is created, would have purview over all companies offering service throughout the country, and would require companies to obtain a concession or a license. Process Risk Beyond the large and immediate political and regulatory risks, both of which may be solved by a smooth election and a productive legislative session, process risk remains high for microgrid development in Haiti. Best practices for microgrid development remain anecdotal, and, while EarthSpark, Limye Pa’w, and NRECA have all gained some experience in the development of energy access microgrids in Haiti in recent years, there remain many gaps in the standardization of development and operation processes. From logistics to customs to legal structures, technology, and community engagement, many problems were encountered throughout the development of the recent microgrids in Haiti, and likely more unknown issues remain to be discovered during the development phase of the next grids. More good examples of successful microgrids in Haiti are likely necessary before developers will be able to attract investment capital to achieve microgrid development at scale. Methodology The microgrid market survey was undertaken by 40 researchers hailing mostly from Haiti, the US, and Canada. The researchers were paired into teams of two, spending four days to one week in each town. Four Regional Coordinators handled logistics for ten researchers each. The surveys were designed by a team of 8 anthropologists, microgrid consultants, and energy policy advisors, who have experience with the Haitian energy and cultural context. Each research team used two Android devices equipped with Open Data Kit to undertake five different survey types: political, community organization, community leader, business, and household. Surveys focused on the following: • Political interview: presence of organizations, how to contact town leaders, major energy users, existence of infrastructure • Community Organization interview: organizational activities, presence of NGOs and diaspora groups, major economic drivers of town, major energy users in town, existence of town infrastructure • Community Leader interview: major economic drivers of town, presence of organizations (community organizations, diaspora organizations, NGOs), major energy users in town, existence of town infrastructure • Business interview: energy use, appliance ownership, business type • Household interview: energy use, appliance ownership Researchers were teamed with a local guide in each town to connect them with the identified leaders. After meeting with leaders, researchers interviewed the businesses in the town, and then used the remainder of the time to complete household interviews. In addition, the researchers took two walk-throughs of the town: one in the daytime and another in the nighttime. Upon completion of the town surveys, the researchers filled out a summary report of the town research before traveling to the next town. Additionally, an in-house geospatial analysis was undertaken of each of the towns to determine the following: estimate of potential connections / number of buildings, building density, and flood risk. Results and Analysis Legal Landscape Analysis This project analyzed the relevant laws, regulations and decrees relevant to micro- grid development and operation, outlining the potential benefits and challenges. The full analysis can be found in the appendix of this report, in the section Legal Analysis. However, as noted in the Regulatory Risk subsection of this report, the legal landscape has been potentially upended by the release of new energy decrees since this analysis was conducted. The landscape remains in a state of flux, requiring regular review and interpretation. Town Rankings, Version 1 After the completion of the data collection process, the town ranking methodology was developed. However, scoring can change substantially, depending on how different categories are weighted. This report presents two different scoring 9 methodologies. The raw data will be provided by ESG to Enèji Pwòp, as interpretation of the data may change in the future. Data Analysis A quantitative methodology was designed to score and rank each town based upon suitability for microgrid development. The methodology adhered to the following process: 1. Of the over 300 parameters gathered by the surveys in each town, 27 were selected as the most indicative of a town’s microgrid suitability. 2. The data value for each parameter was normalized by converting it to a score on a 0-100 scale, called the Normalized Score, where the score is represented as a ratio of the data value in question to the highest value recorded for that parameter. For example, if the population of Anse-Rouge is 12,691 and the highest population recorded among towns was 150,000, then the normalized score is: 12,691 / 150,000 = 8.5 3. Each parameter and each category of parameters was weighted on a scale of 1- 100 depending on its influence on microgrid suitability, called Parameter Weight and Parameter Category Weight, respectively. (See table below). For example, Population has a Parameter weight of 90 whereas the Presence of a Bank was weighted as 43. Parameter Weight Parameter Weight Economics 93 Political Will 62 Population 90 Mayor legitimately elected? 57 Household Energy Costs (G) 83 Budget / Local contribution 63 Large potential customer (max 30) 62 Municipal Committee 70 Potential Residential Customers (kW) 78 Local association 60 Formal Business 73 Potential Partners 67 Bank 42 Backed government 60 Market days per week 57 Investor Interest 83 Natural Resource Potential 43 Diaspora / Resident association 43 Physical Infrastructure 75 NGO 33 Road access quality 80 University and technical school 63 Port 35 Electrical grid 57 Functional electrical grid 38 Gas station 65 Distributed solar products 57 Hotel quality 43 10 Court / police station 68 car/bike/bus station 45 Renewable energy potential (hydro, wind, solar) 65 The weighted score of a given parameter was calculated by: Parameter Weighted Score = (Normalized Score) * (Parameter Weight) * (Parameter Category Weight) / 10,000 For example, given these inputs for Population in the town of Anse-Rouge: Normalized Score = 8.5 Parameter Weight = 90 Parameter Category Weight (Economics) = 93 The Parameter Weighted Score is: = 8.5 * 90 * 93 / 10,000 = 7.1 The Parameter Weighted Score was calculated for all 27 key parameters for each town. To produce a town’s final score, the Parameter Weighted Scores for the 27 key parameters were summed together. Final scores were ranked from highest to lowest to yield the final results of towns according to suitability for microgrid development. (See appendix for all scores) Results With each parameter weighted, scored and totaled, the calculations yielded the final score for each town. Town Score Rank Limbé 606 1 Petite-Rivière-de-l’Artibonite 598 2 La Victoire 565 3 Desdunes 563 4 Dessalines / Marchand 562 5 Verrettes 560 6 Anse-d’Hainault 556 7 Liancourt 523 8 Belle-Anse 510 9 11 Town Score Rank Maïssade 485 10 Anse-à-Foleur 483 11 Labadie 481 12 Pilate 465 13 Vallières 462 14 Grande-Rivière-du-Nord 461 15 Luly 456 16 Plaisance-du-Sud 456 17 Côtes-de-Fer 452 18 Dondon 449 19 Anse-Rouge 447 20 Abricot 436 21 Ennery 433 22 Boucan-Carré 430 23 Pointe-à-Raquette 425 24 Pont-sondé 424 25 Pestel 417 26 Les Irois 416 27 Corail 410 28 Fonds-Verrettes 408 29 Ranquitte 405 30 L’Estère 403 31 Arniquet 399 32 Mont-Organisé 398 33 Désarmes 397 34 12 Town Score Rank Belladères 395 35 Baie-de-Henne 374 36 Roseaux 371 37 Bahon 369 38 Cerca-Carvajal 359 39 Bord de mer de Limonade 349 40 Cornillon 349 41 Arnaud 344 42 Fond-des-Blancs 337 43 Ferrier 334 44 Thomassique 332 45 Anse-à-Pitre 329 46 L’Ïle- à-Vache 329 47 Plaisance 327 48 Terre-Neuve 326 49 Grand-Gosier 324 50 Moron 324 51 Ganthier 312 52 La Tortue 310 53 Perches 309 54 Bas-Limbé 295 55 Bonbon 293 56 Petit Bourg de Port Margot 292 57 Milot 287 58 Chambellan 279 59 13 Town Score Rank Tiburon 277 60 Gressier 277 61 Fonds-Parisien 273 62 Dame-Marie 265 63 Savanette 264 64 Randel 263 65 Bois Laurence 262 66 Capotille 258 67 Beaumont 255 68 Chantal 249 69 Duchity 249 70 Marfranc 247 71 Mombin-Crochu 239 72 Mare-Rouge 230 73 Thiotte 227 74 Acul-du-Nord 217 75 Paillant 212 76 Carice 207 77 Borgne 202 78 Cazale 145 79 La Vallée-de-Jacmel 143 80 Carcasse 130 81 Port-Margot 90 82 Cahoane 41 83 14 Note: The following six towns were not assessed under this methodology because sufficient data was not available at the time: Anse-à-Veau, Casse, Cerca-La-Source, Grande Saline, Les Cayemites, and Sainte Suzanne. Town Rankings, Version 2 Scoring Categories Scores were assigned to each town for four separate categories. Category 1: Weekly Business Energy Expenditures Interviews were conducted of the major businesses in each town. The interview questions included the cost of gasoline, diesel, kerosene, and candles that were used by each business on a weekly basis. The sum of these weekly expenditures has been assigned a score out of a total possible 20 points for each town. Category 2: Total Weekly Energy Expenditures and Fuel Consumption Total energy expenditures were based upon two metrics: 1) measured weekly expenditures, and 2) estimated expenditures. The measured weekly expenditures were a sum of data regarding the cost of gasoline, diesel, kerosene, and candles used by all households, businesses, and community organizations that were interviewed. Geospatial analysis was undertaken to approximate the number of potential connections in each town. In order to estimate overall energy expenditures for the town, the average household weekly energy expenditure was assigned for those potential connections not interviewed. Fuel consumption was based upon gallons of gasoline and diesel used each week by each town’s large energy consumers. The score for Category 2 was out of a potential 10 points. Category 3: Economic and Energy Potential This category looked at business size and potential, NGO presence, strength of local organizations, diaspora presence, town size and density, and presence of existing electricity infrastructure. The total score for Category 3 was out of a possible 19 points. Category 4: Ease of Access and Flood Risk This category was based on an assessment of the accessibility of the town, including the condition of roads and potential for year-round access. Additionally, points were awarded for towns that were not in low-lying areas near bodies of water in order to account for the risk of flooding. The total possible score for Category 4 was 10 points. Scoring Results The following table lists the scores for each town, including the score by category and the total score. All 89 towns are ranked according to total score, based upon their potential for development of a viable micro-grid. 15 Table 3 - Scores for Each Town Town Name Categor y 1 Categor y 2 Categor y 3 Categor y 4 Total Score Dessalines / Marchand 20 10 18 10 58 Verrettes 20 10 17 8 55 Les Irois 20 10 16 8 54 L’Estère 20 10 14 8 52 Limbé 16 10 17 8 51 Petite-Rivière-de- l’Artibonite 16 10 17 6 49 Cerca-Carvajal 12 9 17 10 48 Fond-des-Blancs 20 10 10 8 48 Fonds-Parisien 20 6 14 6 46 Anse-d’Hainault 12 7 17 8 44 Bas-Limbé 12 7 16 6 41 Beaumont 12 7 12 10 41 Perches 12 8 11 10 41 Belladères 8 9 13 10 40 Desdunes 4 7 18 10 39 Dame-Marie 8 8 16 6 38 Désarmes 8 7 13 10 38 Liancourt 4 10 15 8 37 Milot 4 6 15 10 35 Anse-Rouge 4 7 17 6 34 Maïssade 8 6 16 4 34 Mare-Rouge 8 6 16 4 34 Belle-Anse 8 7 14 4 33 16 Town Name Categor y 1 Categor y 2 Categor y 3 Categor y 4 Total Score Ennery 4 6 13 10 33 Côtes-de-Fer 8 8 12 4 32 Vallières 12 4 10 6 32 Acul-du-Nord 4 5 14 8 31 Anse-à-Pitre 4 4 17 6 31 Grande-Rivière-du-Nord 4 6 16 4 30 Moron 4 8 14 4 30 Thomassique 4 5 15 6 30 Arnaud 4 6 11 8 29 Cerca-La-Source 4 4 15 6 29 Ferrier 4 3 14 8 29 Ganthier 4 3 12 10 29 Pont-sondé 4 5 16 4 29 Sainte Suzanne 4 3 14 8 29 Anse-à-Veau 4 5 13 6 28 Bord de mer de Limonade 4 5 13 6 28 La Tortue 8 4 12 4 28 Luly 4 8 10 6 28 Anse-à-Foleur 4 7 14 2 27 Arniquet 4 5 10 8 27 Boucan-Carré 4 5 12 6 27 Paillant 4 4 9 10 27 Plaisance 4 5 12 6 27 Thiotte 4 5 10 8 27 17 Town Name Categor y 1 Categor y 2 Categor y 3 Categor y 4 Total Score Tiburon 4 6 13 4 27 Bonbon 4 4 12 6 26 Dondon 4 3 13 6 26 Duchity 4 4 10 8 26 Pilate 4 4 12 6 26 Port-Margot 4 3 13 6 26 Borgne 4 3 12 6 25 Capotille 4 2 9 10 25 Cazale 4 4 13 4 25 Labadie 8 3 12 2 25 Les Cayemites 4 8 11 2 25 Mont-Organisé 4 3 10 8 25 Bahon 4 3 13 4 24 Baie-de-Henne 4 4 12 4 24 Grande Saline 4 3 11 6 24 Gressier 4 1 13 6 24 L’Ïle- à-Vache 4 5 11 4 24 La Vallée-de-Jacmel 4 2 10 8 24 Ranquitte 4 2 12 6 24 Chantal 4 2 9 8 23 Cornillon 4 3 10 6 23 Fonds-Verrettes 4 4 11 4 23 Mombin-Crochu 4 2 11 6 23 Pestel 4 2 13 4 23 Plaisance-du-Sud 4 2 9 8 23 18 Town Name Categor y 1 Categor y 2 Categor y 3 Categor y 4 Total Score Pointe-à-Raquette (La Gonâve) 4 3 14 2 23 Roseaux 4 5 10 4 23 Bois de Laurence 4 2 8 8 22 Carice 4 4 8 6 22 Grand-Gosier 4 3 11 4 22 La Victoire 4 1 11 6 22 Marfranc 4 4 10 4 22 Terre-Neuve 4 3 8 6 21 Casse 4 3 9 4 20 Savanette 4 3 11 2 20 Abricot 4 2 11 2 19 Corail 4 3 10 2 19 Randel 4 2 10 2 18 Cahouane 4 2 7 4 17 Petit Bourg de Port Margot 4 2 7 4 17 Carcasse 4 2 8 2 16 Chambellan 0 1 9 4 14 The map in Figure 1 presents the data graphically, with the larger circles representing the towns with the most favorable conditions for microgrid development. Color coding aligns with circle size. The larger the circle, the darker the shade of green; the smaller the circle, the darker the shade of red. [... middle sections omitted for long document ...] 101 Accessibility and Potential Setbacks One of the potential setbacks for the development of a micro-grid in Randel is the accessibility, which is very difficult. During hurricane season, it is not possible to cross the river which runs through the city. Another potential setback is there is no phone signal, potentially making communication difficult. Cahouane, Rank: 86 Cahouane is a town of approximately 13,000 people located in the Sud department of Haiti. The microgrid survey of Cahouane was undertaken from the 8th to 12th of September, 2015. Energy Expenditures and Business Development Potential The major economic drivers of Cahouane are agriculture (beans, corn, and plantains) and one shop. Some of the businesses interviewed in Cahouane have their own source of generation, whether generators or solar panels. This indicates that there is already some demand for energy in the business sector. Fuel costs 250 HTG per gallon for gasoline, 200 HTG per gallon of diesel, and 30-60 HTG per bidon of kerosene. There are approximately 200 buildings that could be potentially connected to a micro-grid in Cahouane. The current major energy users in the town are the Digicel and Natcom towers. Table 90 – Energy Expenditures in Cahouane Expenditure Type Amount (HTG) Weekly Business Expenditures 680 Weekly Household Expenditures 9,490 Total Weekly Expenditures 10,170 Gasoline and Diesel Consumed Weekly 3 gallons Strength of Community-Based Organizations There are two community-based organizations in Cahouane, supporting farmers and parents who want to send their children to school. Some activities undertaken by NGOs in Cahouane include aid provision, and education. Accessibility and Potential Setbacks Cahouane is accessible by large trucks, although the road is not paved. One of the potential setbacks for the development of a micro-grid in Cahouane is a lack of commercial and economic activity. There is no market, and very little in the way of business activity recorded over the course of the survey. Also, Cahouane is located in a low-lying coastal area, making it susceptible to flooding. 102 Figure 28 - Potential Connections in Cahouane (Map Imagery: Google Earth, DigitalGlobe) Petit Bourg de Port Margot, Rank: 86 Petit Bourg de Port Margot is a small town located in the Nord department of Haiti. The microgrid survey of Petit Bourg de Port Margot was undertaken from the September 28th to October 3rd, 2015. Energy Expenditures and Business Development Potential The major economic drivers of Petit Bourg de Port Margot are small-scale shops. The businesses interviewed in Petit Bourg de Port Margot all have their own source of generation, whether generators or solar panels. This indicates that there is already a high demand for energy in the business sector. Fuel costs 220 HTG per gallon for gasoline. There are approximately 150 buildings that could be potentially connected to a micro-grid in Petit Bourg de Port Margot. The current major energy users in the town are the hospital and the school. Table 91 – Energy Expenditures in Petit Bourg de Port Margot Expenditure Type Amount (HTG) Weekly Business Expenditures 900 Weekly Household Expenditures 30,000 Total Weekly Expenditures 31,000 Gasoline and Diesel Consumed Weekly 17 gal Petit Bourg de Port Margot is partially connected to EdH. The grid operates approximately 2 days per week for 2-5 hours per day. Strength of Community-Based Organizations One youth community-based organization was identified, focusing on training, cultural activities and reforestation. 103 Accessibility and Potential Setbacks No potential setbacks were identified. The town is located all along the bank of a river, making it particularly susceptible in the event of a flood. Carcasse, Rank: 88 Carcasse is a town located in the Grand-Anse department of Haiti. The microgrid survey of Carcasse was undertaken from the 2nd to 5th of August, 2015. Energy Expenditures and Business Development Potential The major economic driver of Carcasse is fishing. About half of all of the businesses interviewed in Carcasse have their own source of generation, whether generators or solar panels. This indicates that there is already some demand for energy in the business sector. Fuel costs 200-300 HTG per bidon of kerosene. There are approximately 150 buildings that could be potentially connected to a micro-grid in Carcasse. The current major energy users in the town are the two nightclubs and the churches. Table 92 – Energy Expenditures in Carcasse Expenditure Type Amount (HTG) Weekly Business Expenditures 227 Weekly Household Expenditures 4,403 Total Weekly Expenditures 4,630 Gasoline and Diesel Consumed Weekly 7 gallons Strength of Community-Based Organizations There is an agricultural association based in Carcasse. Some activities undertaken by NGOs in Carcasse include health (Red Cross), and establishing supply chains to sell coco abroad. Accessibility and Potential Setbacks One of the potential setbacks for the development of a micro-grid in Carcasse accessibility – the roads leading to Carcasse are in very poor condition and have been damaged by heavy rains. Also, Carcasse is located in a low-lying coastal area, making it susceptible to flooding. 104 Figure 29 – Potential Connections in Carcasse (Map Imagery: Google Earth, DigitalGlobe) Chambellan, Rank: 89 Chambellan is a town of approximately 24,000 people located in the Grand-Anse department of Haiti. The microgrid survey of Chambellan was undertaken from the 20th to the 22nd of August, 2015. Energy Expenditures and Business Development Potential The major economic drivers of Chambellan are the town market and growing cocoa. About half of the businesses interviewed in Chambellan have their own source of generation, whether generators or solar panels. This indicates that there is already some demand for energy in the business sector. Fuel costs 195-250 HTG per gallon for gasoline, 157 HTG per gallon of diesel, and 50-60 HTG per bidon of kerosene. There are approximately 400 buildings that could be potentially connected to a micro-grid in Chambellan. The current major energy users are the market, the bar, and the welders. Table 93 – Energy Expenditures in Chambellan Expenditure Type Amount (HTG) Weekly Business Expenditures n/a Weekly Household Expenditures 7,050 Total Weekly Expenditures 7,050 Gasoline and Diesel Consumed Weekly 0 gallons Chambellan has a brownfield microgrid, managed by a local committee. The grid no longer functions. Thus, there is some energy infrastructure already present in Chambellan. 105 Strength of Community-Based Organizations There are two community-based organizations in Chambellan, one which is an agricultural cooperative (cocoa and coffee) and the other which supports good governance in Grand-Anse. There is no documented NGO presence in Chambellan. Accessibility and Potential Setbacks One of the potential setbacks for the development of a micro-grid in Chambellan is political. The generator that served the now defunct grid in Chambellan was actually installed in Moron, and there are some tensions between the two towns about the transparency behind the management of said generator. Also, Chambellan is located along the bank of a river, making it susceptible to flooding. Accessibility is also difficult, with a perilous road to Chambellan that is broken up by rivers. Prospective U.S. Sources of Supply The information gathered and analyzed in this project removes one of the significant barriers to foreign direct investment in Haiti: the dearth of information on the market for micro-grid development. Now, with greater clarity on the towns that are most suitable for grid development and the characteristics of those towns that will inform grid design, project developers can now more easily move forward with implementation. Two categories of investment opportunities lie in clean energy services and equipment. The first is in micro-grid development. Examples of foreign products and services include solar panels, engineering procurement and construction services, electrical grid operator services, power electronics equipment, cabling and batteries. A second category of investment opportunities lies in the export of electrical appliances, such as fans, refrigerators and agricultural processing equipment. The estimated per-grid cost for US-sourced goods and services would be about $500,000. Major potential suppliers include the companies that provided the Les Anglais equipment: • ZeroBase Energy LLC (EPC, Michigan), • Princeton Power (Power electronics, New Jersey), • Trojan Battery Company (batteries, California), • Midnite Solar (electrical connection equipment, Washington State), • Outback Power (battery racking, Washington State), • Iron Ridge (Solar racking, California), • SolarWorld (solar panels, Oregon), and • SparkMeter (smart metering technology and billing services, Washington, D.C.)