(2009-12) Market Assessment Study: Financing Sustainable Energy through Remittance Flows in Haiti and the Dominican Republic

MARKET ASSESSMENT STUDY “FINANCING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY THROUGH REMITTANCE FLOWS IN HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC” FINAL REPORT FINANCED BY FOMIN – A MEMBER OF THE IDB GROUP PRESENTED BY ARC FINANCE/BASE DECEMBER 2009 Project Name: MIF-IFAD Partnership Facility or Rural Private Sector Dev-LAC Loan No: ATN/ME-8655-RG Project No: RG-M1019 Selection: RG-M1019-SN1 Prepared for: Mr. Greg Watson, Remittances Manager Multilateral Investment Fund Inter-American Development Bank Washington, USA Team Leads: Ms. Nicola Armacost, Managing Director and Co-Founder, Arc Finance Mr. Daniel Magallon, Managing Director, Basel Agency for Sustainable Energy (BASE), Switzerland Core Team: Ms. Guadalupe Lopez de Llergo, Co-Partner, Mercaei SA de CV (Public Opinion and Market Research), Mexico City Ms. Maria Sanchez, Consultant, New York City, USA Ms. Katleen Felix, Consultant, Haiti ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Final Report Page 1 of 18 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction 3 1.1 3 Report Objectives and Research Rationale Research Design 4 2.1 Hypothesis Generation 2.1.1 Selection of Sustainable Energy Products 2.1.2 Development of the Business Models 2.1.3 Stakeholder Interviews 4 4 5 6 Field Research 7 3.1 Research Goals and Objectives 7 3.2 Focus Group Methodology 8 Research Results 9 4.1 Findings Related to the Energy Situation in Haiti and the Dominican Republic 9 4.2 Findings Related to Knowledge About Sustainable Energy Devices 9 4.3 Findings Related to Transfer Mechanisms 11 4.4 Findings Related to the Business Models 12 4.5 Findings Related to Controlling Remittances 15 4.6 Summary Research Findings 15 Recommendations 16 Annex 1: Final Report Remitters Annex 2: Final Report Recipients Annex 3: Sustainable Energy Products Annex 4: Models to Link Remittances to Sustainable Energy Products ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Final Report Page 2 of 18 “FINANCING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY THROUGH REMITTANCE FLOWS IN HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC” FINAL REPORT 1 Introduction 1.1 Report Objectives and Research Rationale The goal of this market research was to determine the feasibility of promoting the use of remittances as a means to purchase clean energy. The project was designed to test the attractiveness to immigrants in more developed countries (the United States) of linking their remittance flows to the purchase of clean energy technologies in the developing world (Haiti and the Dominican Republic). The research was geared at assessing how much interest there was among remitters in targeting their remittances at improving the quality of life of their families in their country of origin through linking a portion of their remittances to clean energy purchases, and to test the interest of the receivers in this type of an arrangement. A key goal was to evaluate the desire of immigrants to control the use of the remittances that they send to their home countries. Two countries were selected for research, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. These countries were interesting to compare because they both receive a relatively high number of remittances in relation to population size and they receive the bulk of their remittances from the United States and specifically the New York area. However, one of the countries has much lower electrification rates and much lower levels of political stability than the other. The research team anticipated that this would result in quite different levels of interest in the subject matter of the research. Haiti has the lowest coverage of electricity in the Western Hemisphere, with only about 12.5% of its 8.9 million population (or 1.1 million people) having reliable access1. It is estimated that over 1 million Haitians live in the US with about 420,000 living in New York (these figures include undocumented 2 workers) . In 2008, Haiti received about US$1.8 billion in remittances (which makes up about 20% of GDP). Haiti has suffered significant political and economic unrest for many years. The total population of the Dominican Republic is about 9.5 million, with about 3 million people (or about 3 40% of the population) living in rural areas that do not have reliable sources of electricity . About 1.2 million Dominicans live in the US with the largest concentration of Dominican immigrants in New York and 4 New Jersey . The Dominican Republic received approximately US$3.1 billion in remittances in 2008 and despite the financial crisis remittances rates have increased by almost 5%. The Dominican Republic is in a relatively stable political and economic situation at present. The benefits of promoting clean energy in developing countries (especially those with low electrification rates) are well documented. Fostering access to electricity enables substantial improvement in living conditions of the poor and positively influences rural economic development. It provides opportunities to increase income and assets by extending the work-day or making the operation of machinery more efficient and effective. It provides health benefits by improving the air quality leading to less vision and 1 CIA- World fact book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html Migration Information Source. http://www.migrationinformation.org/Usfocus/display.cfm?ID=214 3 CIA- World fact book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html 4 Migration Information Source. http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=259 2 ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Final Report Page 3 of 18 respiratory problems. It also enhances the effectiveness of social services by supporting education goals – children and adults can study in the evenings under electric lights. There are also important gender implications in improving energy services for poor families, which particularly benefit women and girls. Most family’s energy needs are met largely by women and children (especially girls), and time spent in fuel collection by women in fuel-scarce areas can range from 1 hour to 5 hours per household per day. Fuel and water collection limit the participation of children in school, impacting their literacy levels. Several studies also show that the number of households adopting electricity continues to grow for years after a village first receives electricity. Promoting the use of clean, renewable energy technologies also contributes towards the global objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. While the benefits of promoting clean energy in developing countries are clear, until now it has not been clear that poor people would be willing to use their remittances for purchasing clean energy devices. In an effort to address this knowledge gap, Arc Finance and BASE undertook this market research to determine if remittances are a viable source of end-user finance for the purchase of energy products in the developing world. The project team carried out in-depth market research in the form of three sets of focus group sessions - in New York, Haiti and the Dominican Republic respectively - to identify customer preferences and behavior relating to business models/mechanisms used for remittances, types of service providers, pricing structure and specific alternative energy products. Data was collected in New York during September and in Haiti and the Dominican Republic during October 2009. 2 Research Design 2.1 Hypothesis Generation Based on background reading, the team developed several hypotheses to test in the course of the focus group research, including the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 2.1.1 The longer time that remitters have been away the more they want to control the money they send home. The longer time that remitters have been away the more likely they are to be willing to link their remittances to an energy product. In a less-developed country with lower electrification rates (i.e. Haiti), the likelihood of remitters being willing to link their remittances to an energy product is higher. It is more likely for people with banks accounts in the host or home country to be willing to link their remittances with an energy product. It is more likely that people sending money to rural areas in the home country will be willing to link their remittances with an energy product. Selection of Sustainable Energy Products The team selected eight sustainable energy products to test with the focus group participants: a solar powered lantern; an all-in-one solar powered radio, a solar powered flashlight and cell phone charger; a solar home lighting kit; a solar cooker; a more efficient wood-burning stove; a solar water heater; a solar powered TV; and a solar water purification device (see Annex 3 for the description of the sustainable energy products as they were described to the participants). These products ranged quite considerably in price (from US$35 to US$900). During the focus group sessions, the researchers intentionally provided very basic information about the products and deflected questions that participants had about the way the devices operated so as not to influence their opinions. Participants were asked to evaluate the utility and desirability of the products both before and after they were told the actual price of the product. They were also asked to guess how ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Final Report Page 4 of 18 much the item would cost commercially. These discussions led to lively debates about the relative merit of each item. It was interesting to note that opinions about the desirability of the product occasionally changed based on its actual price; not surprisingly, a cheaper price made the item more desirable and a more expensive price made it less so. 2.1.2 Development of the Business Models During the preparation period the team also developed six different innovative business models that could in theory link remittances with energy in the receiving country. Each business model used different actors and/or different payment processes. During the course of the stakeholder interviews a seventh model was added on the basis of discussions with one of the Money Transfer Institutions (MTIs). The seven business models are outlined below: 1. Remittances to Savings Account Model (via bank or MTI): The remittance is sent by a traditional remittance provider from New York – for example a bank or an MTI - to a bank/microfinance organization (MFI) in the recipient country, where the money is put into a savings account that can used to purchase sustainable energy products. 2. Remittances to Loan Account Model (via bank or MTI): The remittance is sent by a traditional remittance provider from New York - for example a bank or an MTI - to a bank/MFI in the recipient country, where the money is put into a loan account that can be used to purchase sustainable energy products. 3. Remittances for Energy Product (via MTI): The remittance is sent through an MTI, which in turn buys the product from an energy vendor who delivers it to the client in the receiving country. This is in effect an in-kind remittance - in this model the remitter is purchasing the energy product directly from the MTI. The remitter can choose to have the sustainable energy product home delivered or picked up at a specific location in the recipient country. 4. Remittances for Energy Product (via Hometown Association/MTI): The remittances are used to purchase a sustainable energy product from an energy company but the interface is the website of the Hometown Association. The Hometown Association vets potential energy partners before agreeing to advertise their products and takes a small fee for providing the service. In this model the backend is provided by the MTI. [This was the additional model that was developed during the stakeholder interviews] 5. Remittances for Energy Product (directly from Vendor via internet using pre-paid card or credit card): The remittances are used to purchase a sustainable energy product directly from an energy company but the client chooses the energy device on the internet and pays either using a prepaid card or a credit card. This model also offers the client the option to pay in installments/via layaway (where the equipment would not be delivered until it is fully paid for) or pay directly in a lump sum (where the equipment would be delivered to the customer immediately). 6. Remittances for Energy Product (directly from Vendor in New York): The remittances are used to purchase a sustainable energy product directly from an energy company based in New York, which in turn delivers the product directly to the family or makes it available for pick up in a warehouse in the receiving country. 7. Remittances for Energy Product (directly from Vendor in Haiti or the Dominican Republic): The remittances are used to purchase sustainable energy technology directly from an energy company that operates in Haiti or the Dominican Republic, and delivers the product directly to the family or makes it available for pick up in a warehouse in the receiving country. ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Final Report Page 5 of 18 Each of these models was tested with the focus group participants (see Annex 4 for the description of the models as they were explained to the participants). Participants were told that these models were theoretical and that their opinion was being sought to determine the viability of each model as a potential means to tap remittances as a source of funding for sustainable energy products. Despite this, a number of participants wanted to know where these models were operating in practice and how they could become involved either from a business perspective or as a client. 2.1.3 Stakeholder Interviews Prior to and in parallel with the focus group sessions, the team interviewed a range of stakeholders that included banks, Microfinance Institutions (MFIs), Money Transfer Institutions (MTIs), energy companies, hometown associations and policy makers. The stakeholder group included organizations that might be potential implementing partners in the future. The goal of the interviews was to test the business models that were being developed. The interviews served as an excellent means to evaluate the practicality of the business models and helped to refine the approach being planned for the focus groups. Interviews with Financial Sector Stakeholders In general, the financial sector stakeholders from Haiti showed a deep understanding of the electricity challenges that Haitians were facing and were interested in exploring potential business opportunities related to meeting these needs. In contrast, the financial sector stakeholders in the Dominican Republic appeared to be less interested in the potential business opportunities presented by this research than their Haitian counterparts. More in depth interviews with Dominicans revealed that this phenomenon was not so much a case of being unaware of the dire energy situation in the Dominican Republic, but more a feeling that it was the responsibility of government to fix the problem. MTIs were particularly interested in the research and models. The team uncovered a range of the innovative approaches that MTIs have adopted in Haiti and the Dominican Republic to adapt to changing market conditions. In order to stay competitive, these companies are providing a whole set of delivery services that did not exist previously. Some MTIs have developed specialized services where customers can send food, flowers and appliances in addition to money. These items are sometimes delivered directly to the recipient in the home country, or they are delivered to a warehouse where the recipient can collect the item at his or her convenience. The team incorporated this process into one of its business models and tested the attractiveness of this process with Remitters and Receivers for sending sustainable energy products. Shortly after the focus group research began, the team created a variation on this model where the interface for selecting the energy product would be the website of the Federation of Hometown Associations (with an MTI as the backend). The team tested this additional model with participants in subsequent focus group sessions. Interviews with Sustainable Energy Technology Vendors In conducting the interviews with energy technology vendors, the researchers were struck by the difficult conditions that the local enterprises face in trying to develop a local sustainable energy market and sell their products. The main challenge experienced by the vendors was the high up-front cost of purchasing and storing the energy devices for resale, and finding appropriate end-user finance to enable their clients to purchase the devices. The vendors indicated that they would be able to sell their products much more effectively and reduce their risks, if the more expensive energy devices were financed through an established financial institution rather than if the products were purchased with cash in advance. The researchers also discovered that the current set of vendors operating in the target market, are mostly small and medium enterprises. At present these institutions are too small to allow for the mass expansion of a remittances-based model, at least in the short-term. ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Final Report Page 6 of 18 Because of the relatively small size of the energy enterprises operating in Haiti and the Dominican Republic, the team interviewed proxy energy enterprises that operate in other parts of the world to test the business models. The unexpected consequence of this was to generate considerable interest in serving the Haitian market by energy companies that are not currently operating in the Haitian environment. Vendors both inside and outside the Haiti/Dominican market were very enthusiastic about potential alliances with financial institutions that would allow their clients to tap into the remittances market to finance the purchase of sustainable energy devices. The interviews with vendors were designed to better understand the technologies and devices that are more known, requested and appropriate for the local markets. The team provided the vendors with different technology options – solar photovoltaic energy, solar thermal technology, biogas, mini wind turbines, biomass, energy efficiency devices – and vendors recommended that solar photovoltaic and thermal technologies were the ones that would be most accepted and appropriate for the local conditions. Summary Perhaps not surprisingly, each stakeholder showed more interest in the business model that featured players from the sector in which it operated (e.g. MTIs expressed more interest in models featuring MTIs etc.). Some stakeholders expressed real interest in developing a pilot project to test a specific business model in practice. The team assessed the feedback from the interviews in the context of the market research results with Remitters and Recipients and identified a number of potential follow up projects with a sub-section of these actors that will be outlined in the recommendations section of this report. 3 Field Research The team conducted in-depth field research with multiple focus groups in New York, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. 3.1 Research Goals and Objectives At the outset, the team identified a set of research goals and objectives for Remitters and Recipients. There were several goals embedded in the research that focused on Remitters: − To identify the Remitter’s interest in controlling the use of the money sent for the purchase of sustainable energy products. − To assess the Remitter’s perspective on the current situation of the energy supply and demand in Haiti and the Dominican Republic and its impact on their families. − To assess the extent of the Remitter’s knowledge about sustainable energy products. − To assess the appetite of Remitters to link their remittances to the purchase of sustainable energy products. − To understand the different mechanisms (“Models”) by which Remitters can link their remittances to the purchase of sustainable energy products. There were additional goals embedded in the research that focused on Recipients: − To assess the level of demand among Recipients in Haiti and the Dominican Republic for sustainable energy products. − To verify the current situation of the energy supply and demand in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. − To assess the extent of the Receiver’s knowledge about sustainable energy products. − To identify perceptions about the positive and negative aspects of the most frequently used mechanisms to obtain these products. ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Final Report Page 7 of 18 3.2 Focus Group Methodology A total of six focus groups were conducted with Remitters in the New York area. Three of them included participants of Haitian origin, and three included Dominicans. An additional six groups were conducted with Recipients. Three of them were carried out in Haiti, in the Northern town of Ganthier (rural), in Mirebalais (rural) and in Hinche (urban) in the Centre region. The other three groups were held in the Dominican Republic in the capital city, Santo Domingo East, in the Southern town of Bani (rural) and in the Northern town of Bonao (rural). Each group had a maximum of 12 participants, with a previously defined demographic profile linked to the research objectives. In addition, each group included a diversity of participants in terms of people living in different neighborhoods and engaged in a variety of job activities. As they arrived at the meeting, the participants were each given a Basic Information Questionnaire, which gathered specific information about the participant before the meeting began. These questionnaires were later used to create subject profiles, which are embedded in Annex 1 and 2 of this report. During the focus group meeting, the moderator led the discussion based on a Topics Guide tailored to the research objectives. Each session lasted approximately two hours. Socio-demographic Profile of Participants in the Study − Countries: The full study took place in three different countries: USA (New York) (six groups), Haiti (three groups) and Dominican Republic (three groups). − Origin: Participants were divided by place of origin: 1) Haitians in NY (three groups); 2) Dominicans in NY (three groups); 3) Local people in Haiti (three groups); 4) Local people in Dominican Republic (three groups). − Role: Participants were divided into two different roles: 1) Remitters (Haitian and Dominican immigrants); 2) Recipients (Haitian and Dominican relatives and friends). There were six focus groups per role. − Sex and Age Range: All groups included participants of both sexes, with a balanced number among them. The age range was between 18 and 64 years of age. − Area: The six groups with Remitters included participants with family members in both urban and rural areas. The six groups with Recipients were held mostly in the rural area (two groups per country), but there were also groups in urban areas (one group per country) to ensure representation of different country zones. The hypothesis being tested was: “It is more likely that people sending money to rural areas in the home country will be willing to link their remittances with an energy product.” − Education Level: Groups were divided into higher and lower education levels. Since some of the sustainable energy products presented varied in price, it was important to include participants with different education levels as a proxy for income level, based on the assumption that the higher the education level, the higher the income level was likely to be. The higher education levels included: high school, technician and college (finished or unfinished). Lower education levels included: elementary school and junior high. − Time Money Sent/Received: Groups were also divided into people that had received/sent money for more or less than five years. Some groups included participants with both characteristics. The team did this to test two hypotheses: “The longer that Remitters have been away, the more they want to control the money they send home” and “The longer time that Remitters have been away, the more likely they are to be willing to link their remittances to a sustainable energy product.” In addition, each group included participants with banking knowledge (measured in terms of participants with varied experience in using banks, credit cards and on-line banking) and prepaid-card knowledge (measured in terms of varied experiences in using gift cards, telephone cards or any other type of prepaid cards). Recipient groups included a variety of participants in terms of quality of electric service (measured in terms of people with or without energy problems, such as blackouts, and in terms of people who were ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Final Report Page 8 of 18 and were not connected to the grid). Recipient groups always included people who received money from New York. Finally, groups were conducted in four different languages: English (NY Haitian Remitters); Spanish (NY Dominican Remitters and local people in DR); French and Creole (local people in Haiti). While this qualitative study does not have statistical value, it provided useful information that enabled the researchers to understand the reasoning and mental processes that people go through when forming their opinions, attitudes and values. 4 Research Results The results of the research indicated a very strong desire by not only Haitians (which was anticipated at the outset) but also by Dominicans on linking remittances to energy related products (see Annex 1 and Annex 2 for detailed reports of the responses by Remitters and Receivers respectively). In fact, when asked about the current role of remittances in addressing the local energy situation, Remitters reported that about 25% of the money they send is used to pay for energy/electricity bills already and Receivers confirmed this. 4.1 Findings Related to the Energy Situation in Haiti and the Dominican Republic The team found that both senders and receivers felt that energy was a top household priority irrespective of the country, and especially in the rural areas. On the Haitian side, the low electrification rate clearly affected everyone in dramatic ways. People talked about the lack of light at night, the lack of refrigeration, the lack of hot water, challenges with cooking, and the inability to use mechanical devices etc. On the Dominican side, while the electrification rate is not as low as Haiti, people expressed deep frustration at the lack of real access, noting the daily reality of blackouts and the common practice of poaching electrical access (including the dangers associated with this). It became clear that in Haiti the issue is the lack of infrastructure, whereas the problem in the Dominican Republic is the unreliability of the existing electricity system and the illegal wiring. Remitters from both countries talked about the conditions their families lived in back home and also about the experience of being a visitor, and how inferior the living conditions were compared to their New York lifestyles. They explained that many of their family members basically do without energy. Both Remitters and Receivers described a range of ways in which families in Haiti and the Dominican Republic addressed their energy situation. Tactics ranged from combining energy sources (e.g. candles, batteries and kerosene lamps), to purchasing inverters and/or generators, to changing living habits by either doing without energy or alternating energy sources among home appliances, to stealing electricity from the grid. Stealing electricity seemed to be especially widespread in the Dominican Republic where people were very open about the different means by which electricity was stolen, including connecting to other people’s lines, having double connections, having two meters, tampering with the electricity bills and stealing the electric cables. In their minds, stealing was justified because they felt it was unfair that they were paying for a service that was not being provided to the point where they were being forced to spend additional money in order to purchase an energy source to compensate for this situation. Their main complaint was that they simply do not get good reliable service and many of them said they were willing to do what ever it took to get reliable service. 4.2 Findings Related to Knowledge About Sustainable Energy Devices The researchers discovered that a surprising number of the Remitters were savvy about clean energy devices. The Haitians expressed deep concern about the high level of deforestation in Haiti due to the fact ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Final Report Page 9 of 18 that people use wood for cooking, and most of them were aware that sustainable energy technology was good for the environment. A number of the Remitters were very familiar with solar energy and some of them already owned solar panels. It was interesting to watch these people educate other participants about the benefits of solar energy, pointing out that there are no electricity bills to pay, it is a reliable source of energy over a long period of time, it offers self-sufficiency and independence from electricity companies, and as a bonus, the clean energy sector can create new jobs for people in maintenance and installation. Among Remitters, there was a huge appetite for the sustainable energy products presented by the researchers. They were excited to see the different products, and expressed enthusiasm about using their remittances to provide their families with access to electricity – particularly because there was deep skepticism that the government would be in a position to do so any time soon. Many participants said they wanted all of the products presented, and some asked about the existence of other sustainable energy products (the concept of a solar refrigerator was raised by several people). As they thought more deeply about acquiring these items, however, various doubts were raised; a key practical concern was whether the solar products would work at night and during rainy seasons. In general, both Remitters and Recipients wanted to have a demonstration on how the products would work and expressed interest in learning more about them. The chart below illustrates the preferences tiers for the products that were discussed in the focus group sessions by the participants. Sustainable Energy Devices: Preference Tiers Category Sustainable Energy Products Radio, flashlight and cell phone charger - $35 Lantern - $27 “Most Preferred” Solar home lighting kit - $500 Solar cooker - $190 Wood burning stove - $40 “Sometimes Preferred” Water purification equipment - $480 Solar TV - $900 Solar water heater - $500 “Least Preferred” ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Final Report Page 10 of 18 The most popular items for both Remitters and Receivers were the Radio, Flashlight and Cell Phone Charger ($35) and the Lanterns ($27). The reasons given were that these devices were practical, portable, cheap and not so vulnerable to theft (compared to solar panels). Many people wanted to know where they could be bought and said they would like to give them as gifts immediately. The next most favored item was the solar home lighting kit ($500), which both Remitters and Receivers felt would solve the lighting needs of families in Haiti or the Dominican Republic and would also save money in the long-term. However, some people were disappointed that such an expensive product only provided lighting and would not help them to power other necessary appliances, like the refrigerator, the fan or TV. Others were concerned that it could be easily stolen. This led to an interesting conversation about strategies to prevent theft of solar devices, including securing the panels with an iron grill, making the panel heavier, sealing the panels with cement, and moving them inside the home when it gets dark. Both the solar stove ($190) and the wood-burning stove ($40) were next in priority. The advantages cited for the solar stove were that it was environmentally friendly (not only because it does not pollute but also because it doesn’t require trees to be cut down), it was a good substitute for gas, saves money, and is portable. However critiques of the solar stove were that it was too small (participants noted that families in Haiti and Dominican Republic are large and cooking is done for large groups), it would not work at night when the sun is not available, cooking would take too long and the price was higher than most people expected. The researchers noted that more women than men seemed interested in buying a solar cooker both among the Remitters and the Receivers, perhaps reflecting the fact that the burden of cooking rests more on women than men in these countries and so the incentive to find a viable solution to cooking challenges rests more heavily on women. Even after learning the price, some women insisted that it was the ideal gift. The efficient wood-burning stove was controversial among Haitians because of the fact that although it burns less wood, it still uses wood and many of the Haitian participants expressed concerns about the potential effects of the stove on the environment. However, several people dropped their proenvironment argument when they found out how cheap the item was. Dominican participants were less interested in the product and seemed to have a broader range of cooking fuel/device alternatives than the Haitians. The solar water purification system ($480) was controversial in a different way. Initially, participants were very eloquent in describing the importance of clean water in Haiti and the Dominican Republic to combat the widespread sickness due to contaminated water. However, the market price of $480 caused participants to shift their opinions and they ended up focusing on its low output capacity. When the solar TV ($900) was shown, participants were surprised that it was even an option and found it very expensive. They noted that its major disadvantage was that it needed to be charged for six hours in order to be able to provide electricity for three hours of TV. Most of the participants felt that a solar TV was not a priority. The solar water heater was viewed by most participants as an expensive luxury item which they did not feel was really addressing a pressing need. Participants noted that water in Haiti and the Dominican Republic was already hot enough and few participants said they would be willing to buy one. 4.3 Findings Related to Transfer Mechanisms Haitian and Dominican participants in New York have a long tradition of sending remittances. They use a number of methods, including Money Transfer Institutions (MTIs), person-to-person delivery, microfinance institutions, as well as bank and Internet transfers. Their most preferred method to send money is via the transfer agencies and the method of transferring money is a decision that depends primarily on the Remitter. ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Final Report Page 11 of 18 The most valued attributes by Remitters when choosing a transfer agency were the following: • • • • • • Proximity: in terms of branches conveniently located in New York and closeness to the Recipients’ address. Cost: for sending $100 dollars (whether it is $4, $5, $9 or a flat fee of $10, regardless of the amount, as well as fees for amounts higher than $1,000 dollars). Reliability and safety: to ensure that the money arrives, especially in cases of emergencies. Home delivery: as it implies convenience for family members, savings because there are no transportation costs, and security as it can be dangerous to pick-up money at branches. Good customer service: for example, keeping records of money sent and family information in a database, as well as getting points or a free pre-paid calling card to let their families know that the money was already sent. Favorable currency arrangements: where the money is delivered in dollars rather than local currencies that devalue quickly. 4.4 Findings Related to the Business Models In terms of the business models, Remitters were open to any model that in their view could get the money to their relatives in a quick and effective way for the purchase of these clean energy devices. The clear preference was for a model that involved the most direct contact between the purchaser and the vendor. As a result of this, most of the discussions focused on the two models that provided a direct link to the vendor: Model 7, where the Remitter or Recipient buys the product directly from the vendor in Haiti or in the Dominican Republic; and Model 6, where the Remitter buys the product directly from the vendor in New York and the family receives it in Haiti or the Dominican Republic. What was most attractive about these two models for the participants was that they allowed for direct purchasing with no transfer agencies or banks as intermediaries. In the section below, each of the models is described sequentially with the most desirable models described first. Model 7 In this model, the remittances are used to purchase sustainable energy technology directly from an energy company that operates in Haiti or the Dominican Republic, and delivers the product directly to the family or makes it available for pick up in a warehouse in the receiving country. This model was cited as being attractive because participants felt it would be more cost effective. They felt that through this model, Remitters would be saving on shipping and delivery costs, taxes that need to be paid in the United States before sending the item and custom fees and problems in Haiti or in the Dominican Republic when the product is received. The other benefits of buying from a local vendor were that there would be no risks of product damage during transportation, and the local vendor could provide product installation, maintenance and guarantees. However, there were some concerns about the geographic location and accessibility of the vendors in Haiti or the Dominican Republic, given that some families might need to travel quite far to get the product. A Dominican participant suggested creating a system similar to Avon, where micro vendors in small towns could sell the products and make home demonstrations to show how the item works. The person pointed out that this would also increase jobs at home. Many participants of both nationalities strongly supported models that would improve the job markets locally. Model 6 In this model, the remittances are used to purchase a sustainable energy product directly from an energy company based in New York, that delivers the product directly to the family or makes it available for pick up in a warehouse in the receiving country. This model was cited as being attractive because the Remitters could see the product themselves and work out how it functions before sending it to their relatives. Many participants indicated that they would ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Final Report Page 12 of 18 only prefer this model (as opposed to buying the product from a vendor in Haiti or in Dominican Republic, Model 7) if the vendor in New York delivered the product directly to their families. They said they would not want to deal with the problems and costs associated with sending products themselves. They pointed out that with direct delivery the vendor takes care of shipping and what it entails (costs, custom hassles, storage and liability if the product is damaged in transit). Some participants also felt the products would be better quality and cheaper in the United States (in part because of the high taxes in the Dominican Republic). Others noted that with this system they could really ensure that the money was used for a sustainable energy product and was not spent on something else. Model 3 In this model, the remittances are sent through an MTI, which in turn buys the product from an energy vendor who delivers it to the client; it is in effect an in-kind remittance used to purchase energy products directly from the MTI. The remitter can choose to have the sustainable energy product home delivered or picked up at a specific location in the recipient country. This was the third most favored model and those participants who favored it explained that this model gave them closest access to the vendor after the direct purchase models. Several noted that they already had some experience with the model and had sent/received food or flowers with MTIs that offered this service. Haitian participants said they found the model attractive because they viewed it to be “a proven system”. Advantages of this model were that the product could be delivered locally and be stored safely while the family picks it up. People felt it was a more secure system than sending the product themselves or sending money to their relatives to purchase the product locally. They also noted that it allows significant control of the remittances. Critics stressed that working with an MTI added extra costs, and they expressed concerns about the reliability of the delivery process of the product locally. Model 4 This model is a variation on Model 3, and in this system, the remittances are used to purchase a sustainable energy product from an energy company but the interface is the website of the Hometown Association. The Hometown Association vets the various energy partners before agreeing to advertise their products and takes a small fee for providing the service. In this model the backend is provided by the MTI. The concept of buying sustainable energy products through an Association of Haitian or Dominican people living in the US was attractive mainly to Remitters who were part of an Association (the minority) and with quite specific conditionalities. Many Remitters said they would only consider it if they were given an extremely good deal. They argued that the best case scenario for this model would be that an alliance between a Vendor and an Association should result not only in lower product prices for members (because the Association was buying in bulk), but also in payment alternatives, product guarantees, and the ability to see the products displayed locally at the Association. If it offered these benefits, then the Association would be truly looking out for its members in the US and their families abroad. Many people were skeptical that this arrangement would work well in practice, they speculated that the buying process could get longer and more confusing, they were wary of Associations getting into business ventures and felt that some people might take inappropriate advantage of money related issues. Dominican Remitters pointed out that few immigrants are members of Associations and therefore this model was not so appealing to them. Models 1 and 2 In Model 1, the Remitter sends the money through a traditional remittance provider in New York - for example a bank or a money transfer organization - to a bank/MFI in the recipient country, where the money is put into a savings account that can used to purchase sustainable energy products. In Model 2, the Remitter goes through the same process but the money is put into a loan account that can used to purchase sustainable energy products. ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Final Report Page 13 of 18 In general, both Remitters and Recipients expressed little interest in opening a savings account or taking out a loan to buy sustainable energy products. The savings model was viewed as complicated and unrealistic given that most people in Haiti and the Dominican Republic do not have bank accounts and savings is not a widespread cultural habit. Critiques of the model by Remitters focused on the fact that they did not want to deal with the paper work involved in opening a savings account, they were concerned about whose name the savings account would be in, they did not like the idea of giving someone the power to withdraw the money locally, and were concerned about how they would manage an account from New York. Those who liked the model stressed that saving money is a good principle in general and noted that a savings account could operate like a lay-away system or a short-term savings mechanism. The loan model was deemed unattractive because loans were viewed as expensive and complicated; banks ask for collateral (which most people do not have) and require lots of paperwork, interest rates are high, remitters were not comfortable taking out a loan in another country and were not sure how the process would work so that their risks were minimized. They felt that gifts should not be covered with a loan. Many said that most of products that they wanted (with the exception of the solar panels) were quite affordable and that they would save the money on their own or buy the products in one lump sum. Among the few participants who expressed some interested in taking out a loan, there was no consensus on the best place to do the transaction - some people felt it would be better to take out a loan in the United States because they believe that interest rates are lower there; other people argued exactly the opposite case and said they would only take a loan from a bank in Haiti or the Dominican Republic because they did not think they could get credit in the United States; and finally, there were people who said they would consider taking a loan from the vendor directly, never from the banks. Model 5 In this model, the Remitter purchases a sustainable energy product directly from an energy company but the Remitter chooses the energy device on the Internet and pays either using a prepaid card or a credit card. It was a little difficult to place this model because participants presented somewhat contradictory messages about it. On the one hand, buying products on-line was unfamiliar to a large majority of Haitian and Dominicans participants in New York and most Remitters said they did not have access to the Internet, and were afraid that on-line purchasing would make them vulnerable to identity theft. However, the fact that this model allowed for the opportunity to buy directly from the vendor made it theoretically attractive to a number of participants. Advantages cited were that an on-line purchasing system would be faster, more convenient and allow tracking of the product and might also lower the price of the item (since there is more competition on-line). Remitters also noted that the model allowed real control over the use of the remittances since in this model the product is pre-selected and purchased on-line and is then delivered to the family. Disadvantaged cited included concerns about the potential vendor’s reliability, who would bear the burden of shipping costs, who would provide the guarantee, and who would explain how the product works. The overall impression was that on-line buying is still not so common among Haitians and Dominican Remitters and is even less common for their families abroad and that as a result at present the model would probably not be so successful in practice. This model also tested two different payment alternatives: lump sum or installments. In general, Remitters confirmed that the attractiveness of both options depended on the price of the item and the number of products being purchased, but preferences were fairly evenly divided. Those who would rather pay in a lump sum indicated that it saves future headaches with payments and concerns about delivery times. On the other hand, those who were willing to pay through small installments said that they wanted their families to obtain the merchandise quickly before the payment is completed in full. They referred to the fact that because of the financial crisis, merchants are changing the way they do lay-aways, and now they give you the product even if you have not finished paying for it. ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Final Report Page 14 of 18 While Recipients engaged in discussion on each of these models, they expressed a clear preference for just receiving the remittances and purchasing the devices directly themselves (Model 7). Recipients cited many reasons as to why they would prefer to receive the money directly and not depend on Remitters to send the product. They argued that their relatives living abroad would not actually get the products for them, that Remitters were living under different circumstances and might not understand the real local needs, or that they simply did not want to wait for an eventual gift. Recipients also said that they would prefer to choose the product themselves because the Remitter might buy something different than the items that local people truly need. Some said they would feel more confident buying the product in a store that was familiar to them, and that buying the product locally would save shipping, delivery and custom fees, as well as worries about possible robbery or product delays at customs. Lastly, some participants referred to the benefit of having a guarantee with a local vendor, and the comfort of knowing that the product would not be damaged while being transported. 4.5 Findings Related to Controlling Remittances The original hypothesis was that the longer the Remitters were away, the more they would want to control the money they send home. The team found that the desire to link remittances to clean energy seemed to be very strong irrespective of how long the person had been away from the home country, however, the story about whether or not the Remitters wanted to control the money was rather complicated. When asked if they wanted to control the money they send home, the majority of Remitters said they did not want to, that the money was a gift and once the money was sent it was up to the receiver to decide how to use it. They also said it would be insulting to their families if they tried to control the use of the money they send. However, it became clear that even if they did not want to call it “controlling” some Remitters had found subtle ways to control the money: by paying for school bills directly; by sending a specific remittance to pay rent, mortgages or medicines; by making payments directly to a hospital when someone was sick; or by buying household items for their families directly from a manufacturer or vendor. In addition, as they relaxed, some Remitters admitted that they had concerns that their families were not using the money appropriately - for example buying fancy clothes or spending the money on alcohol or on parties - and they felt strongly that they should control the money more. There was consensus that controlling the money was a necessity in certain situations for example in business transactions, if it was being sent for a specific community service or when supporting an organization. Remitters said that they would be willing to increase control of the money they send in order to ensure that family members got access to sustainable energy products. Before the presentation of the sustainable energy products, participants expressed some reluctant about exercising real control over the remittances, but there was a change of mindset after they had seen the products. They explained this attitude shift by pointing out that otherwise the money would not be used to buy the sustainable energy products. They also noted that they were resigned to the fact that providing any of these products would cost them additional money because they would have to provide these products on top of whatever they were already sending to their families already. 4.6 Summary Research Findings The results of the research indicated a voracious desire by both Haitians and Dominicans for linking remittances to energy related products and the research clearly established that remittances are a viable source of end-user finance for the purchase of energy products in the developing world. Remitters reported that about 25% of the money they send is already being used to pay for energy/electricity bills, and Receivers confirmed this. The most preferred method to send money is through the transfer agencies and the method of transferring money is a decision that depends primarily on the Remitter. Remitters indicated that they were willing and interested in controlling the remittances they send home in order to ensure that their families get access to sustainable energy products. ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Final Report Page 15 of 18 The team identified the most and least desirable sustainable energy products for this set of participants, as well as the key factors that gave them these attributes. The most popular items were the solar powered radio, flashlight and solar cell phone charger and the solar powered lanterns, because these devices were practical, portable, cheap and not so easy to steal. The least popular items were the solar TV and the solar water heater because these devices were deemed unnecessary, expensive, luxury items that were not a priority. The team also identified the most and least desirable business models to link remittances and alternative energy products. The clear preference for both Remitters and Recipients was for a model that involved the most direct contact between the purchaser and the vendor. The least attractive models were the ones that involved complex transactions with multiple financial actors. As part of the interviews carried out with vendors, sustainable energy device distributors and retailers indicted that they would be able to sell their products much more effectively, and reduce their risks, if the energy devices were financed rather than if the products were purchased with cash in advance. It became clear that existing and potential vendors would prefer to mitigate their risks by working with a financial institution rather than directly with the client. It also became clear that the current vendors, which are mostly small and medium enterprises, have too small a structure to allow for the mass expansion of the models in the short-term. Vendors both inside and outside the Haiti/Dominican market were very enthusiastic about potential alliances with financial institutions that would allow their clients to tap into the remittances market to finance the purchase of sustainable energy devices. As part of the interviews carried out with financial institutions, it became clear that MTIs were best suited to, and most interested in, adapting their business models to include sustainable energy products as items that could be purchased through remittances. Banks and MFIs were more wary of entering this market, and both Remitters and Recipients were less enthusiastic about taking out loans or using saving to pay for these devices. However, energy vendors selling more expensive items were anxious for a more stable source of financing for their products, preferably from a formal financial institution. 5 Recommendations After analyzing the data from the in-depth focus groups and the stakeholder interviews, the Arc /BASE research team concluded that Model 7 (Remittances for Energy Product - Direct From Local Vendor) and Model 3 (Remittances for Energy Product – Via MTI) are the two most viable models for a potential pilot project for tapping remittances as a source of end-user finance for sustainable energy products. The Arc /BASE team strongly suggests that operating two pilots simultaneously would radically increase the potential for scale in this area. The team felt that in the initial period the focus of a pilot project should be on Haiti, because while there was strong demand and need in the Dominican Republic, the need was substantially greater in Haiti and depending on success rates, the pilot projects could be rolled out to the Dominican Republic at a later date. Model 7: Remittances for Energy Product - Direct From Local Vendor In Model 7, the remittance is used to purchase sustainable energy technology directly from an energy company that operates in Haiti or the Dominican Republic, and delivers the product directly to the family or makes it available for pick up in a warehouse in the receiving country. This model was attractive to both Remitters and Receivers, because it allowed for direct contact with the vendor and potentially increased jobs in the home country. Business Challenge of Model 7. Model 7, however highlights a significant gap in the energy supply chain in Haiti - while there are sophisticated international manufactures/importers that are anxious to sell sustainable energy products in the Haitian market, as well as clients that are anxious to consume these ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Final Report Page 16 of 18 products, there is not a developed set of local distributors. Those local distributors that exist are small and not yet able to serve a national market. There is in effect an “energy distribution gap” Manufacturers Importers Distributors End-Users Solutions. The Arc/BASE team has identified two key solutions to address this energy distribution gap: 1. One solution is to build the capacity of local energy suppliers by helping them to develop their existing businesses functions (e.g. service and maintenance, financial management, marketing, inventory management, storage, transportation, importing/customs duties management etc.) and helping them to design and build business models that focus on growth (e.g. microfranchising). The advantage of this solution is that it is key to the long-term development of the Haitian sustainable energy market, and provides for instillation, maintenance and service of larger solar home systems, which Haiti lacks. The disadvantage of this solution is that it is a relatively slow growth solution. In addition, with this solution it is challenging to tie in remittances as a financing source (existing Haitian energy companies stressed that their preferred way to tie in remittances would be through a formal financial institution, and this was in fact the least favorite choice among the focus group clients). 2. The other solution is to identify an alternate distribution channel where an enterprise in a different but complimentary business sector has a business interest in working as a distribution channel for sustainable energy products. The most promising sector identified by the Arc Finance/BASE team is the telecom sector. The concept would be that a Haitian cell phone company with national coverage sells smaller energy devices such as multi purpose lanterns that also charge cell phones directly to consumers in Haiti (these were the most popular items among the focus group participants). The advantage of this solution is that a cell phone company with strong national coverage is likely to be able to deal with marketing, inventory management, storage, transportation and importing/customs issues – all of which are key for rapid scale. This solution is also much easier to tie into remittances as a financing source as recipients are already receiving “remitted” phone minutes for their families back home and cell phone. The disadvantage of this solution it that it is not well suited to financing larger solar home systems (and as such only contributes in a partial way to the long-term development of the Haitian sustainable energy market). It will also be key to ensure that the cell phone companies team up with reliable international importers that sell high quality energy products for the poor. The Arc/BASE team recommends that out of these two choices, phase two should focus on alternate distribution channels in order to test whether a phone company/energy company partnership can promote rapid scale in getting high quality, relatively inexpensive sustainable energy devices into the hands of poor people. Model 3: Remittances for Energy Product – Via MTI In parallel, the Arc Finance/BASE team strongly recommends an investment in developing and scaling Model 3, where the remittances are sent through an MTI, which in turn buys the product from an energy vendor who delivers it to the client. The remitter can choose to have the sustainable energy product home delivered or picked up at a specific location in the recipient country. This model was attractive to participants because they viewed it to be “a proven system” and because it allows for significant control of the remittances. It is probably best suited for financing smaller, less expensive sustainable energy systems. This model also allowed for potential future expansion via Model 4, which focused on partnerships with Hometown Associations as marketing agents/outlets. ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Final Report Page 17 of 18 Business Challenge of Model 3. Model 3 is in fact already in operation in Haiti for non-energy related appliances, however the MTIs that are currently using this system have indicated that to add sustainable energy devices to the list of products they offer, they need to be connected to reliable international manufactures/importers of sustainable energy products and it would be very helpful for them to find additional creative marketing outlets in the US that immigrants trust, to inform immigrants about the business model and convince them to try it. The first challenge can be addressed by brokering partnerships with international suppliers of sustainable energy products. The second challenge can be addressed through brokering a partnership with a Haitian Federation of Hometown Association, which is naturally positioned to serve as an information source on the sustainable energy products and are well-trusted by the immigrants. ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Final Report Page 18 of 18 Annex 1: Final Report Remitters Focus Groups in New York with Haitian and Dominican Immigrants “Financing Sustainable Energy through Remittance Flows in Haiti and the Dominican Republic” FINANCED BY FOMIN – A MEMBER OF THE IDB GROUP PRESENTED BY ARC FINANCE/BASE DECEMBER 2009 ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 1 of 85 Index INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................................ 2 OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................................... 2 MAP AND FOCUS GROUP LOCATIONS IN NEW YORK ...................................................................................................... 6 1. Profile of Participants.................................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Activities of Participants....................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Activities of Participants....................................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Time Remitter Has Been Sending Money and Number of People to Whom Remitter Sends Money................ 10 1.3 Amount and Frequency of Money Sent ............................................................................................................. 13 1.4 Items Sent Other Than Money ........................................................................................................................... 15 1.5 Use of the Money Sent....................................................................................................................................... 16 2. Ways of Sending Money............................................................................................................................................ 19 2.1 Evaluation of Money Transfer Agencies............................................................................................................. 20 2.2 Evaluation of Banks in the USA .......................................................................................................................... 25 2.3 Evaluation of Banks in Haiti and the Dominican Republic.................................................................................. 26 2.4 Opinion About Transferring Money Through Banks........................................................................................... 27 2.5 Opinion of the Use of the Internet for Money Transfers ................................................................................... 29 2.6 Opinion of Prepaid Cards as a Transferring Alternative..................................................................................... 31 3. Energy and Electricity Supply in Haiti and the Dominican Republic.......................................................................... 33 3.1 Importance and Quality of Energy Services ....................................................................................................... 33 3.2 Ways to Address the Lack of Energy Supply in the Home Country .................................................................... 36 4. Knowledge of Sustainable Energy Products.............................................................................................................. 41 4.1 Qualities Valued in Sustainable Energy Technologies ........................................................................................ 43 4.2 Measures to Deal with Robbery of or Damage to Sustainable Energy Products ............................................... 45 5. Presentation of Sustainable Energy Products ............................................................................................................ 45 5.1 “Most Preferred” Sustainable Energy Products ................................................................................................. 47 5.2 “Sometimes Preferred” Sustainable Energy Products........................................................................................ 49 5.3 “Least Preferred” Sustainable Energy Products ................................................................................................. 55 5.4 Sustainable Energy Products that Best Suit Household Needs .......................................................................... 61 5.5 Control vs. Lack of Control over the Use of the Remittance .............................................................................. 62 6. Models for Linking Remittances to Sustainable Energy Products ........................................................................... 66 Model 1: Remitter Buys Sustainable Energy Product with Own Savings .................................................................. 67 Model 2: Remitter Buys Sustainable Energy Product with a Loan ............................................................................ 70 Model 3: Remitter Buys Sustainable Energy Product from a Vendor in Haiti/the Dominican Republic via a Transfer Agency....................................................................................................................................................................... 73 Model 4: Remitter Buys the Product through an Association in New York .............................................................. 74 Model 5: Remitter Buys the Product Directly from a Vendor in Haiti/the Dominican Republic via the Internet ..... 77 Model 6: Remitter Buys the Product Directly from Vendor in NY/US and Family Receives it in Haiti/the Dominican Republic..................................................................................................................................................................... 81 Model 7: Remitter or Recipient Buys the Product Directly from a Vendor in Haiti/the Dominican Republic .......... 83 Annex I: Topics Guide Annex II: Basic Information Questionnaire (English and Spanish) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 1 of 85 INTRODUCTION The ultimate goal of this market research is to determine the feasibility of promoting the use of remittances as a means to purchase clean energy. Two countries have been selected for research, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Haiti has the lowest coverage of electricity in the Western Hemisphere, with only about 12.5% of its 8.9 million population (or 1.1 million people) having reliable access. It is estimated that over 1 million Haitians live in the US with about 400,000 living in New York (these figures include undocumented workers). In 2008, Haiti received about US$1.8 billion in remittances (which makes up about 20% of GDP). Haiti has suffered significant political and economic unrest for many years. The total population of the Dominican Republic is about 9.5 million, with about 3 million people (or about 40% of the population) living in rural areas that do not have reliable sources of electricity. About 1.2 million Dominicans live in the US with the largest concentration of Dominican immigrants residing in New York and New Jersey. The Dominican Republic received approximately US$3.1 billion in remittances in 2008 and, despite the financial crisis, remittances rates have increased by almost 5%. The Dominican Republic is in a relatively stable political and economic situation at present. Fostering access to electricity enables substantial improvement in living conditions of the poor and positively influences rural economic development. It provides opportunities to increase income and assets by extending the workday or making the operation of machinery more efficient and effective. It provides health benefits by improving the air quality leading to fewer vision and respiratory problems. It also supports education goals – children and adults can study in the evenings under electric lights. The number of households adopting electricity continues to grow for years after a village first receives electricity. Promoting the use of clean, renewable energy technologies also contributes to the global objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Arc Finance undertook this market research to determine if remittances are a viable source of end-user finance for the purchase of energy products in the developing world. Data was collected in New York during September 2009 and in Haiti and the Dominican Republic during October 2009. OBJECTIVES There were several goals embedded in the research that focused on Remitters: − To identify the Remitter’s interest in controlling the use of money sent for the purchase of sustainable energy products. − To assess the Remitter’s perspective on the current situation of the energy supply and demand in Haiti and the Dominican Republic and its impact on their families. − To assess the extent of Remitter’s knowledge about sustainable energy products. − To assess the appetite of Remitters to link their remittances to the purchase of sustainable energy products. − To understand the different mechanisms (“Models”) by which Remitters can link their remittances to the purchase of sustainable energy products. METHODOLOGY
Focus Groups. This qualitative market research tool is based upon group discussions of a maximum of 12 participants, with a previously defined demographic profile according to the research objective. In addition, each group included participants living in different neighborhoods and engaged in a variety of job activities. Upon arrival at the meeting, the participants were each given a basic information questionnaire, in order to gather specific information before beginning the meeting. People were asked to write down their personal experiences on the subject matter in the questionnaire, which made their verbal expression during the discussion easier. During the focus group meeting, the moderator led the discussion of topics related to the study based on a Topics Guide. The dynamic of the discussion encouraged participants to fully articulate their opinions in order to identify a rich range of views on the subject. Each session lasted approximately two hours. Though it has no statistical value, ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 2 of 85 this qualitative study is very useful in order to understand the reasoning people go through when forming their opinions, attitudes and values.
Socio-demographic Profile of all Participants in the Study (including Recipients) − Countries: The full study took place in three different countries: USA (New York, six groups), Haiti (three groups) and Dominican Republic (three groups). − Origin: Participants were divided by origin: 1) Haitians in NY (three groups); 2) Dominicans in NY (three groups); 3) Local people in Haiti (three groups); 4) Local people in Dominican Republic (three groups). − Role. In terms of the research objective, participants were divided into two different roles: 1) Remitters (Haitian and Dominican immigrants); 2) Recipients (Haitian and Dominican relatives and friends). There were six focus groups per role. − Sex and Age Range: All groups included participants of both sexes, with a balanced number among them. The age range was between 18 and 64 years of age. − Area. The six groups with Remitters included participants with a family of origin in both urban and rural areas. The six groups with Recipients were held in mostly in the rural area (2 groups per country), but there were also groups in urban areas (one group per country) to ensure representation of different country zones. The hypothesis being tested was: “It is more likely that people sending money to rural areas in the home country will be willing to link their remittances with an energy product.” − Education Level: Groups were divided into higher and lower education levels. Since some of the sustainable energy products presented varied in price, it was important to include participants with different education levels as a proxy for income level, based on the assumption that the higher the education level, the higher the income level was likely to be. The higher education levels included: high school, technician and college (finished or unfinished). Lower education levels included: elementary school and junior high. − Length of Time Sent/Received Money: Groups were also divided into people that had received/sent money for more or less than five years. Some groups included participants with both characteristics. The team was testing two hypotheses here: “The longer that Remitters have been away, the more they want to control the money they send home” and “The longer time that Remitters have been away, the more likely they are to be willing to link their remittances to a sustainable energy product.” In addition, each group included participants with banking knowledge (measured in terms of participants with varied experience in using banks, credit cards and on-line banking) and prepaid-card knowledge (measured in terms of varied experiences in using gift cards, telephone cards or any other type of prepaid cards). Recipient groups included a variety of participants in terms of quality of electric service, measured in terms of people with or without energy problems, such as blackouts; and in terms of people who were and were not connected to the grid. Recipient focus groups always included people who received money from New York. Finally, groups were conducted in four different languages: English (NY Haitian Remitters); Spanish (NY Dominican Remitters and local people in DR); French and Creole (local people in Haiti). ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 3 of 85 12 12 9 Place: Spring Valley, NY Rockland County Date: Sep. 13, 2009 Place: Brooklyn, NY Date: Sep.20, 2009 Place: Brooklyn, NY Date: Sep.20, 2009 Place: Harlem, NY Date: Sep.15, 2009 Place: Harlem, NY Date: Sep.19, 2009 Place: Wash Heights, NY Date:Sep.22, 2009 Place: Ganthier (North) Date:Oct.10, 2009 Place: Mirebalais (Centre) Date: Oct.12, 2009 Place: Hinche (Centre) Date: Oct.13, 2009 Place: Sto. Domingo East Date:Oct.7, 2009 1 (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) 2 (S2 Haitians NY +edu) 3 (S3 Haitians NY +-edu) 4 (S4 Dom NY +edu) 5 (S5 Dom NY -edu) 6 (S6 Dom NY -edu) 7 (S7 Haiti North rural) 8 (S8 Haiti Centre rural) 9 (S9 Haiti Centre urban) 10 (S10 DR StoDom urban) 10 Place: Bonao (North) Date:Oct.9, 2009 Time:3pm 12 (S12 DR North rural) Haitians in NY Haitians in NY Haitians in NY Origin Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Haiti Haiti Haiti Dominicans in NY Dominicans in NY Dominicans in NY ©Arc Finance, Ltd 9 Place: Bani (South) Date: Oct.8, 2009 11 (S11 DR South rural) 8 9 10 8 7 12 11 Participants Country, Location, Date Session Number Recipients Recipients Recipients Recipients Recipients Recipients Remitters Remitters Remitters Remitters Remitters Remitters Role Mixed 18-64 years Mixed 18-64 years Mixed 35-64 years Mixed 18-64 years Mixed 18-64 years Mixed 18-64 years Women 18-64 years Mixed 18-64 years Mixed 18-64 years Mixed 18-64 years Mixed 18-64 years Mixed 18-64 years Sex and Age Range Socio-demographic Profile of Focus Groups Rural DR Rural DR Urban DR Urban Haiti Rural Haiti Rural Haiti Urban and rural Recipients Urban and rural Recipients Urban and rural Recipients Urban and rural Recipients Urban and rural Recipients Urban and rural Recipients Area Mixed Lower Higher Mixed Higher Lower Lower (-edu) Lower (-edu) Higher (+edu) Mixed (+-edu) Higher (+edu) Mixed (+-edu) Education Level Annex 1, Page: 4 of 85 More than 5 years Less and more than 5 years Less and more than 5 years Less and more than 5 years More than 5 years Less and more than 5 years More than 5 years More than 5 years More than 5 years More than 5 years More than 5 years Less and more than 5 years Time Money Sent / Received 
Recruiting of Participants − All sessions were prepared at least one week prior to the focus groups by Arc Finance researchers in New York. Sessions in Haiti and the Dominican Republic included the participation of a local assistant in each country. − A list of Haitian and Dominican associations in New York was collected and contacts were identified to enable the researchers to invite participants in a personal way. − In general, people in Haiti and the Dominican Republic were initially reluctant to participate due to the level of mistrust among citizens of both countries. It was important to reassure them that the researcher team had a genuine interest in understanding the energy situation in their country and that the products to be tested were not for sale. − All focus group sessions took place in meeting rooms that offered a safe and comfortable environment in order to promote an open discussion.
Structure of the Report In reading the report is it important to understand the following: − The report reflects the discussions that took place in the focus groups as closely as possible. This means that the quotes contain colloquial language used by participants and should be understood as such. − The tables are a means to present quotes in an organized way. The narrative text above each of the tables summarizes the general idea of the quotes in the tables, which are literal expressions given by participants. The narrative is written only after the quotes are organized by the researcher under the best possible heading for the collection of quotes. − In choosing the headings, the researcher is guided by the data presented by the participants, not by her own perceptions. Headings are given to a set of quotes that refer to the same concept. Some tables include positive and negative aspects of that topic which is where the richness of the report lies. − Each quote is followed by a parenthesis that refers to the specific group from where that quote originated. When amounts are given in local currency (Dominican pesos and Gourdes), the equivalent in US dollars is included next. The exchange rate used for the currency in Haiti is US$1=42 gourdes and US$HT1=5 Gourdes. For Dominican pesos, US$1=35 pesos. − The report includes graphs that were drawn from the Basic Information Questionnaires that each participant completed before starting the focus group discussion. They represent the opinions of participants in these focus group sessions, not of the whole population in Haiti or in Dominican Republic. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 5 of 85 MAP AND FOCUS GROUP LOCATIONS IN NEW YORK A total of six groups were conducted with Remitters in the New York area. Three of them included participants of Haitian origin, and three with Dominicans. This map shows the different locations participants were drawn from. The range of locations is an important dimension in ensuring diversity and a wide range of opinions during the focus group discussions. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 6 of 85 1. Profile of Participants The graphs below illustrate four key profile characteristics (gender, age, income and education) of the Haitian and Dominican Remitters that participated in the focus groups. The first graph shows that the focus groups included both sexes with a balanced number of men and women, with the exception of the last group, which had only Dominican women participants. The age of participants was spread across a broad range, with a majority of people between 26 and 65 years of age. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 7 of 85 The graphs on income and education levels demonstrate that Haitian Remitters are better off than Dominican Remitters. While Haitians are fairly evenly divided between those earning US$1,000 to US$4,000 monthly and those earning more than US$4,000 monthly, there are more Dominican participants earning less than US$1,000 a month and fewer earning more than US$4,000 a month. In terms of education, the trend is similar. Haitian participants have a higher level of education, many with university and graduate degrees. Dominican participants, on the other hand, have lower education levels. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 8 of 85 1.1 Activities of Participants In general, Remitters in New York have higher education levels when compared to Recipients in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. This is conclusion is supported by an examination of the types of activities they do to make a living: more Remitters are likely to be technicians and professional people. Many Remitters are also salaried, and often cite their jobs as “supervisor,” or “working on security or delivery services;” others are retired and have access to some sources of income. While Recipients were frequently self-employed, this was not a common trait among Remitters. Technician a) Nurse – ‘I am a nurse and I work with mentally disabled people.’(S1 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Care manager, nursing. I help old people.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I’m working at a “Home Banking” union, and also taking care of the elderly.’ (S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I’ve been living in NY for 11 years and work in different areas of the health sector.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) b) Secretary – ‘I am a secretary at Kombit.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) c) Teacher Assistant – ‘I work as a teacher’s assistant, but I used to work doing physical therapy.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) d) Electrician – ‘Electrician.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – – – – – Retired ‘I am retired now but used to work as a health care provider, 55 yrs old.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I am a nurse, retired.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I am 63 years old and have been living in NY for 45 years. I retired from General Electric after 21 years of working there and now I work parttime doing maintenance in a building.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ‘I got to NY in 1983. I don’t work anymore but I used to clean houses.’(S5 Dom NY – edu) ‘I’ve been living in NY for 35 years. I’m retired, but I work on social welfare cases, child and adult literacy.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Professional a) Manager – ‘Director of Kombit (Haitian Federation in NY). Run day to day operations of Kombit.’(S1 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘As the Dominican Commissioner for Cultural Affairs in NY. I organize book fairs and conferences, and classical music concerts in Boston and NY. I am 40 years old and have been living in NY for 12 years.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) b) Accountant – ‘Accountant. I work for a pharmacy in NY.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) c) Finance – ‘I am Financial Manager for a credit card company and am getting my Master’s degree in Chicago. I was born in NY. My parents arrived in NY 32 years ago.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) Salaried a) Delivery service – ‘Unload trucks.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Work delivering medical products to hospitals.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Delivery of animal food.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘Work as a bus driver. I am also a radio talk show host.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) b) Supervisor – ‘I am 27 years old and I am a supervisor at a drugstore.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) c) Security – ‘I arrived in NY in 1962 and I have a job in security in a building.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) d) Community organizer – ‘I came to NY 4 years ago. I’m a community organizer at the Mirabal Sisters Center.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) Other Activities a) Student – ‘I study English and have been in NY for 3 months.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) b) Cleaner – ‘Work in a clinic and in private homes cleaning.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) c) Baby Sitter – ‘I am a baby-sitter. Normally I take care of 12 children, but today only 4.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) d) Housewife – ‘I’ve been in NY for 20 years and I am a housewife.’(S5 Dom NY – edu) Annex 1, Page: 9 of 85 1.2 Time Remitter Has Been Sending Money and Number of People to Whom Remitter Sends Money A majority of the Haitian and Dominican participants in New York arrived directly from their countries of birth and now live in New York. They have been sending money home since they left their countries, sometimes for more than thirty years. (See graph: Time Remitter Has Been Sending Money). Some openly explained that the reason for going abroad in the first place was specifically to send money to people back home. In particular, several Dominicans explained that it is “cultural” to go to the United States to study, work hard, save, retire and then go back home to the Dominican Republic. Remitters explained that they send money to many different types of people - relatives, friends and others - that in total may add up to almost 50 people in a year. They summarized this situation as follows: ‘It feels all Haiti depends on me.’ ‘People in Haiti are not on welfare, they are on us.’ They confided that as soon as their telephone in New York rings, it means that there is another need, an emergency, an unpaid bill, a sick person, and therefore money is sent almost right away. Many said that ‘all my money is going there.’ For the most part, the families receiving money live primarily in urban areas; however, Remitters indicate that they have friends or family members living in rural areas also. The graph “Residence of Recipients” shows the range of locations where receivers live. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 10 of 85 In general, Remitters acknowledge that the needs of their families back home are greater than their own. They are happy to help, but feel that their families have a misconception about their financial situation: ‘When we leave the country they think that now we have everything here. My parents thought that I would be given a place to live, food, and everything because I am American, but it’s not like that.’ They are finding it more difficult to send remittances these days because the situation in New York has become more difficult for them. It was interesting to hear some participants complain about the lack of phone calls from home to check how they are doing in New York. However, they recognize that no matter how bad their situation is in the United States, their families have it worse: ‘There is no money there to make a phone call, there is no work and medicine is expensive. They have more needs. Here we are rich because there is more food than we need.’ An extreme example of this situation is one participant who said she is living in a shelter with her baby and is still sending money to her family on a monthly basis. Sending Money for More than 5 years a) Since I arrived in NY – ‘Since I have been here, for 40 years.’ (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I sent money the first month I arrived in NY.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘The reason we come is because we need to send money. From the very first years we have been sending money.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I have been here 39 years. I have been sending US$200 a month for about 10 cousins and others on my wife’s side.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I’ve been in NY 47 years and have been sending money for over 20 years, since the service to Santo Domingo has been available.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I came to stay, and all my siblings followed me. I have been living in the US for 17 years and have been sending money for the last 5 years for a boy I raised and for a lady. I send US$100 per month for rent.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘I’ve been living in NY for 16 years and from the beginning my mother got sick and I sent her money every week.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Less than 5 years a) For less than 5 years – ‘I have lived in NY since 1997 and have been sending money since 2004 for my daughter who lives in the Dominican Republic.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘I arrived in 2005 and have been sending money to my cousins for 3 years and am building a house.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I have been living here for 3 years. I send my mother US$50 per month, for the phone bill and for my nephew’s school.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) Annex 1, Page: 11 of 85 Number of People to whom Remitter Sends Money a) I send money to many, many people b) The telephone rings… and we send – ‘It feels all Haiti depends on me.’ (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) money – ‘People in Haiti are not on welfare, they are on us (the – ‘We don’t send to one person directly. Diaspora).’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) Sometimes we send to one member – ‘I have a big family of about 50 and I help them all.’(S1 of the family, sometimes to others. Haitians NY +-edu) They call for help at different – ‘I send to my mom, little brothers and friends. A total times.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) of 7 people. And I send cargo packages to help the – ‘I cannot count how many people community.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu). depend on me. When they call for – ‘I send approximately US$400 a month for 3 or 4 money, we send. Sometimes they ask people at a time. Different people, not always the same for US$100, sometimes US$1000, it ones.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) all depends.’ (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I have 23 godchildren. They all expect something. I – ‘I also send to friends, relatives and send money to the school and one of my cousins godchildren, to about 15 to 20 people distributes the money. I send an additional US$500 in in total. I send every 2 or 3 months. September.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) On average it’s about US$300 … – ‘I send US$100 to US$300 to more than 10 people.’(S2 when the phone rings.’(S2 Haitians Haitians NY +edu) NY +edu) – ‘I send for my family and my organization. I send to – ‘They call when someone is sick or about 10 to 15 family members and friends.’(S2 someone dies. Then I send US$50 or Haitians NY +edu) US$100 at a time to help out.’(S2 – ‘To the family who raised me when I was growing up. I Haitians NY +edu) send US$200 to US$300 a month. I send for 10 to 15 – ‘I send like US$700 per year to my people.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) childhood friends because they have – ‘As a single mother I send money to my family not to it rough and call for money.’(S4 Dom friends. I send money to 7 members of my family. I NY +edu) send US$400 for the family.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I send my money to my sister. She – ‘I have lived in NY for 15 years. I send money to family: calls me and says, “I don’t have uncle, wife, and five children. I have been supporting enough for the electric bill... help me them for the past 5 years. I send US$250 a month for a pay it.” I send her US$100 per month, family of 6 people.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) well I used to, not anymore. The – ‘I send to many people: US$150 to my sister and for my economy is very bad.’’(S5 Dom NY – expenses. I also send on special occasions, Christmas, edu) Easter, for 10 to 12 people. I send US$500 for – ‘When they call you it’s because they everyone; about US$50 to US$70 per person ... it have a problem so you have to find depends.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) money any way you can. It’s an – ‘I send money to my father, to two cousins, my sisteremergency. I used to only have a 17in-law, my grandfather. In total I send money to 5 year-old boy but now I have a sevenpeople, separately, and not every month. I send US$50 month-old baby. It’s hard.’(S6 Dom up to US$200 depending on what they need.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) NY –edu) – ‘In Santo Domingo, there are no – ‘I send to a lot of people because I have 4 siblings and special occasions. It’s when the phone nieces and nephews. I don’t always send money, but on rings because everyone has problems birthdays I do send more. I also send boxes of food, … they’re sick … I’m constantly gifts, and clothes for my nieces and nephews.’(S6 Dom sending money to everybody.’(S6 NY –edu) Dom NY –edu) – ‘It’s difficult over there so the phone is always ringing, but you can’t always answer it. They never call to ask how I am; they only call to ask for something.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) c) All my money is going there – ‘My allowance money or spending money is all going there.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I’m sending all the time. I have many, maybe 18 people. They call every night. When the phone rings, it is one of them. Hey! They have to wait for the pay day.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘From time to time US$50 or so, if I have an extra US$25 I will send it again.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I send money to my grandmother, cousins and aunts since I was 16 years old. Every month I send money to my grandmother and to two families in the DR. Before, I didn’t have any money, but now that I am paid well I send money to everybody and am left with nothing.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘It’s a lot! You’re sending all your money. It’s hard here. I used to send every month or every week but now I don’t.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I used to send more because I had more family and I worked more, but now I’m at a shelter. I don’t have a job anymore, but I send anyway.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) ` ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 12 of 85 1.3 Amount and Frequency of Money Sent Remitters from New York are not people who have large incomes, and yet they all still send money to Haiti and the Dominican Republic to help support their close and extended families, friends, and in some cases their local associations, the church or a soccer team. The amounts sent are sometimes very large, such as US$300 on a weekly basis, but sometimes smaller quantities are sent to several people on a more frequent basis. A surprisingly large number of people are sending significant funds for special events, such as funerals, weddings and birthdays. Most people are sending remittances on a monthly basis (information that is confirmed on the graph), with amounts varying from less than US$100 to US$650. The graph illustrates that average amounts sent by participants in each of the groups ranges from US$145 to US$365 monthly. A smaller number of participants sends more than once a month; some on a weekly basis with amounts that vary from US$20 to US$300, and others every two weeks with amounts varying between US$70 to US$300. Another relatively common arrangement is to send remittances every two to three months, in the amounts of US$40 to US$300. However, there is consensus that even though they send money to their families at an established frequency, there are often other pressing family needs. As they said, ‘any time the phone rings’ it is a family member calling to ask for additional money. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 13 of 85 a) – – – More than once a month Every week, between US$20 and US$300 ‘Depends US$100, US$80, US$20 sometimes once a week.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘$300, three to four times a month, on a weekly basis.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘I send US$150 every Friday. I send to my 2 older brothers. I have been using UniTransfer for years.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) b) Every 15 days, between US$70 and US$300 – ‘Twice a month US$200-$300. I send to my son, aunts, uncle, cousins, friends.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I send US$70 every two weeks. I send on a regular basis.’ (S5 Dom NY –edu) Every Month a) Less than US$100 monthly − ‘On average US$100 a month, between my daughter and my nephew, I lost count but, it’s between US$50 to US$100 a month.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) − ‘I send money to Haiti for 4 cousins. I send money each month, at least US$100 to each cousin.’ (S3 Haitians NY +-edu) − ‘When I have work, I send US$100 or US$50, or whatever I can. I always send my mother US$100 each month. My mother used to live with me in NY but she went back to the Dominican Republic because she didn’t want to live here.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) − ‘I send my mother US$75 per month or every two weeks. I have been sending since I was 18, to my mother, three siblings, uncle, and sister. Five people in all.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) − ‘I arrived in 1996. I have been here for 13 years. I used to send money to my mother, but since she died I only send money to my siblings. I have a sister, and I send her US$75 per month.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) b) From US$100 to US$200 monthly − ‘I send my mother US$100 every month.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) − ‘I don’t send a lot but I send constantly. On average I send US$200 a month.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) − ‘On average I send US$200 a month, more or less, to family and friends. Lately, I have also been sending money to the DR because I have a friend who moved there.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) − ‘I send US$175 per month to my mother and son and for my mother’s medicine and for food. I have been living in NY for 20 years.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) − ‘My family in the DR is better off than me but I send US$200 every month just to my daughter.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) − ‘I send US$150 each month to a brother.’ (S5 Dom NY –edu) − ‘I send my mother US$100 to 200 per month depending on how much she needs.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) c) From US$200 to US$650 monthly − ‘I sent US$200/300 monthly - or every 2 or 3 months. They use the money for food, to fix up their house, and for their daily needs.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) − ‘I send US$400 per month to a niece and to my grandmother who is 100 years old, for household expenses. If she doesn’t receive the money, she calls to tell me she has to go to the doctor.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) − ‘My mother is very independent and only asks when money is very tight, like when the apartment that she has and rents needs to be fixed. The most I send is US$300 per month, as she has an income from the two apartments she rents.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) d) ‘I send US$500 per month to my daughter’s father. I send my father US$150 per month and US$150 to my sisters.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) a) – – – – Every 2-3 Months Every 2 months, between US$40 and US$300 ‘I send US$50, US$100, US$1,000 on occasions, but approximately 5 to 6 times a year.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I send US$40 or US$50 every 2 or 3 months to my family.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘Every two months I send my son US$100 and US$75 to my sister.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) ‘I send US$50 to my sister but not systematically. Now I send every two months. I used to send US$200, no problem, when the family got sick. I can’t do that anymore.’ (S5 Dom NY –edu) b) Four times a year – ‘One transfer every 3 months to friends, cousins and sons.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I send money to two people: to my aunt and to a brother. I send them money every three months, it depends, between US$100 and US$50 each.’ (S5 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 14 of 85 1.4 Items Sent Other Than Money Remitters also support their families by sending boxes with food, clothes and shoes, medical equipment, medicines, housewares, gifts, items to sell and other articles such as toothpaste. This was more common among Dominican participants living in New York. Boxes are filled with goods given to them for free by food programs in New York and by local churches. They also collect used items from neighbors and buy other articles at highly discounted prices. The frequency of sending boxes could be as often as every two months. Although they realize that the cost of shipping is higher than the value of the goods being sent, they like the idea of sending gifts that they feel are important for their families back at home: ‘If you start calculating what you pay for the boxes, it’s no good because you spend US$500 just to send it, plus what you bought to send. But there are a lot of sales here or we send things that are given to us.’ Send Articles a) Clothes for children – ‘To help children in Haiti by buying cloches.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I have cousins who bother me for stuff. My old clothes and other stuff.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Because it’s easy, I send a dress.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I send new things like clothes, toothpaste. I fill the box to the top so that more fits, but it does cost me a lot.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) Send Food a) Food because it is cheaper in NY – ‘Because food is cheaper here.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘If I’m going to travel to Santo Domingo to visit my family, I send a box ahead so as not to carry it and to avoid paying for it on the plane. When I go with my girls, I send food for my daughters, like cereal, and it arrives before I do.’ (S6 Dom NY –edu) b) Medical equipment and medicines – ‘I send clothes, medical equipment, and money. I spend about US$3000 on equipment but I also send gifts of US$50 or US$100 and when I go to the DR I take many gifts.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘Every month, I send my grandfather US$50 because of his illness because he needs to pay for the doctor. I also send medicine and clothes in boxes. I send boxes twice a year.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) b) Food because it is donated – ‘I send 4 boxes with clothes and 3 boxes of food, because in Washington Heights there are places that give free food and I send it to my family.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘Some organizations give food. I have used them.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I send 2 boxes per month. It’s not that I’m nice, but if they give me things, I send them. Most people do that. You don’t send boxes filled with things you buy. We send what we are given. I save things I’m going to send in a corner, and when it adds up, I send the boxes.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘Washington Heights is a place with a lot of poverty and they give us things for free, but when they realize that we are sending them, they’ll take them away. These centers are on 114th, 110th, and 150th streets, and there are some churches where they give food. They are Baptist churches and the pastor gives us donations.’ (S6 Dom NY –edu) c) – – – – – Gifts ‘I send boxes twice a year.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) ‘I send one box every two months.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) ‘My mother was here in NY. I also send on special occasions, but we send gifts, not cash. I send them a box with gifts, and I send it through a door-to-door agency.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) ‘I have many friends with families over there so I make boxes three times per year. Neighbors give me things and I send them for my family. Sending boxes costs me US$85 to US$100.’ (S6 Dom NY –edu) ‘I send things that I buy on sale and things that people give me. The items in the box are worth US$600-$800.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) a) Negative: Sending boxes is expensive – ‘One box of food costs US$70 to send. There were deals where you could send 3 boxes for US$200 , but you had to fill the three boxes, and that’s expensive.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I have paid US$800 . But you can send 3 boxes for US$200 because there is competition between the agencies. I only send boxes at Christmas.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘What you pay (cost of shipping) to send boxes is extra money on top of what we send.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘Once I sent a suit that cost US$100, but I had to pay US$75 for the box. To send a freezer, it costs US$175 (shipping).’(S6 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 15 of 85 1.5 Use of the Money Sent Remitters always mention food, school, clothing, medicines and bills as the first uses of the money sent (tables marked in green). These are recognized as daily expenses and many Remitters do not express any desire to control how the money is spent. They believe, in general, that their families and relatives make spending decisions based on their dayto-day needs. However, it became apparent that a substantial number of Remitters request that the remittances (or a portion of the remittances) be designated for a particular use, such as paying for house utilities (electricity, gas, telephone), to invest in a business or to solve an emergency or other predicament. Money is very often sent for very specific expenses and with quite clear instructions from the Remitter’s side on how to spend it (tables marked in orange). Some Remitters invest in retirement plans, (like building a house or buying land), others send money to pay for rent or a mortgage, and donate to particular organizations to build schools, to provide medical equipment to hospitals, to churches, for children’s welfare and emergency relief organizations during catastrophes. In addition, special occasions, like Christmas, Mother’s Day, birthdates, funerals, weddings, are often the reason to send an additional remittance. Daily Expenses a) Daily expenses: food, school, clothing, medicines, bills, debts – ‘I help family members at least once a month. Other friends twice or three times a year for sickness or to help friends with school.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It’s for school and food.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I help friends buy food.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘For school, daily expenses like food and clothing.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I also send money to the DR to pay for my son’s medical school. We need to pay in dollars because Dominicans don’t want to take pesos. I need to pay for food, housing, school and a car! It is really expensive.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘My son is a big eater so US$50 goes quick.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘For food and to pay money they owe.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I send my mother and my sister US$200 on a regular basis, for the house.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘Personal expenses: food, electricity, phone.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I send my mother money regularly and it is for her daily expenses.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I send for the children’s school, for the phone bill and when they get in trouble. They use it for everything, like when they buy things with credit and they have monthly payments at the household appliance stores.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – – – House Utilities: Gas, Electricity, Phone To Invest in a Business ‘Maintaining house utilities (to pay bills). I have – ‘For little businesses: like selling the intention to come back soon (to Haiti).’(S1 candy and other little business.’(S2 Haitians NY +-edu) Haitians NY +edu) ‘For utility bills.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘I invest in building a house. My sister invests my ‘I have been in NY for 18 years and I send money.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) US$100 per month only to my mother. She pays – ‘As a Haitian-American, if you’re the electric and phone bills, and other sending money to open a business expenses.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) you are creating jobs and opportunities in Haiti.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd – – Emergencies / Troubles ‘I send money to my mother, grandmother, and to the woman who takes care of my mother. I only send money to my mother when she needs it or when she has trouble.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ‘I have siblings here and when there’s a problem, we all pitch in, about US$50 or US$100. Things like when the car motor needs repairs, or to fix a tire, or when something happens to the house and it needs fixing.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) Annex 1, Page: 16 of 85 Special Occasions a) For Christmas c) – ‘Three times a year but big amounts for Christmas.’(S1 Haitians NY +- – edu) – ‘We also send for Christmas, weddings, basically for special occasions.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – – ‘$500 for my sister for Christmas.’ (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘At Christmas we send a lot of money. We have so many people to – send to.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘For Christmas, we send US$400-$500 to all the people. That’s typical.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Of course, I send money to my mother and to my brother at d) Christmas. On special occasions I send US$50 for the two of – them.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I send about US$50 to US$100 per month, plus US$200 at Christmas, – plus three or more times per year on special occasions.’(S6 Dom NY – edu) b) Weddings and funerals – ‘I send twice a month and more for special occasions like marriage, funeral and school. ‘(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I also send on special occasions: funerals, weddings. Approximately US$l500 for those occasions.’ (S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – On birthdays ‘I send money to friends on birthdays, to about 5 people, I send US$100 or US$50 on those special occasions.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) ‘I send US$50 to my aunts on birthdays, and US$100 for Christmas.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) ‘If it’s my nanny’s birthday I send more to my mother so that she can buy her a gift. On these special occasions I send an extra US$50.’ (S6 Dom NY –edu) Mother’s Day ‘On Mother’s Day, to my grandmothers US$20 and also for Christmas.’ (S5 Dom NY –edu) ‘On holidays I send money to 9 people. On Mother’s Day I send US$200 on top of what I send monthly. I send money to my siblings on birthdays or for emergencies. I would send them US$300 in case of an emergency, about twice a year.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) ‘I send US$200 for two women on Mother’s Day and US$200 for everyone at Christmas. I don’t send anything regularly, just to my mother before she died.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) e) Graduation – ‘I send money on 15th birthdays, for baptisms and weddings. I still can, but not as much. When my neighbor graduated I sent him a suit for his graduation.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – – – – – – – School ‘I have family in PAP and I need to pay every month for school.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘Sending US$200 for scholarships. Sometimes they have kids with problems.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I have been in the US for 40 yrs. I’m retired. I send depending on the need. I might give to somebody who needs to pay for school or to see the doctor.’ (S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘We support everyone. We help schools and hospital with whatever they need at any time’ (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I send money for my mother, my brother, and I help a lot of people go to school.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘I was born here. The majority of my family is here. I send US$500 a year. To my grandma and a little girl I help sponsor to go to school.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘For the past 20 years we have sent money for at least 60 students. For transparency within the organization we provide scholarships for the less fortunate. To the organization we pay US$60,000 a year.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd – – – – Medicines and Hospitals ‘I send money when I came here. My mother was sick so I had to come here to help her.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘I don’t want people to know that I have money so they don’t ask me for any... I don’t use jewelry. If it’s for the hospital, I send money.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ‘Medicine, also to make home improvements.’(S5 Dom NY – edu) ‘I have 4 siblings in the town of San Francisco but I don’t send them money all the time. I send them money not for food, just US$150 for medicine.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) Annex 1, Page: 17 of 85 Build a House or School, Buy Land, Pay Rent or Mortgage a) To build a retirement home – ‘I have my own house in Haiti with family members living in it. I’m building a house because my step father does not want to be in NY anymore.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I have land so I have to pay for that land. We are doing this for the future so that when we are not working any more we can live there.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Been here 34 years. (I came to NY) right out of high school. Only recently I sent money to my mother to build her retirement house.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘My mother retired and went back to the DR when I turned 18 and since then I send her money. Dominicans buy houses when they retire at 40 because the only culture they have is the passion of returning to their country.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) b) To build a school – ‘We are building a school, with the help of my mom and Father. In the past, we did transfer a lot of money: approximately US$290,000 for the construction of the academy. We pay staff also by transfer.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I have a house that I want to fix up and turn into a school.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) c) To buy land – ‘I send money to buy land and send money to construct home and for additional assistance.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) d) Pay rent – ‘I also send 5 to 6 times a year. I send for a cousin’s rent once a year, and money every 2 months ($200-$300).’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘$500-$1000 to pay rent.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) e) To pay for the mortgage – ‘I send US$400 every month to pay for the mortgage of my two houses in Santo Domingo.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘My family lives here but I send for the mortgage, which I have been paying for 10 years, and have 7 years left to pay.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) Organizations a) Associations and programs in general – ‘I send money not to a specific person but I donate to associations at least 5 times a year on average.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘My family was already here when I got here so I didn’t have to send money. But 5 years ago I joined an organization and now I send US$400 a month to help out.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘We send funds for family and friends and for a not for profit organization. We send US$2500 for the project up to 4 times a year.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Every year I send US$5,000 in one lump sum to organizations or to my family.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘We did an irrigation program and we send to pay for teachers. We send a lot of money.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Every year I send US$3,000 or US$5,000 in one lump sum to organizations.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) b) Natural disasters – ‘I’m helping to restore and rebuild my town because it was destroyed by the last hurricane. I give US$300 for rebuilding - directly to the organization.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I don’t send to individuals. I send when there is an emergency like cyclones. That is how I help Haiti. We bought medical supplies and we sent them. We spend US$1000. I’m an entrepreneur... so it’s a way of giving back to the community.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) c) Church – ‘I just sent US$2600 to the Catholic Church.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I don’t have close relatives but I give to friends who need help. Also, I give to churches or to organizations.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) d) Soccer team – ‘I send for the soccer team to buy equipment US$40 to US$100 every 2-3 months.’ (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) e) Children’s welfare – ‘I send 5 times a year for children. ‘(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Right now I send to World Vision, Children’s Adoption. I send money directly from my checking account.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 18 of 85 2. Ways of Sending Money Haitian and Dominican participants in New York have a long tradition of sending remittances. They use a number of methods, like Money Transfer Agencies (MTI), person-to-person delivery, microfinance institutions, as well as bank and Internet transfers. The most preferred method to send money is the transfer agencies. Some Remitters shop around and end up using the same MTI for years. In general, these are highly specialized and savvy customers. The method of transferring money is a decision that depends primarily on the Remitter. The most valued attributes by Remitters when choosing a transfer agency are: 1) Proximity, in terms of branches conveniently located in New York, and closeness to the Recipients’ address. 2) Cost for sending US$100, whether it is US$4, US$5, US$9 or a flat fee of US$10, regardless of the amount; also, the fee for amounts higher than US$1,000. 3) Reliability and safety to ensure that the money gets there, especially in cases of emergencies. 5) Home delivery of money sent, as it implies convenience for family members, savings because there is no transportation cost, and security as it can be dangerous to pick up money at branches. 6) Good customer service, like keeping records of money sent and family information in a database, as well as getting points or a free pre-paid calling card to let their families know that the money was already sent. 7) Currency the money is delivered in, as they know that the agency can make a good deal with the exchange rates when receiving dollars and then delivering money in local currencies: ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 19 of 85 – – – – – – ‘Security because I know that money will get there.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘The closeness to my home.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘CAM, Western Union or with people traveling, depending on the convenience.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I use Western Union, CAM…It depends on who I'm sending the money to. What is in proximity to me and to the receivers as well.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘Because of suspicions about money laundering, we have to use many ways to send large amounts. We have to split it.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘You go to the one that’s closest.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) When asked about a better way of transferring their money to their countries, Remitters answered that “we are happy with the service.” Some Haitians in New York mentioned that the single thing that they would change is to have the MTIs share their profit with their country. 2.1 Evaluation of Money Transfer Agencies • Western Union: The most appreciated characteristics of Western Union are that it has branches in many locations, that money is delivered safely and quickly - without major paperwork and that it usually arrives within minutes of being sent, that they reward loyalty by giving phone cards and points, that they call the receiver when the money arrives, and that it is reliable in times of emergencies. However, New York participants from Haiti and the Dominican Republic agree that Western Union is very expensive when compared to other agencies because the cost of sending increases substantially with higher amounts. They dislike that there is no home delivery, so people can get robbed when picking up the money, even though they do not have to travel too far to get to the closest branch. Some Remitters noted that there were rumors that Western Union was sued because of not delivering the full amounts being sent. Overall, Western Union received a higher review when compared to Moneygram. • Moneygram: People like that Moneygram charges a flat rate regardless of the amount, as long as it is less than US$1,000. Also, they believe that it is safe and convenient. However, it seems that it is used less than Western Union because it takes longer and it is more complicated to receive money with Moneygram as opposed to the fast service of other agencies. Some New York participants from Haiti really dislike Moneygram. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 20 of 85 Western Union Positives a) It is convenient because they are everywhere – ‘To send to rural areas I prefer to send it with Western Union because they are everywhere and they have a fixed rate.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Western Union is close, convenient and quick.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I use Western Union because it’s more convenient because they are all over the place. I don’t have access to other Haitian transfer companies.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I send dollars through Western Union.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) b) It is very fast and safe – ‘It charges more but it is reliable and convenient. WU is anywhere… no long waits.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘My family lives close to WU (in Haiti). They don’t have to wait too long to get their money.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘All you have to do is say your name to pick up the money. You don’t have to deal with identification cards. You can pick the money up in less than an hour, sometimes in 4 minutes.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Western Union is the best because I know that it gets there.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) c) – – Good client service with gifts: they give points and a 5 minute calling card ‘I use it because they are everywhere. They sent me US$75 as a gift because I send lots of money. You also get points for using them.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘It’s expensive, but Western Union is reliable and it offers good service. They also give you a 5-minute card to call for free to tell people that money is there. It’s a matter of choice plus you get to talk to the person you are sending money to and listen to their voice.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) Negatives a) It is expensive – ‘Western Union will charge a larger amount as the amount being sent gets larger.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Western Union is the best, but is expensive.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Western Union is killing. They had a good deal for months.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Western Union, but it costs a little more.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘Western Union is the most expensive, it’s an octopus. I sent US$1500 and they charged me US$110.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I don’t like Western Union because it’s very expensive. They can charge up to US$100 to send US$700. Others like Nacional y Quisqueyana charge 3%.’ (S6 Dom NY –edu) Moneygram Positives a) Flat rate regardless of the amount (for less than US$1,000) – ‘Has flat rate to Haiti: US$10 for any amount less than US$1000.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Moneygram is the cheapest and Unibank – US$10 for each US$1,000 sent.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Moneygram, because my first experience with them was very simple. It was really cheap compared to others. For US$100 you pay US$10. You also pay US$10 if you send up to US$1000.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘With Moneygram I can send US$1000 for US$9. US$2000 for US$29 …that’s not bad.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) b) It is convenient – ‘Moneygram works with Fonkoze.’ (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I used Western Union, but no more. I now send it only through Moneygram to Santo Domingo and Haiti.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I send through Moneygram and through offices that have connections with Banco Popular.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) c) It is safe – ‘If you use Moneygram, people can’t take the money (steal it).’ (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘If I send US$4000, I don’t send the full amount. I have to send it in 2 or 3 transactions. The point is that you can send it all if you use Moneygram because it is less expensive and you get it there cheaper and safer.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) Negatives a) Too expensive – ‘It’s too expensive. Sometimes I send US$400 and they charge US$40 (it’s about 10%).’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I don’t trust them.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) b) Takes a long time and is complicated – ‘We don’t use Moneygram’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘With Western Union you get it right away, same with CAM. Not with Moneygram. With them it takes too long and is too complicated.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) b) No home delivery – ‘If we send via Western Union, they have to pick it up at a Western Union office. They don’t deliver. Nobody wants to leave their house and expose themselves to dangers or robberies.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) c) Not trust worthy – ‘But you can send US$100 and you don’t know how much the family receives. Western Union was sued because they weren’t giving what was sent.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 21 of 85 • CAM: This agency is highly esteemed among Haitian Remitters living in New York. CAM provides a home delivery service for money sent and Recipients feel comfortable because it is “Creole.” People identify more with this agency, not only because employees speak Creole, but also because family members can get the money easily, faster and safer. They recognize that it is expensive because fees are higher than with other agencies ($9 for US$100 sent) and fees increase with larger amounts. Nevertheless, some clients are so loyal to CAM that they can overlook this. • Fonkoze: Fonkoze is less well known than CAM, but has a loyal following among some Haitian Remitters. They like that Fonkoze is less expensive, even when sending large amounts of money. In fact, there were participants who had changed from another agency to Fonkoze precisely because it is cheaper, even in rural areas. In addition, others like its good customer service – for example Remitters receive a confirmation that the order was sent. They also like that it is easy to access because of the broad branch network. The main criticism is that it is difficult to get an account with Fonkoze. CAM (Haiti) Positives a) They home deliver the money sent – ‘I use CAM. They charge US$9 for every US$100 . I like them, even if they are expensive, because they deliver at home in Haiti. People in Haiti don’t like others to know their business and that they are receiving money. Delivery is a big security issue in Haiti.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘They deliver the money at home. With Western Union you have to go to them. CAM delivers in dollars or local coins.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I use CAM. It is the best because they know the house. My kids in Haiti don’t need to have an identification card to receive the money I send to them.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘The employees of CAM take the money to the house. They know the house and they know the people who live there. They have been there for a long time.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) Fonkoze (Haiti) Positives a) Charges less fees, even for high amounts – ‘With Money Gram I send up to US$1000 for US$10. But Fonkoze is cheaper; it only costs US$6 to send US$2500.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I used Atresco, then went to CAM, but now I’m looking at Fonkoze. I hate to pay and pay every time I send. I pay 9% with CAM every time I send.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I opened an account with Fonkoze because before we needed to pay every time we sent the money. With Fonkoze it’s only US$10 for up to US$1000. ’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘The fees with Fonkoze are cheaper.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Other agencies charge 10% or 12% in rural areas. Fonkoze is the best. You can send US$2000 or US$3000 for a US$10 flat rate. Last time I sent US$5000, I paid US$500 in fees with CAM. They charged 10%. I wasn’t a customer of Fonkoze when I did that. Now it cost me US$50 .’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) b) Recipients feel comfortable: CAM is more “Creole” – ‘The top of the line is CAM. People in Haiti want to use CAM because they are comfortable with what they know. Plus, they are Creole.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘They feel more comfortable because they speak Creole and makes it more accessible.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – c) Faster and safer – ‘CAM is secure and fast, it is the best. It is easy. The majority use CAM.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘We send with CAM or Western Union, because it’s secure, faster, and safer.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘CAM delivers faster. That’s the best. 80% of Haitians send by CAM.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) c) Located everywhere – ‘Fonkoze is a microfinance organization that gives money to people who live outside of the city. They are everywhere in PAP.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) d) I am used to the fees – ‘CAM is charging$8 or US$9 for US$100. And I also like the delivery. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) Negatives a) It is expensive because the larger the amount, the higher the fees – ‘CAM charges US$10 for US$100 . If you send US$500 they charge more, it’s not a fixed rate.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘CAM does not have a fixed rate. If you send US$1000 you pay US$15 , its expensive.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd b) Good customer service: confirm the sent order with Remitters ‘I can deposit the money this morning and the next morning I receive an email from Fonkoze letting me know that the money is there. Then my family can go pick it up.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) Negatives a) It is difficult to get an account – ‘But you have to have an account with Fonkoze to use their services, and the process of getting an account is difficult.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) Annex 1, Page: 22 of 85 Other transfer agencies used by Haitian participants in New York are Unitransfer (the transfer agency of a large commercial bank in Haiti, Unibank, with loyal clients that mentioned that this one is less costly than Western Union); Speedy (less popular, but those who transfer there like the personal relationship with family members in Haiti); and Bravo (which charges a flat fee of US$10). Other MTIs Used by Haitians in New York Unitransfer: Costs less than Western Union – ‘I go to UniTransfer in NY and they can get it to Haiti. It cost less than to send it by Western Union.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) Speedy: They know my family in Haiti – ‘I have been sending money for the past 5 years. I use Speedy in Spring Valley. They charge 9%, it’s high. My family knows the person (at Speedy) and they feel they can trust them. That’s why I used them.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) Dominicans in New York referred widely to Quisqueyana and to a lesser extent La Nacional. There were plenty of other agencies mentioned, revealing the large and competitive market in this industry. These are Dollar Envio (which received positive comments because they deliver the money in dollars), Mi Tierra (positive that they charge US$4 for sending US$100 and also give a phone card), Valdez Enterprise, Pronto Envio, Fernandez Envio and Daisy Travel. • Quisqueyana: Among Dominicans in New York, Quisqueyana seems to be the agency with the best reputation. It has been in the business for many years and offers good customer service; it also gives a phone card to clients as a reward for using the service. Remitters value that money is delivered punctually soon after it has been sent. The money gets to Santo Domingo in only 30 minutes and is delivered to the door (though it can take up to half a day for rural deliveries). Even if it does not have so many branches, participants like that fees are lower when compared to others (Western Union); Quisqueyana charges US$5 for sending US$100. • La Nacional: Dominicans in New York like that La Nacional charges US$5 for sending US$100 (less than others). However, they are aware that this agency makes money on the exchange rate because they deliver in local currency. Other MTIs Used by Dominicans in New York Quisqueyana a) Good client service: years in business, give a phone card, home delivery is punctual and fast – ‘In 23 years, Quisqueyana agency hasn’t changed owners. They haven’t charged me in all the years I’ve used them and they give me a phone card.’ (S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘Honesty and punctuality. When they say they’ll be there in 30 minutes, they’re there and they home deliver.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) b) – – Do not have many branches, but they charge US$5 for sending US$100 ‘With Quisqueyana, it takes half an hour in the city. Another option is to go by the office to pick up the money or they can deliver it to the home. In the countryside it takes half a day or a day to get there.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) ‘If it’s an emergency, I send via Western Union but they charge US$8 for US$100. Quisqueyana charges US$5 for US$100.’(S5 Dom NY – edu) La Nacional a) Costs US$5 for sending US$100 (less than others) – ‘Nacional costs US$5 if I send US$100, and it arrives in one hour.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘La Nacional is the most famous.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) b) Make money with the exchange rate because they deliver in local currency – ‘They exchange dollars for pesos but the agency charges a lower exchange rate. I ask them to deliver dollars to my family.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘I send dollars and the family receives pesos delivered to their home.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) Dollar Envio: I send dollars and family receives dollars. If family wants pesos, the MTI gains with the exchange rate – ‘With Dollar I send dollars and they receive dollars. For US$400 they charge me US$8 and it arrives in 1 hour. They deliver the money to their home in Nagua, a small town. That means the family doesn’t have to use transportation to go pick it up.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 23 of 85 – – ‘I’ve never had problems. When I send dollars, they change it to pesos for free. Dollar lets you send US$100 for US$5.’ (S6 Dom NY –edu) ‘Yes, but Dollar makes money because of the exchange rate.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) Other MTIs Used by Dominicans in New York (continued) Mi Tierra: Costs US$4 for sending US$100 (even less than others) and give a phone card – ‘My sister has an agency called Mi Tierra and charges US$4 for every US$100 .’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘Mi Tierra, the agency that I use, has a card with my family’s information on it. I swipe the card and my family’s names and information appear. I let them know the money is coming because the transfer company gives me a phone card.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) Valdez Enterprise: ‘Quisqueyana gives the money in pesos, but with Valdez Enterprise I send dollars and my family receives dollars.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) Pronto Envio: ‘Pronto Envio delivers it to your home, but not until the next day.(S4 Dom NY +edu) Fernandez Envio: ‘With Fernandez Envio you can send up to US$5000 for US$2. They get it in pesos and you get a phone card.’(S6 Dom NY – edu) • Person to Person. Participants said that this is the ideal way of sending large sums (thousands of dollars) to families and relatives, especially among Haitian Remitters. Otherwise, they said, ‘the fees are outrageous.’ They ask friends or family members they trust to hand carry the money in order to save paying fees; they do not pay the messenger, but might reciprocate the favor at a later date. Some of the messengers complained that because they were carrying so much cash they ended up being solicited for additional money from their own pocket when visiting their home countries: ‘I spend up to US$3000 in a week giving to lots of relatives…I give US$100 here another US$200 there.’ The major downside however, especially among Dominican Remitters, is that travelers run the risk of getting robbed when getting to the island; everybody knows that they carry cash. Person to Person Positives a) Ideal when sending large sums – ‘I send with friends if the amount is large, because it’s affordable and fast.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Large amounts to bring with me on a trip to Haiti.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Person to person only when you get people you trust.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘When the amount is large enough you have to send it with someone you trust. The fees are outrageous if it’s a big amount or more than US$10,000.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘You don’t have to report the amount - even though you should.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘When I go, they use me. I always carry money for a lot of people. You can’t say no.’ (S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I can send large quantities with people in order to save money, and because I trust them.’(S4 Dominicans NY +edu – ‘Person to person, with my friend.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) b) To save fees – ‘With travelers it is easy because they go to our town. There is no cost to carry money, we don’t pay relatives.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘If my relative is traveling to Haiti, I send money with them... It’s safe and free. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘You can also fly yourself with the money. It’s cheaper to pay for a flight.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) c) We give additional money when we visit Haiti – ‘When I’m there, I spend about US$2000, the money goes like that in a week, I have lots of relatives, it's a big family. I give US$100 here another US$200 there.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I give to everyone because when they see you they expect you to give them something. I spent US$3000 when I’m there by just giving people money.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) Negatives a) It is unsafe – ‘I don’t do that because there are kidnappings. The guy might be my friend or brother - you don’t want to expose them. It’s dangerous. And I don’t have insurance.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘There’s the risk of getting robbed when you get to the DR. Everybody knows that you carry cash, so you don’t tell people that you are traveling, because you’ll get robbed even before you travel, here in NY.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘There is not one person or house that hasn’t been robbed.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘I send it with family, because it’s the cheapest way, but not the safest.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 24 of 85 – Person to Person ‘Things are tough in the Dominican Republic. I traveled to see my mother when she was sick, but when I got there they took everything I had. They stole my purse with the cell phone, passport, and money. In 22 years that had never happened to me.’ (S5 Dom NY –edu) 2.2 Evaluation of Banks in the USA The level of financial integration is surprisingly high, even among the poorer participants in New York. For example, a large majority of the Haitian participants have a bank account in New York and have access to credit cards. However, while a majority of Dominican participants have bank accounts, they showed less familiarity with credit cards, perhaps because their levels of education and income are lower than the Haitian groups. Even though banks in the United States receive a better evaluation than banks in Haiti or the Dominican Republic, it is important to mention that general trust of banks is low among Remitters. Among the positive aspects attributed to banks in the US, the most important is that Remitters believe their money is safe and guaranteed by the FDIC. Secondly, Remitters feel that they receive good customer service (especially when compared to Dominican banks where people receive attention based on personal contacts). However, the negative aspects attributed to US banks include: limits on withdrawal amounts; additional charges, such as paying for checks or ATM machine usage; challenges in getting a loan (because US banks do not care for “little” people); too much paperwork which wastes time; and finally, that interest on savings is small. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 25 of 85 Positive Comments a) Money is safe – ‘Money is more secure in the US than in Haiti. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I trust it. I like them. When I need my money, it’s there. When the FDIC sign is in front, I know my money is protected.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘It’s secure because of the FDIC that guarantees our deposits up to US$250,000 per account.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) Evaluation of Banks in the USA Negative Comments a) They put limits on the account and make additional charges – ‘I don’t like the daily limit. It is my money, why should I have a limit on what I can withdraw? I want to take my money when I need it. Don’t give me a limit! ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I can’t believe I have to pay when I take my own money out! They take money to pay for checks. Some people don’t have an account in a bank because they charge.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) b) Difficult to get a loan, they do not care for “little” people – ‘They don’t care. If you’re a little guy with little money, you don’t count.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) b) Good customer service – ‘They give you money when is sunny outside; but when it rains, they take it – ‘I love it, because here (NY) banks are like my away.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) friends. They’re my soul brothers because – ‘It’s for people who are in business… they are not for normal people.’(S2 Haitians NY they solve your financial problems.’(S4 Dom +edu) NY +edu) – ‘Getting a loan is difficult. ’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) c) I have a credit card – ‘I have just one credit card.(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I travel with AMEX for emergencies.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) c) Waste of time – ‘Waste too much time’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) d) Give small interest on savings – ‘They don’t give you good interest. For business they nickel and dime you to death.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) e) I don’t trust banks – ‘In the current economy I don’t trust any banks.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) 2.3 Evaluation of Banks in Haiti and the Dominican Republic Few New York Remitters (either Haitian or Dominican) have a bank account in their country of origin. A small segment of these people have inactive bank accounts that were opened for them when they were children and are not currently being used. The majority of participants, however, simply do not have an account. Many participants said that they do not have accounts because banks are unsafe and unstable as there is no money insurance. Participants of both origins told stories of panic when a bank disappeared (in Haiti) or when money was not available from an account (in the Dominican Republic). Another negative quality of these banks according to Remitters is the additional charge for withdrawing foreign currency (Haiti), and when the amount of money in the account is under the minimum limit. They also said that it is difficult to get access to their own money; that it is expensive to get a loan and that interest on savings is low. A positive aspect valued by Haitian Remitters who have a bank account is that banks in Haiti pay higher interest rates than in the USA. These Remitters believe that the local banks are stable, and that accounts in these banks can be useful to pay for local bills and for business transactions. A portion of participants indicated that they had no opinion about the banks. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 26 of 85 Evaluation of Banks in Haiti and Dominican Republic Negative Comments a) Banks are unsafe in Haiti and DR – ‘I have to send money to Haiti but my bank is in Santo Domingo. It’s better and safer than it would be in Haiti. I use Reserva Bank.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I don’t trust them. In Haiti 9 banks belong to an association. The banking system is not like what it is here.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Hum, hum, hum! 12 years ago, in Las Cahobas (small town outside PAP), I opened an account. I go to Haiti every year, and the bank was not there! Not even the building! The bank collapsed. I still have the bank book and have saved it as a souvenir.’(S3 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘In the DR everything gets fixed with a friend who works at the bank, but the banks don’t even have 30% deposited for safety of what is needed.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘There is no insurance so my money is not safe.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) b) Account to pay local bills in Haiti – ‘I had an account at Banco Universal but when I needed my money, it wasn’t available. It – ‘I had an account when I left Haiti and was a panic that started with gossip and then turned into a crisis.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) kept it going.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I spend money when I go there... so I b) Additional charges in Haiti and DR when withdrawing foreign currency (Haiti), when need it.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) account is under the minimum limit – ‘I have access to cash when I go to Haiti, – ‘Someone told me that it’s not a good idea to put it in dollars in a Haitian bank because through my checking account. Having a when you withdraw in dollars they charge you.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) bank account is like identification.’(S2 – ‘The only problem I have is that I lose count of the exchange rate. I have to train myself so Haitians NY +edu) that when I count I know the exchange rate. They flip the amounts. You count when you get – ‘We have an orphanage in Haiti. I have the money but because of the exchange rate you get less, sometimes.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) someone to sign to get money to make – ‘They charge you to withdraw your money from Banco Popular... They charge you monthly if there’s not a maximum amount in the account.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) payments in Haiti.’(S3 Haitians NY +– ‘Here they also charge 3.39 cents to your debit card. Banks are the same here as in the edu) DR.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – I use them for transactions, not for savings.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) c) Difficult to access the money – ‘I know I have money in an account but I can’t get the money back.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) c) Give good interest – ‘They give you lots of interest. Service is – ‘Another bank makes you use the bank at least once a year, but if I don’t use it they will keep the money.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) good I use Unibank and have no – ‘I have an account in Haiti because my parents left me money. But I could not take the complaints.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) money from the country. ’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I live partially in Haiti and the interest rates are high. ’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) d) Expensive to get a loan – ‘Banks there are very conservative. The loans are not good or available and interest is very high. You pay 30% in interest rate. They don’t have provision for development.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) Positive Comments a) Banks are stable – ‘I have my money in Fonkoze in Haiti and Sogebank. I don’t have any problems (with banks) in Haiti.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘There is a lot of improvement. We have 6 different banks in Haiti. There is a lot of trade. ’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I am surprised at the resilience of banks in Haiti. The banks that survived ... still have business. ’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) e) Do not know anything – ‘I don’t know anything about them.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) 2.4 Opinion About Transferring Money Through Banks People who have a bank account in New York rarely transfer money through banks for several reasons. First, it takes too long when compared to the speed of a transfer agency (‘When poor people need the money, they need it now’). Second, it is very complicated due to the information banks require. Third, few Remitters and Recipients have bank accounts in their countries of origin so bank-to-bank wires are unpopular and simply unworkable. Fourth, it is too expensive since wire transfers through the bank cost US$40 or more. It is important to note that some Haitian Remitters who had used transfer agencies in the past have migrated into transferring money through the banks. They are using the services of Sogebank, Unibank and Fonkoze. These institutions were described as attractive because clients can deposit money directly into their accounts in Haiti. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 27 of 85 Citibank was also mentioned as offering a good service because money deposited in NY can be withdrawn in Haiti at no additional cost. Some said that it pays off being a Unibank client (in Haiti) because the fee for transferring money is lower if people use Unitransfer, which is a transfer company that is a subsidiary of Unibank. Dominican participants in general do not use banks as a transferring mechanism. a) – – – b) – – c) – – – d) – – – Opinion about Transferring Money through Banks Positive Comments Negative Comments Convenient when transferring a larger amount a) Bank transfers take too long; much faster with MTIs ‘At first, I used CAM but it was expensive. Then I set up an account with – ‘Sogebank takes too long to get your money. Even if you Sogebank and I have an account here (NY). Now I do bank transfers if she have an account you have to go to the branch and wait needs more than US$500.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) in line.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘How we transfer money? We use a joint account with an association. But – ‘They asked for 20 days to clear the money before we are trying to have a system where money is handled by less hands.’(S2 withdrawing it in Haiti with the same bank. Citibank Haitians NY +edu) uses. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘We don’t trust Western Union. We have a checking account at Chase. We – ‘Poor people when they need the money they need it send them a check and they get the money that way. We send US$3500 a now, not in a bank account which is difficult to access for year, a fixed amount.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) them. With transfer companies, it is easy: one cell phone notification, you don’t need much, just the confirmation I prefer wire transfers with banks code.’ (S1 Haitians NY –edu) ‘I use Citibank and Money Gram. CAM once in a blue moon. It’s too much money. The fees are too high with CAM.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) b) Complicated to transfer with banks: too many ‘I do trust them because I wire from one bank to Sogebank. I keep two requirements separate accounts: one in dollars and one in local currency.’(S2 Haitians NY – ‘It’s complicated. With banks, you need to get the swift, +edu) the route numbers. Not easy. Bank of America asks for too much information: name and bank information for If you have a bank account, the fee is lower the person back in Haiti”. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘Sogebank gave me a sheet with an agreement of no fees for transferring – ‘Citibank USA and Citibank Haiti don’t work together. with Bank of America. Unibank also has an agreement with a US bank. ’(S1 The Citibank account in NY wouldn’t take money in the Haitians NY +-edu) Citibank in Haiti. They are different entities.’(S1 Haitians ‘If the family has a bank account, I would prefer to use a bank transfer to NY +-edu) Haiti. But the receiver should also have a bank account.’(S2 Haitians NY – ‘My mother sends the money, and she doesn’t like to use +edu) the bank.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ‘I have a bank account at UniBank (in Haiti). They deposit the money directly to the account. They charge 6% to 8%. When you have a bank c) Few Recipients have bank accounts account (in UniBank) we only pay a flat US$6 for transfers. Western Union – ‘We did send money from bank to bank. Not frequently, and CAM charge 9%.’ (S3 Haitians NY +-edu) because not everyone has an account in Haiti.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) It’s easier: the person in Haiti or DR withdraws directly from the bank – ‘Poor people want money immediately, and in other to account send a bank to bank wire, the family in Haiti needs to ‘The amount varies because she is building the house. If she has expenses have a bank account in Haiti.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) she might go at least once a week and withdraw US$500 from my account here. She only pays for the foreign exchange when she withdraws from d) Too expensive to do bank transfers Haiti.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I don’t use the bank for transfers because banks charge ‘You can now deposit the money in Citibank and you can withdraw your more. Chase to Capital Bank in Haiti charges US$45 for a money in a Citibank in Haiti. I do the same with Fonkoze. Sogebank does transfer. Too much money to send via the bank.’ (S1 the same.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I have my account here in Citibank and I can send money to my account at – ‘In Citibank the wire transfer is a flat US$40 .’(S2 Haitians Banco Popular, but I have to give my family an ATM card so they can NY +edu) withdraw in the DR.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘Bank to bank is too expensive. That is why we don’t send money via money transfers.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 28 of 85 2.5 Opinion of the Use of the Internet for Money Transfers While almost 50% of Remitters had made some transactions using the Internet to purchase tickets or books and to pay for credit cards, the use of the Internet for payments among Haitian and Dominican participants in New York is still low. Those who pay on-line value its convenience and safety, however, those who do not, consider it unsafe and are afraid that their identities might be stolen or simply do not like revealing so much personal information on the web or to their families: ‘You have to give your bank code to your family’ or ‘My account information will show and they (Recipients) are smart and will continue to use it.’ Remitters would rather make payments by phone because they feel it is safer. Many indicated their lack of knowledge (‘I am old fashioned’) and lack of access to the Internet or computers. Only one participant specifically described transferring her remittance via the Internet. For the majority of the Remitters, transferring money themselves via the Internet was unthinkable. Some actually questioned whether this service really exists. In general, participants prefer to transfer money via the agencies because they believe it is easier, faster, more convenient (i.e., the door-to-door service), and because they do not like trying new ways of sending money. Furthermore, they said that Receivers in Haiti and Dominican Republic are even less familiar with the Internet than themselves and that there is even less access to computers over there. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 29 of 85 Opinion of the Use of Internet for Money Transfers Positive Comments Negative Comments a) Do not know how internet works a) I pay on-line because it is convenient – ‘Yes, for the electric company, to pay credit – ‘No! Will not do it. Right now you have to go to bank. I don’t even know how that goes.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) cards, shopping, clothing stores.’(S1 Haitians – ‘I know people who do it, but I don't because it’s not easy for me. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) NY +-edu) – ‘I pay my credit cards, utilities. I send flowers – ‘I don’t know how to do it. Never thought of it. I would need to know how it works.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) and everything.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I pay bills, my mortgage - I pay on line. I pay – ‘I don’t even know how that would work.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) for almost everything.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I don’t know the process.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I use it a lot and I just started.’(S2 Haitians – ‘I make payments by phone and they don’t charge. I have paid for medicine, but not over the Internet, by phone.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) NY +edu) – ‘It’s convenient because I wake up at 11:30 b) It is unsafe to pay or transfer money via internet; they can steal my identity pm and can make the payment that is due tomorrow. It’s faster.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I don’t use online because I don’t like it.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘To do so you have to give your bank code to your family.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It’s convenient. I do it to get the points. I make payments on the Internet.’(S3 Haitians – ‘Even if it works, I wouldn’t (transfer money via internet)…my account will show and they are smart and will continue to use it.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) NY +-edu) – ‘I don’t trust it because they can steel my identity.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I prefer not to do it because of identity theft.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) b) It is free and safe – ‘I use it because it’s free.’(S1 Haitians NY +- – ‘My kids do it. Not me I’m old fashioned.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I don’t use the Internet because they steal my identity. I don’t like entering all my edu) information.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I don’t think I will have problems with identify theft.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I go on-line everyday and I would know if someone is using my accounts.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) Opinion of the Use of Internet for Money Transfers (continued) Positive Comments Negative Comments c) Only to buy tickets, books c) Prefer to transfer via MTIs because people get their money faster and it’s easier – ‘Only if I’m buying a ticket.’(S2 Haitians NY – ‘When transferring, you can get it delivered at home. CAM gets it directly to the house.’(S1 +edu) Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Only tickets for shows and plane tickets. – ‘Western Union calls them when the money is there and ready to be picked up. ’(S1 Haitians Not for shopping.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) NY +-edu) – ‘I buy books.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu – ‘For rich people, it is easy to send. Poor people, when they need it, they need it now. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) d) It is fast to transfer to Haiti – ‘It’s not easy to send money via the Internet. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I send money for my daughter in college. I send it immediately. If she is in the store d) Do not have access to internet and needs money, it’s there instantly.’(S2 – ‘Not everybody has access to the internet.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Because I don’t have a computer at home.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) e) I prefer using pay pal – ‘Now I don’t send money through the bank because I have other options. I use pay pal.’ (S2 Haitians NY +edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd e) The service of transferring via internet is unavailable – ‘That doesn’t exist. That service is not available.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I don’t know, I’ve never heard of anything like that.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) Annex 1, Page: 30 of 85 2.6 Opinion of Prepaid Cards as a Transferring Alternative Once participants understood the term ‘prepaid card,’ about half of the Remitters claimed to have used pre-paid phone cards (gift cards are less popular) and made references to how affordable calling long distance to Haiti or the Dominican Republic has become as a result of these cards. Prepaid cards had a mix reception. People were appreciative of the variety of the dollar amounts available ($5, US$10, US$15 cards). Those who did not like prepaid cards shared concrete negative experiences, such as the cards not working. Complaints focused on expiration dates, damage to the cards that resulted in loss of funds, payment not matched to usage, and lack of customer service. Participants also criticized prepaid cards because they said that fees were added to card transactions as if there was a middleman, increasing the cost of the product being bought. A few participants added that cards are not available in rural areas; that there is no way for them to protect themselves from a dishonest vendor if paying with a prepaid card; and that a prepaid card does not allow for any control of the use of the remittance. Participants said that instead of using prepaid cards as a money transferring option, they would rather pay for items with cash or with a credit card directly or keep using the regular money transfer agencies. The positive opinions about transferring money via prepaid card were that cards could be a useful alternative for people who do not have credit cards and that they could save on delivery costs. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 31 of 85 Prepaid Cards Like a) It is cheaper to call long distance – ‘Yes... we all use it. I call Haiti and DR.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘To call Haiti it’s cheaper when you use the phone cards.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I love it.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘My long distance bills were running in the US$100’s. It was too expensive. Now my phone bill is low. When the calling card comes, called MONGO, I can use it for hours.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) b) You get what you pay for, perfect – ‘Phone calls: for US$5, you get what you pay for. There are different amounts.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Yes... we like it.’ (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I trust that card.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) Dislike a) The cards expire and you lose money – ‘After a month they don’t work.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Too expensive, void quickly, it is convenient and easy to use, cheap US$2-$5.’(S1 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Not me. I have problems with phone cards here. I have tried to use them but then I lose all of my money.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘If you don’t use it fast, they expire.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Sometimes, I buy 5 hours and only use it for one hour, the next time I use it, it is dead.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) b) If it does not work, it costs anyway – ‘They lie. Empty promises. They claim it’s for 100 minutes, but you only get 40 minutes.’ (S1 Haitians NY +-edu). – ‘Once you scratch them, sometimes they don’t work.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘If you try to call and don’t connect, the cards use your money anyways. Better with phone companies like Verizon for long distance.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Pre-paid cards aren’t good.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) c) They charge fees – ‘I lose them (the cards). They charge fees.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I have a personal interest to get rid of pre-paid card because they are a rip off.’(S3 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I don’t like it because nothing is free. Not for me.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) c) To charge the cell phone – ‘I buy minutes for my cell phone.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Prepaid? Oh! The phone cards. We all use those cards, I buy a card and recharge it.’(S6 d) Cannot get assistance Dom NY –edu) – ‘You can’t get assistance. They give you an 800 number but they don’t answer when you need _____________________________________ them.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) d) To buy products offshore, it is convenient if ___________________________________________________________________________________ people do not have credit cards _________ – ‘Yeah! Maybe I would use a pre paid if I don’t e) To buy products offshore, prepaid cards add fees (like a middleman) and are not available in have a credit card.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) rural areas – ‘Pre paid makes it easier for people who don’t – ‘So it would be a vendor in Haiti? Like a store? The process is too long.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) have credit cards.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘The individual is limited because they can only use that store and it might not be in the rural – ‘I would do it. It’s like a Macy’s card. That areas. Some stores might not be accessible outside the city.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) would be nice.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Depends on the fee. If buying the card is the same as using the middle man, then why use the – ‘If you have a company in Haiti that sells prepaid card?’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) sustainable products, the company could sell – ‘I was excited about a card but there might be a fee. Now, I’m not so excited.’(S2 Haitians NY the cards. Then you can buy them here and +edu) your family can get the card and they can get – ‘I would use the middle man instead of the prepaid if the fees are the same.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) the product there.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) f) To buy products offshore, I prefer using my credit card e) To buy products offshore, it is good because – ‘Product can be paid in cash or credit card.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Better to buy it there with Amex - Amex gives you a guarantee. People buy through the computer you save delivery costs and it’s cheap.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘It’s like a Christmas gift but it’s cheaper because I don’t have to pay for sending it.’(S6 – ‘You don’t need a pre-paid card. I have a credit card in the Dominican Republic and I wouldn’t use pre-paid. I can also use the debit card.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) Dom NY –edu) g) – – To buy products offshore, I prefer to pay cash to the vendor ‘My question is… Can you pay in cash? I would rather not pay with cards. I want to pay with cash.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘I would like to buy it directly. Person to person. I’m not going to buy a prepaid card.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) h) To buy products offshore, prepaid is not convenient because the vendor can be dishonest – ‘I don’t like it. If I send the product prepaid, but I’m in another country, and they can give my people a product that doesn’t work. The merchant could be dishonest.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) i) To buy products offshore, there is no control of the money with a prepaid card ‘They wouldn’t accept it and I would not do it because it’s like sending money from the bank but ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 32 of 85 Prepaid Cards Like Dislike without having control.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) 3. Energy and Electricity Supply in Haiti and the Dominican Republic 3.1 Importance and Quality of Energy Services When New York participants were asked about the energy situation in their countries of origin, some simply had a big laugh. Haitians and Dominicans are aware that service is poor in both countries, with the exception of some isolated spots: ‘People don’t get it (energy)...only the moon light.’ The graph illustrates that, according to Haitians and Dominicans in New York, fewer people in Haiti are connected to the grid when compared to people in the Dominican Republic, however, Remitters from both places feel that the energy situation in their respective countries is appalling. Everybody answered that energy is very important for all aspects of life, but due to the lack of government supply, people have to choose between two options: live without it or generate energy themselves. This situation has become an obstacle for development, as children cannot study at night, and personal security concerns increase when there is no electricity at night. Both countries have major energy challenges and the end result is similar; however, Remitters suggested that the problem in Haiti is the lack of infrastructure whereas the problem in the Dominican Republic is the unreliability of the existing electricity system and illegal wiring. According to Remitters, the vast majority of people in both countries suffer from constant and daily blackouts: some during the day, others during the night. Some people go up to eight hours without service or get two to three hours of electricity a day. People can spend full days without electricity and it seems that service is worse in poor and rural areas; both capitals have continuous blackouts. In the Dominican Republic, participants said that today there are more cases of black outs than in the past - and not only in poor areas but in wealthy areas as well. Several Remitters noted that there was a national power cut recently. People blame the government and believe that big corporations are taking advantage of the situation: ‘This is related to a political issue. All three parties are the same because they supported the privatization (of the electric company). In 1998, they told the people that this would solve the issue of electricity. It went to the private sector and the rich people in the country have shares. It’s a mess, and in the end, the country is in the dark.’ ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 33 of 85 Remitters feel that the energy bills paid by their families, especially those in the Dominican Republic, are too high. In addition, they complain that the bills and the service provided are not matched. Family members never know what they are paying for and, in most cases, those who do have electricity feel that they could be paying for the whole neighborhood: ‘we pay for the blackouts.’ In general, people are frustrated because service is not reliable. When asked about the role of remittances, Remitters reported that 25% of the money received is used to pay the electricity bill. Some family members pay from US$150 to US$350 a month for electricity; others referred to an average of US$15 to US$40. The average amount paid for electricity in Haiti is US$40 to US$50 a month. However, fewer Haitian Remitters commented on the cost and instead focused on the fact that people simply do not receive the service. a) – – – – – b) – – – – People Live without Energy Supply Energy is very important but there is no service and people live without it ‘Ha! What service! Not dependable. There is no electricity. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I was there for a week and I didn’t see light any day.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘At least I saw it once; otherwise it was the moon light.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘We don’t have electricity.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘In PAP there is electricity but they can’t use it. People don’t get it.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) There is no government supply, so people have to provide it for themselves ‘People need to get their own generators, invertors, batteries, etc… Many have to provide for themselves.’(S1 Haitians NY +edu) ‘It’s very important. It’s a necessity. One way or another they have to have it.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘There used to be government providers but not anymore. Generators are used frequently because electricity is not reliable. My father uses a generator.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘They do it themselves. There is no government supply. So most people go without it.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) Irregular Service in Terms of Areas a) Service is worse in poor and rural areas – ‘It depends on the area. There is poor service in rural areas. Centers are better served. If you are close to a hospital or to big shots, you are better served.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It depends on the sector. In some, the electricity is shut off once a week. In the rich areas, it is cut off once a week, but in the poor neighborhoods, you never know when it will be cut off.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘In the poor neighborhoods there is a lot of vandalism and the electricity stays on to avoid crime. In San Pedro, there is electricity in the poor areas during the night.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘In Santiago there are no power cuts. The electricity goes out but only for a minute and then returns. Hipólito (former President) is from there which is why there are no power cuts there.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) b) It is irregular in general – ‘Some areas have access to electricity for 24 hours. But some for only 2 or 3 hours a day.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Not every where not every day.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘No! Not all of the areas have it.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) c) Electricity supply has improved lately (Haiti) – ‘The President of Venezuela is helping. We have electricity 20 out of 24 hours on average, and we have it 7 days a wee, before, you could get 2 hours a day. This is a special gift from Chavez.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘In my town, we do have electricity 24 hours a day.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘There is a big improvement. Lately, on the weekend my family gets 12 hours.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 34 of 85 a) – – – – – Blackouts All Day Long During the day, you are lucky when there is energy supply ‘We have lots of blackouts. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘Sometimes they have it for 12 hours a day. Sometimes you get electricity for 3 hours and then they take it.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘Usually during the week they have electricity from 8am to 11am. The electricity is used for the businesses.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘It’s common for the power to go out, and sometimes you can go 8 hours without it.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ‘The service is bad and sometimes they spend the day without electricity. They can go 8 hours without electricity. The power is cut every day, since Trujillo’s days.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) b) Electricity comes during the night – ‘You’re lucky if you have it. You wake up in the middle of the night and you might have it for 4 hours... when you’re sleeping.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘The electricity was on at night when we were sleeping, but we didn’t even know we had it.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) c) Can spend many days without electricity – ‘Limited amount of time they are provided electricity. You can spend days without electricity.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I spent 14 days in Haiti and during that time we had electricity twice for 4 hours.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I was without electricity for two months the last time I was in the DR.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) d) In extreme cases, there are even national power cuts (DR) – ‘There are power outages in rich and poor areas. This is the worst crisis I have seen in 27 years.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘I live where the Vice-president lives and the power goes out; sometimes you go 12 hours without electricity. That started 6 months ago.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘A few days ago there was a country-wide power outage.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘A month or two ago there was a countrywide blackout. The power was out, and it was out for everyone.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) Electricity Bills are Too High a) On average, US$40 a month (Haiti) – ‘It depends. Some pay US$40 or US$50 a month. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It’s expensive. On average we pay US$50 a month but we don’t even get the electricity we pay for.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) b) – – – – On average, US$15-$40 a month (DR) ‘It’s always out and you have to pay about US$15 per month, so there’s nothing left for food or for water.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ‘In dollars you pay between US$20 and US$30 per month.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ‘I pay US$500 pesos (US$14) for my house and father’s. I pay for a service that is not being provided.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) ‘My mother pays US$1500 pesos (US$42) for electricity. It’s a high percentage; let’s say 25% of what I send they use for electricity.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) c) On average, US$150-$350 a month (DR) – ‘The big problem is that the electric service is very expensive and is much higher than what one spends. Electricity costs US$200 per month for a 6 person family, so the money isn’t enough to pay for the electric bill.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘My cousin pays a lot, about US$350 , but he lives in a wealthy area. I pay US$150 per month and the income of an average family is only US$250 per month.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘My brother pays US$150 because the house is large, two stories. The house has many lights. He has inverters and lanterns.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘Up to US$7000 Dominican pesos (US$200 ). I don’t know why it’s so much.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘Over there we pay for the blackouts. I have relatives in Tenares and they pay US$5000 pesos (US$142 ) per month.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) d) We pay for a service we do not receive (DR) – ‘The rate isn’t fair considering what’s being used. It’s a random rate. Some people only have one TV and their bill is very high.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘Food spoils. I am paying for something I am not using.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘When I lived there, there was no electricity, and when you didn’t pay, they put you in jail.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘You pay for a service you don’t receive. The electricity goes out three times a day for 5 or 8 hours a day. We pay for something they don’t give us.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 35 of 85 – – Makes it Difficult to Study ‘No electricity for kids to study at night in Haiti.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘We don’t have electricity in the highways or the library. We want to get it so that students can come to study and can stay late and study at night.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – – – – Increases Public Insecurity ‘Crime increases, people steal during the night. That’s the reality.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ‘When there is no electricity in the rich areas, it allows the poor people to steal from the rich.’(S6 Dom NY – edu) ‘My house was robbed (in DR).’(S6 Dom NY –edu) ‘I was attacked in the street and my car was stolen.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – – – – Lack of Infrastructure ‘No movies, no light, we can’t get involved in development without energy.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘Food is the biggest problem… second would be energy. We have a lot of problems like electricity, roads, jobs, communication, telephones, food.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘Infrastructure... that’s what we are trying to repair. Like basic water! We don’t have drinking water everywhere.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘There is no infrastructure. It’s a big problem. It’s an explosive topic.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) 3.2 Ways to Address the Lack of Energy Supply in the Home Country There are several ways in which the participants’ families address the energy shortcomings in their countries. First, they combine the use of candles, batteries and kerosene lamps. Second, they purchase inverters and/or generators and/or solar panels, depending on the level of income and on the number of people who send remittances to them. Third, people have had to change their living habits. Fourth, they alternate energy sources and home appliances. Fifth, people in the Dominican Republic steal electricity from the grid. Candles are used everywhere, although there were comments about the danger of fires. Inverters and generators provide electricity for everything. A majority of the Remitter’s families have inverters and a smaller number own generators. According to participants, inverters are very popular because they serve as a back-up system to provide power when the electric company fails to provide it. They are more affordable than generators; depending on the capacity, an inverter costs US$300, US$500 or US$1,000. Inverters are helpful to store energy, and are charged by generators or directly from the grid. This means that people need to keep on paying their electricity bills in order to be able to charge inverters. Generators, on the other hand, are considered a luxury because people not only need to pay for the generator itself - US$400, US$650, US$750, US$1,500 depending on the capacity - but also need to provide money to pay for gasoline, which can represent an additional cost of US$200 to US$400 per month for generating approximately six hours of energy a day. Generators can be bought locally, although several Remitters have shipped them to their families. ‘I have two lives!’ said a Haitian participant who sent a generator to Miami to be shipped to her home in Haiti. There were always participants in these groups who spontaneously mentioned solar panels as a mean to provide energy at home, in rural and urban areas. However, these energy devices are thought of as the most expensive resource. All comments about solar panels are contained in the next chapter. Dominican Remitters noted that another way to overcome local electricity deficiencies is by changing living habits. People have had to modify their habits: they are always aware when electricity comes back on, in order to charge the inverters and have them ready to use in case of a black out; they also learn to live without energy, and ‘must put up with mosquitoes and insecurity, or sleep on the floor because the bed was too hot.’ When electricity is on (usually at night), participants said that their families take that time to do house chores that require electricity, like laundry. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 36 of 85 Both Haitians and Dominicans alternate energy sources, from batteries to inverters to generators to solar panels. Dominicans in particular also rotate the use of home appliances. For example, a person said that she rations the energy by powering the refrigerator for six hours, and then turns it off to power the television for three hours. It is not possible to use all of the home electronic devices at the same time due to the lack of power. It is also common not to use home appliances at all. Finally, stealing electricity is very widespread in the Dominican Republic as a mean to address the lack of energy. Remitters said that people connect to other people’s lines and have double connections; they have two meters, and tamper with the electricity bills. Some steal the cables and sell them to get extra money. Everyone seems to know of people who are getting their electricity illegally, or someone who has been hurt connecting to the grid illegally. They said that poor neighborhoods tend to get electricity at night because the government wants to stop vandalism in those areas. In their minds, they see stealing as something that is justified. People are willing to take chances with their lives or the authorities in order to get electricity illegally. Dominican participants, both in New York and in the Dominican Republic, recognize that stealing electricity is culturally ingrained among both wealthy and poor people. It seems like a vicious circle: people are upset with paying for a service that they are not getting, plus they have to spend additional money in order to provide for their own energy sources, so they steal energy whenever they have the opportunity as a means to compensate for frustration. The main issue is that they simply do not get good reliable service. – – – – – – – – – Combine the Use of Candles, Batteries and Kerosene/Oil Lamps ‘But when they don’t have electricity, they use candles, handmade oil lamps, batteries to operate flashlights.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘They use generators, batteries and candles’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘Gasoline and kerosene.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘Combine invertors and batteries.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘Candle light, flash lights, but batteries are expensive.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘They light candles. They buy generators.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘Kerosene lamps and candles.’(S3 Haitians NY +edu) ‘Kerosene gas lamps are used for lighting; also you need candles.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ‘There are fires because of the use of candles.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Use Inverters and Generators a) Generators charge inverters, which store energy – ‘The generators are used but then they have to shut it down to charge the batteries. After the batteries provide the electricity then you start using the inverters.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘With generators and inverters that store energy, and when the lights goes out, you can use it.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘The generators charge the inverters, the inverter charges for 12 hours to provide 6 hours of electricity. But when the power goes out, you can’t charge the inverter.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) b) Generators and inverters provide energy for everything – ‘You use the inverters and converters for all needs: fridge, lights, for everything.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘In Port au Prince people have converters or generators. Otherwise they don’t have electricity.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Using inverters or energy plants. If you have it, you use it; if not, candles.’ (S5 Dom NY –edu) Annex 1, Page: 37 of 85 Inverter: Characteristics a) Inverters are more affordable than generators – ‘I have both an inverter and generator. The inverter is cheaper and it works just with the battery. The generator needs gasoline and it’s very expensive. The inverter charges with electricity when the power is on.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) b) – – – – – Cost of inverters: US$300, US$500, US$1,000, depending on the capacity ‘Inverters are expensive. They cost between US$300 to US$3000 , depending on capacity.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘I have an inverter…that was US$500 . That gives me light for 24 hours.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘Inverters cost US$300 and can be used for 4 hours, but at my house they don’t use them because we don’t have money.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ‘The cost varies, but it’s about US$600 more or less.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) ‘I bought one and it cost me US$1000 . I bought it over there and one week later it was stolen. All they left was the battery.’(S6 Dom NY – edu) c) …however, not everyone has money to buy them – ‘Inverters are a good system. There are 7,000 people in my town but only 5 families have this system.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I would like to send one but it’s very expensive. Middle-class people have them but poor people can’t buy them. 60% of these products come from Japan.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘There are inverters that you can buy in NY and take them to the DR, but that technology is for millionaires.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘My mother bought one. We helped buy it but I don’t know how much it cost. I helped them with US$100 more or less.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) d) Inverters are very popular – ‘Inverters are a big thing.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Everybody has them, even the poorest people. The inverter is used a lot. When the power plant is overcharged, it is used.’(S5 Dom NY – edu) – ‘Everyone has an inverter.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) e) Need to keep paying for electricity to charge inverters – ‘I don’t know how much they cost because my brother bought them. But you have to keep paying for electricity to use them.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘In Nagua (North) there are cables but no electricity. My mother has an inverter, but there is no electricity.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) f) – Not everyone knows how to use them ‘People don’t know how to use the inverters and that’s why refrigerators and televisions break.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 38 of 85 a) – – – Generator: Characteristics Generators are a luxury and you also need to pay for fuel ‘I have to provide my own electricity, buy gas and have my own generator. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘We use generators and buy gas but it’s expensive to feed the generators with gas to run the generator.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘I am in the process of getting a generator that uses gasoline. Generators are reliable.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) b) Cost of generators: US$400, US$650, US$750, US$1,500, depending on the capacity – ‘A lot! For a good generator US$650. Someone had one for US$1500. This does not include shipping. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘A generator costs US$150. 500 watts are US$650. We are financing those purchases. We get both invertors and generators in the USA and ship them to Haiti.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Generators are US$1000 to US$10,000 ; it depends on capacity. For one light bulb you can pay US$40. There are small ones for US$200.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘People who have relatives in the US have a generator. They cost US$1,500 … US$750 for a smaller one.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘It is becoming common, but not for everyone. They can’t afford it. Generators are expensive. They can cost US$700 for a small one.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘The higher you go in kilowatts the more you pay.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Generators are more expensive. Here they cost US$400 but they need fuel.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) c) Cost of fuel for generators: US$200 to US$400 monthly – ‘If you use it for 6 hours… In an evening you will burn about 2 gallons … that’s for 6 hours. We are talking about US$400 a month.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It’s expensive. More than US$50 for the generator because you have to use gas. At least US$200 or US$300 a month on gas and the generator.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Generators are a luxury. It is expensive …not so much the generator but the gas. Gas is US$6 per gallon.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I know that you need to pay US$700 for diesel fuel to power a hospital for 8 hours. It is a small hospital.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘For a house... we need 30 kilowatts that is 5 times less. That’s about US$16 per day to run a generator.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) d) Remitters ship generators – ‘I send generators to Haiti from NY. They get gasoline, batteries, etc. locally to maintain the products. It becomes expensive. Too much to run.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I buy goods in the US and send them to Haiti. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) Modify Living Habits a) Have to be aware when light comes to charge the inverters – ‘People prepare the inverters to watch their programs when the power returns, at around 1 a.m. Even human behavior changes (due to the lack of power).’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘In La Romana between 7am and 4pm they charge the inverters. If there’s electricity during the day they wash and do what they have to do and at night they use the inverters.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘Everyone knows at what time the power is put back on.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) Alternate Energy Sources and Home Appliances a) Alternate energy sources – ‘I am now used to it... now I have light. My inverter goes down at night. To ensure that I have light, I have to have connection to batteries. I use 9 watt batteries.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) b) Alternate the use of home appliances – ‘I have a small fridge… but I can only let it run b) Learn to live without it for 6 hours. After 6 hours I have to shot it – ‘Eat less in order to pay the electric bill because the service is necessary.’(S5 Dom NY down or I will not have power for TV (uses TV –edu) for 3 hours). We have to ration my – ‘Those who can have inverters, and those who cannot have them must put up with electricity.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) mosquitoes and insecurity because anyone can hurt you in the darkness and there is violence.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) c) Do not use home appliances – ‘Learn to live on what you have. I used to drink water from the water pools, and I’m – ‘If there’s no power, even the mosquitoes use still alive.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) paper to fan themselves... clothes dry on the – ‘The inverter at my house was broken and we used to sleep on the floor because the patio, you use the sun, no dryers are used. The bed was too hot. You have to get used to different ways of life.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) electrical service is awful. I thank God that I am in this country (US).’(S4 Dom NY +edu) c) Wash clothes at night ‘In the morning there was electricity, and then it would stop, and then it would be back in the middle of the night. During those hours people took advantage of it because they know at what time it comes back so they do their wash.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 39 of 85 Steal Electricity with Illegal Wiring a) People steal electricity by connecting to others´ lines – ‘Each neighborhood has different electricity. Some houses have two meters and when there’s electricity in one, the other isn’t used. They connect wires directly to another line to steal electricity.’ (S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘They send someone who knows how to do this and they give him a line that is then connected to someone else’s connector, or to the lines in other people’s houses or neighborhoods. We complain to the government that they steal, but everybody does it.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘Some people have their own lines, but they connect the heavy things, like refrigeration, to other people’s lines.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘The government comes and shuts off the electricity, but people find professionals who can hook them up directly to the line. People steal the energy.’ (S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘Everyone should do it. If they don’t give them electricity, then they should steal it.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) b) People also steal the wires – ‘They steal the “wire” everywhere and sell it (the cable-literally). It is very common for families to have an illegal connection so as not to pay for electricity.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘If I don’t have money but I want cables, someone will sell me stolen ones, and I buy my wire. If it’s cheaper, I’ll buy it. I don’t care if it’s stolen.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) c) Stealing electricity is part of the culture (DR) – ‘They make a double connection and steal it.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘We have to recognize that there’s a culture of people who steal electricity, and not just poor people, also the rich.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘What I think is that it’s all cultural. Dominicans don’t like to buy electricity. My uncle has an inverter, but he doesn’t want to pay to charge it. The Pope would have to make a miracle for my uncle to change. It’s in his soul.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘One woman who did that got fined. It’s cultural and a bad habit. But if there are people who can’t pay for it, then they’re right to steal it.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘My cousin connected us to the neighbor and my mother didn’t know. It was illegal.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) d) Double connections are unsafe – ‘The connections are unsafe and people hook onto them. It’s difficult to cut their power because it’s dangerous to disconnect these line; they have to go into those poor areas.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘People have died trying to steal electricity.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘The problem has always been there, but in the last few years people use more electricity because it’s hotter; also there are computers, refrigeration, and radios.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) e) Bills are altered – ‘The electric bills are altered. Those who most take advantage of stealing energy are the large businesses. They consume the equivalent of an entire neighborhood.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 40 of 85 4. Knowledge of Sustainable Energy Products Among Haitian and Dominican participants in New York, there is a varying degree of knowledge about sustainable energy products. Some have no idea at all; others have just heard about these products and are aware that they exist but are not able to describe them; some have seen them on top of houses in Haiti and the Dominican Republic, in stores in New York or back home, or have seen them in TV advertisements. In particular, some Dominican participants blame the government in the Dominican Republic for not bringing sustainable energy products into their country. These participants feel that the government needs to give incentives to the public and to educate people about the advantages of such products. Nevertheless, all the focus groups included at least a few participants with good knowledge on the topic. There were a couple of participants that had already conducted research on sustainable energy products in New York and were educated about attributes and prices; some of them already own and use sustainable energy products, such as solar panels and flashlights. In general, people showed interest in learning more about these products and providing them for their families. To understand pricing knowledge, it was important to distinguish between participants who had little knowledge on the topic and people conversant on the topic. In general, most Remitters are under the impression that sustainable energy products are very expensive. More knowledgeable participants confirmed that these products are expensive. On lighting in particular, they noted that one panel is not enough to adequately light a household, multiple panels are needed which increases costs. However, there were comments about long-term value because even though the initial investment is high, the units become cost efficient in the long run. This is due to the fact that the cost of maintenance is low and that there will be no more fuel bills: ‘we are not paying for the sun. It’s cheaper.’ They realize that the amount of money being paid today for energy is very large. Many hope that these products will become more affordable with further technology development. Some mentioned that batteries for solar energy products are very expensive as well. They also noted that sustainable energy is good for the environment. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 41 of 85 a) – – – – – No or little knowledge Do not know ‘I don’t know what that is.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I don’t know but would like to find out. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I don’t know nothing about those things. We guess.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘It’s wind technology.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) ‘In the Dominican Republic there hasn’t been much information.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) b) – – – – Only know that these products exist ‘I know they exist.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘In 2004 for some reason new things were installed in Las Cahobas. Since then we have hydroelectricity.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I know that China is very advanced and has solar lamps and panels.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) ‘There’s an Arab project here in NY for Dominicans that put solar energy in the DR.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) Have seen them a) In and on top of houses in Haiti and Dominican Republic – I saw solar panels on the top of the houses or churches.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I saw a lamp that used solar panels.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘In Santo Domingo there’s solar water, the water is heated with the sun.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I’ve seen it on television. There are solar panels in the country; I saw them in Santo Domingo.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) b) In stores in New York or in the Dominican Republic – ‘I saw them in Washington Heights on 207th street (in NY) and they cost around US$1000 .’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘I’ve known about this for over 15 years because in the town where I was born they use it for refrigerators and lights. In the big stores (in DR) they sell panels of all sizes and also in the capital, but people aren’t aware of this.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) c) On TV and advertisements – ‘I have seen advertisements.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I’ve seen them on TV but not in person.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Have used them a) We have a solar panel – ‘My family has a solar panel on the roof of my vacation house. The panel they use works great!’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Lots of people have two systems; the other is with solar panels in case the electricity is down.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) b) We have solar flashlights – ‘In our association, we already started a little program that uses solar flashlights, solar chargers, and ovens. We are looking into it because of the hurricanes to help prevent disasters in Haiti. We have that technology and we are working with FEDADSE.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘We have the solar flashlight. I buy them in Japan through the Internet and then we send them to Haiti. We pay a lot in shipping and most of the cost is in the delivery.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) Annex 1, Page: 42 of 85 Knowledge of Cost a) Expensive because one panel is not enough to cover needs – ‘I asked for an estimate. It costs about US$15,000 to install and set up the whole system for a solar panel. With this, you can have (energy) for TV and all other stuff.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘We also have solar energy. It cost US$10,000 to run computers for our library (in Haiti). It can give you 24 hours of light, but we also need to power computers. Every time the power goes out we need to fix the computers.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘One panel isn’t enough. You need around 6 panels with constant sunlight for enough energy for one house, and each panel costs US$1000. It will take 15 years to pay for it if you are making payments of US$100 per month.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘The solar panel for heating water costs US$70,000 pesos ($2,000 ) but only for bathing.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I went to the store here (NY) to make a budget, so as not to be dependent on the electric company in DR. It costs US$100,000 to become completely independent from the electric company. This provides you with all the electricity of a small house with refrigerator, light, fans and air conditionings.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) b) – – – – The first investment is high ‘Yes, it is expensive but only one payment.’ (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I think they are expensive.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘We don’t have them like the US has them. It’s not easily available. The upfront cost is very expensive. Of 30 families, you will have 2 or 3 (in Haiti) who would have them, and then you have a dark street.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘Solar energy panels. But it’s expensive! The first investment is high. Solar panels (3 by 4) are US$700 .’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) c) Expensive, but cost of maintenance is low – ‘Solar panels are economical in the long run. We have them there for years... we have them here in NY too. They charge with the sun. US$40 for a set of 8 lights.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It’s expensive to get at first, but then the maintenance is less expensive. The problem is getting it. That’s what’s expensive.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) d) Expensive, but getting affordable – ‘Solar technology has been around for a long time, but we couldn’t afford it. Now it’s getting better.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘The cost has to go down since nobody wants to pay for 6 years in order to buy it. I can’t save up that much money.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) 4.1 Qualities Valued in Sustainable Energy Technologies The most valued attribute of sustainable technology among Haitian participants is that it is good for the environment. There is a major concern about the high level of deforestation in Haiti because people use wood for cooking. Remitters like that this technology provides clean energy and protection for the environment. Other important qualities are that with the use of solar energy, there are no electricity bills to pay, ‘the sun is free;’ that it is a reliable source of energy over a long period of time; that it offers self-sufficiency and independence from the electricity companies; that some of the products are mobile; and that the clean energy sector can create new jobs for people in maintenance and installation. People expressed some concerns about this technology. They worry about the effectiveness of solar power due to the lack of sunshine during the rainy season. Some participants heard that batteries could not charge the panels. Also, they said that there is little information about this technology so people still feel that that they need to hear good recommendations about these products, know where there are available for purchase and see how others use them in order to purchase them. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 43 of 85 It is good for the environment a) Provides clean energy and protect the environment a) – ‘Sounds cool. Anything that will provide clean energy is worth it. Would suit my family – needs, yes! ’ (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I think in Haiti we need to protect the trees from being used and protect the – environment.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘They are cutting trees every day to make charcoal for baking, heating, for cooking. Deforestation is a problem.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Eco-friendly. That it can help people to protect the environment every day.’(S2 Haitians – NY +edu) – ‘This is a big problem. We don’t have trees. Because we use trees for cooking - we need new products to supply the energy.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It’s not harmful to the environment and it charges with the sun. This would solve the – problem.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) Reliable Sustainable for a long time ‘I have used it. I have solar panels in my home. Dusk to dawn - it triples the energy during the day. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘The main idea of “sustainability” makes me feel that they are reliable and available.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘I see sustainable as something that will last a long time. That is what the word means to me. We need types of energy that are efficient.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘It’s environmental friendly, reliable, and not expensive. Can last for a long time.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) b) Using solar energy, there are no bills to pay b) Offers self-sufficiency – ‘We are not paying a bill. It is powered by nature.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘We have the solar system. It is installed on the roof, works well by providing electricity – ‘Independence. I don’t rely on the government or depend on the electricity all the time. I like it because it is using an unlimited natural resource - the sun.’(S1 company. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It’s cheaper to be able to use the sun that we are not paying for.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘They were going to make them with solar energy. A solar product is used even for – ‘We have a plan to get it because we think that sustainable energy is more affordable heating water.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) than electricity.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘It uses a generator.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) Other Qualities a) Offers mobility – ‘It offers mobility, it is wireless. You can move it from a room to another.’ (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) Concerns a) Skepticism about the power of solar energy – ‘I doubt that the energy can be used, that it’s not powerful enough - it doesn’t have the power for a refrigerator.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘My brother bought a battery, he brought it from here, the battery charged but in the countryside there is no electricity if it rains, so the batteries can’t be charged. He paid for it but it didn’t work.’(S5 Dom NY – edu) b) Can create new jobs – ‘We need people to install it and that might create jobs.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) b) This technology needs further development – ‘We are looking for new products. Our vendors are in Japan and US. We buy them here and send them home to Haiti.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘We hope that with the improvement of technology we can have it.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘If people don’t recommend it to each other, they don’t use it. In the USA it’s common, and some day it will be common in the DR.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘You need a national plan in order to teach people how to use that technology. The government has to invest in educating people.’(S4 Dom NY +edu). – ‘It’s a field that needs to keep advancing because it hasn’t been perfected yet.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 44 of 85 4.2 Measures to Deal with Robbery of or Damage to Sustainable Energy Products Without being asked, participants spontaneously expressed concern that solar panels are at risk of being stolen or broken. It was interesting to find out that some people damage the panels simply because of envy: ‘If one person doesn’t have it, they don’t want anyone else to have it.’ However, participants expressed that people are finding innovative solutions to this problem, such as putting extra security on panels with an iron grill, making the panel heavier, sealing the panel with cement, and taking it out of the sun and keeping it inside the home when it gets dark. a) – – – – Risks of Robbery and Damage Easy to steal ‘The original investment is expensive and you need to protect so it doesn’t get stolen.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘The day we installed our solar panels, they were stolen the same night.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘I have the inverter and the panel. I know that people will steal it.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘We don’t invite people to the house during the day because they will see it (the panel).’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) b) They steal or damage it because of envy – ‘You can use the solar panels but when they steal it, they just break it.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Not for my grandmother because they could rob her or kidnap her because of the panel. If nobody else has it in the area, it’s dangerous because in Santo Domingo, if one person doesn’t have it, they don’t want anyone else to have it.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) c) Need to put extra security: iron grill, make it heavy, seal it with cement – ‘We need a factory that can install it for you and seal it, so that it’s safe and it becomes heavy and if it’s removed it will be broken. They won’t be able to use it or sell it.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘A company solved the problem by making it heavy. That way it’s more secure and you have to break the house to take it.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘You seal it (solar panels) on the roof with cement. That’s one of the concerns...they steal them.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘In Haiti you need to pay to secure it.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) d) I take it out of the sun and then keep it at home – ‘I put them out during the day to charge the panels but when it gets dark I take them in so that they are not stolen.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) 5. Presentation of Sustainable Energy Products Seven solar powered items were presented in each of the focus groups, plus an additional thermal product. Each product was introduced individually with a picture of the item and its major characteristics. First, participants gave their positive and negative opinions about it based on these questions: Would it satisfy the needs of your family in Haiti and the Dominican Republic? Would you like to buy this product for them? Why yes/no? Second, they were asked how much money they would be willing to invest in a product like this one. The idea was to understand price elasticity. Third, the actual price was announced to them and they were asked to give their opinion on that price and indicate whether they would buy it or not at that price. The exercise described above was carried out with each of the eight products. At the end, participants were asked to give their final assessments and decide which product would better suit the needs of their families in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. In the chart below, the products are organized according to three categories based on preferences manifested by participants: “Most preferred”, “Sometimes preferred” and “Least preferred.” ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 45 of 85 Among Remitters, there was a huge appetite for sustainable energy products. Everyone was excited to see the different products. There was willingness on their part to facilitate ways for their families in Haiti and the Dominican Republic to get these items. Many participants would like to have all the products, and asked about the existence of other sustainable energy products: ‘Are there solar refrigerators?’ As they thought more seriously about acquiring these items, various doubts were raised; a key concern was whether these products work at night and during rainy seasons. In general, Remitters wanted to have a demonstration on how they work. They expressed considerable interest in learning more about these products. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 46 of 85 5.1 “Most Preferred” Sustainable Energy Products A) Radio, Flashlight and Cell Phone Charger This was a highly appreciated item because it has many functions. In general, Remitters value the cell phone charging function most, and the radio second, because many of them indicated that they already own a flashlight. They said it would be useful for rural areas, to go camping and for emergencies. They also like that it saves on batteries, and that it offers various ways for generating energy (crank and a solar panel). However, some people were less enthusiastic because they already have a radio or simply do not listen to one. Some had concerns about the functionality of the radio in the hilly parts of the country and were worried that the device had too many functions in one, so it might break easily. The prices given spontaneously were always above the actual cost. As a result, even participants who had expressed certain objections were eager to get this product not only for their families but also to give to other people as a gift. The actual price of US$35 was considered excellent for all participants. Product Radio, flashlight and cell phone charger: Before knowing the actual cost Like Dislike a) I prefer other solar products a) All functions are very practical – ‘If people already have a radio, – ‘I like that. It has the necessities. Very why buy another radio?’(S4 practical.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) Dom NY +edu) – ‘People would like to have it for their families – ‘I don’t like it. I don’t listen to because of phone charging.’(S1 Haitians NY +the radio.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) edu) – ‘It’s interesting but there are – ‘If you can incorporate a television it would be other things with a higher perfect.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) priority like lights.’(S5 Dom NY – ‘That’s good! I like it. This is convenient, –edu) especially with the charger.’(S3 Haitians NY +edu) b) The radio might not work in – ‘Very good for those who listen to the football some areas game and the news.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘Depending on where you are b) Great for rural areas, to go camping, for located you might not have emergencies access to radio waves.’(S3 – ‘When I go camping here I would use it in the Haitians NY +-edu) field, like the army.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Very useful for people in the country. In the c) It has too many functions in mountains I would like it because it’s one functional.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘Devices with too many things, – ‘For emergencies it’s OK, for a cyclone.’(S6 normally don’t work.’(S1 Dom NY –edu) Haitians NY +-edu) Information requested a) About its coverage and battery length – ‘I might not be able to hear anything. How far can you get the station?”’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I would love to have it but need to test it first.’(S3 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Is it solar? How long does it last charged?’(S6 Dom NY – edu) c) Batteries are not needed, we save on them – ‘This is great because you can catch electricity to use the radio, to hear music and you can save on batteries.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I like it because batteries are expensive and it does not need batteries.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) d) It is easy to get – ‘You can buy that at Home Depot.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 47 of 85 Spontaneous Answers on Pricing: Radio, flashlight and cell phone charger $50/$75/$175/$200/$220 (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) $40/$60/$75/$100/$150/$300 (S2 Haitians NY +edu) $50/$65/$80/$100/$199/$200 (S3 Haitians NY +-edu) $50/$200/$300 (S4 Dom NY +edu) $80/$100/$150 (S5 Dom NY –edu) $125/$150/$400 (S6 Dom NY –edu) Comments after knowing the actual price: USD US$35 Positive a) Excellent price – ‘I would buy it, it’s cheap.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘It’s good. It’s affordable. Do not need batteries? It’s for life! ’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘You are kidding? That’s the most practical.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It’s cheap and practical.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘It’s great for US$35 . I’d buy it.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘Wow! That’s cheap. This one I want!’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘It can be used for the radio. That works for the old folks. We like cheap things, but also good quality.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) b) I would buy it for myself, and to give as a gift to many people – ‘At that price everyone would like to buy it. I would buy for everyone in my family. That’s cheap’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘$35 is a good price. I would buy 10 of them. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Wow! All of us would buy it for US$35. It’s a good gift’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘We would all buy it for people in Haiti.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘For US$35 I would buy ten and go up to the mountains.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘A Dominican would put propellers on it for it to give light and air.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘I’d like it for my brother. It’s very good and cheap.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) B) Solar Latern The solar lantern received only positive comments. Remitters thought it would be very useful in solving their families’ lighting problems, without replacing batteries so often. They noted that people are already familiar with the use of oil and gas lamps, so a solar lantern would suit their needs even better. Remitters also noted approvingly that this is a mobile device. There were some participants who indicated that they already own a solar lantern. Regarding its cost, participants guessed very close to the real price and usually suggested higher prices than the actual one. As a result, once they knew its market price of US$27.50, the expression ‘Great! I will buy one for myself and one for my friend’ was common. Product Solar Lantern: Before knowing the actual cost Like a) It is very useful; can replace the gas/oil lamp and batteries – ‘Good replacement of the gas one with a solar charge.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘ I would use it myself in Haiti when we are short of power. It is the equivalent of our oil lamps, even for here in the US.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘It’s solar and with batteries, and I pay US$20.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Important for the hill and for light. It doesn’t use batteries?’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I like it. This one is good because before you had to use batteries or gas. Fabulous!’(S6 Dom NY –edu) b) – – – – It solves electricity needs well ‘We all like it.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘People don’t have to use electricity. Good for guests.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘Definitely.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘This is the best thing to solve the electrical problem in the DR.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) c) It is mobile, can take it anywhere – ‘I’m in! I can take it outside. When we go to our towns or to remote towns we really need those.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ’We need it when we have parties, for meetings in the woods, you can take it out.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘It’s very useful here too for when I go on a picnic.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘To light the house, I hang it from the ceiling.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘For the bathroom outside and for the roads in the country.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) d) I already have one – ‘I already bought one.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I already bought it. It cost me US$45.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 48 of 85 Spontaneous Answers on Pricing: Solar Lantern $30/$100 (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) $20/$30/$35/$40/$50/$60 (S2 Haitians NY +edu) $20/$30 (S3 Haitians NY +-edu) Spontaneous Answers on Pricing: Solar Lantern $25/$35 (S4 Dom NY +edu) $25/$40/$50 (S5 Dom NY –edu) Comments after knowing the actual price: USD US$27.50 Positive a) The price is great! – ‘Very good, everyone would buy it at that price and would use it in Haiti. It’s a good thing and they can use it.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It is charged by solar so we don’t have to buy batteries.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘That’s good. We would buy it. We used to have those in Haiti back in the 70s with gas. For US$27, it is cheap. It’s a good bargain.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Everyone. Yes, I would buy it.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘$27! That’s great!’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘Wow! This one is even better.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) Comments after knowing the actual price: USD US$27.50 (continued) Positive b) I would buy more than one – ‘It’s almost free. I would buy two for my library.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I need two one for home and one for my friend. You can use it outside and inside.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I would buy a few to give them as gifts to people without electricity and who spend many hours without lights - which is a lot of people.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) $25/$50/$75 (S6 Dom NY –edu) 5.2 “Sometimes Preferred” Sustainable Energy Products A) Lighting Kit This product generated a lot of interest among many Remitters. The spontaneous comments were that it would definitely satisfy the needs of their families who are constantly suffering from blackouts. The fact that they would also save money by not having to pay electricity bills made the product even more attractive. However, many people were discouraged when they learned that this product only provided lighting. They thought that it would also help them to power other necessary appliances, like the refrigerator, the fan or TV; as they put it, the device only helps to ‘solve 20% of the problem’. In addition, some of those who felt satisfied with the product only offering light commented that it was too low in watts. With regards to the price, there were participants in all groups who were able to closely estimate the actual cost, but most guesses were on the low side. After the actual price was given, there were more negative comments because Remitters found it very expensive. Nevertheless, there were always participants in all groups who believed that this product is a priority and would definitely buy it. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 49 of 85 Product Product Lighting kit: Before knowing the actual cost Like Dislike a) It definitely satisfies the needs of a) It is limited to lighting. We my family need energy for everything – ‘They have me. It’s not bad.’(S3 – ‘Only 20 watts! Just for Haitians NY +-edu) lighting!’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Does it have batteries? If it does – ‘It has output limitations.’(S4 then I will buy it.’(S3 Haitians NY Dom NY +edu) +-edu) – ‘The inverter has been – ‘It would satisfy the needs of our invented in the DR and they families. That’s the one I want.’(S1 are in everybody’s patios. The Haitians NY +-edu) panel solves 20% of the – ‘Definitely to be used in Haiti. If it problem, so you would need works well it would be good.’(S1 other devices.’(S4 Dom NY Haitians NY +-edu) +edu) – ‘If it works for 8 hours; it is good. – ‘I need more electricity for the ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) refrigerator and the TV. There – ‘It’s helpful because we need light are panels that can turn on the to go into our rooms.’(S2 Haitians refrigerator. I would like that NY +edu) better.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘OK, that’s a good product. I would – ‘It’s small! Is it just for light? like to have it at home and for the Oh, then no.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) library.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) Information requested a) About the hours of light – ‘One bulb for one room…for how many hours? There is no information.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Is it for private use? It could be for public use?’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) b) About wiring – ‘I have a problem: the wiring. If it lights up to 6 bulbs, do you wire them separately to go to each room?’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) c) About the manufacturing material – ‘Is it glass? I am worried about vandalism. If the neighbor doesn’t have it they will destroy it.’(S1 Haitians NY +edu) Lighting kit: Before knowing the actual cost (continued) Like Dislike d) b) It is good for the planet and no b) It is too low in watts – bills to pay – ‘I might need four or five of – ‘They’re good, and you don’t have those to use in my home. ’(S1 to pay an electric bill.’(S4 Dom NY Haitians NY +-edu) e) +edu) – ‘It’s too low in watts. At least – – ‘Excellent! Wonderful! It’s good for 1000 watts would be needed. the planet.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) For the library (in Haiti) we have – ‘You don’t have to pay electricity 3 computers and light.’(S1 f) and we wouldn’t have the problem Haitians NY +-edu) – of power outages.’(S5 Dom NY – – ‘It’s good if it’s only to provide edu) light at night. We need more – ‘I am there. I need light to read, the than that.’(S1 Haitians NY +– children need to study and candles edu) are more expensive. With my nieces – ‘I wish that it would be more and nephews in mind, I would buy it personalized, smaller or bigger. for them to study.’(S6 Dom NY – I would prefer to have fewer bulbs.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Information requested About its longevity ‘What is the longevity?’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) About installation ‘It’s interesting, but where would you install it?’(S4 Dom NY +edu) I need to see it first ‘I need to see to believe it.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘We need to see the actual product. The company needs to have a showroom.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) Annex 1, Page: 50 of 85 Spontaneous Answers on Pricing: Lighting kit $250/$300/$500/$600/$70 0 (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) $100/$200/$250/$400/$50 0 (S2 Haitians NY +edu) $100/$150/$300/$500 (S3 Haitians NY +-edu) $400/$500/$500 (S4 Dom NY +edu) $500/$1500/$5000 (S5 Dom NY –edu) $50/$200/$500/$1000 (S6 Dom NY –edu) Positive a) I would buy it – ‘I would pay US$1,000 if it’s complete, with batteries included.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘That’s good. I would like to have it, not for me but for the library.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘With batteries, yes I would buy it. It’s a good price.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It’s cheap. We would all buy it... for my mother.’(S5 Dom NY – edu) Comments after knowing the actual price: USD US$490 Negative a) Need more capacity – ‘I need 5 of them to supply the power I need – that would be US$2500. US$500 is expensive because it is only 28W which is not enough for our needs.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Remember if I need four (panels) it will be too much. One will not be sufficient.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I would pay US$50 because is not high watts.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I would have to buy multiple ones for my needs. It would not be economical for me. It’s too small.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I wouldn’t buy it for US$500. It doesn’t have much output.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) b) Need less capacity – ‘I don’t need to light 6 rooms. I want something smaller and cheaper.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) c) Light alone is not enough. Need energy for other products – ‘My negative view is that we don’t use only light, we need far more: to plug in radios, fans, and refrigerators.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Only for light it’s good but not complete.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I won’t buy it. I need something that will provide electricity for the whole house not just for light. I need them to power a refrigerator…’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) d) Very expensive – ‘I would not rush to get it I would buy it if the price is right but at US$500 it’s expensive.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Too expensive. And too much information is missing.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I don’t think people have enough money to buy it. It is good but it is too expensive.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘If it’s that expensive, then no (the one that originally liked it). I started with a candle, and that’s how I studied, and then with a gas lamp...’(S6 Dom NY – edu) B) Solar Cooker This was a controversial item. Participants either loved it or found it very problematic; and it attracted plenty of comments. Among the positive observations, several Dominicans thought that their families would benefit from it because the gas service is just as unreliable as electric power. Just as they have black outs, some of them experience gas shortages. With this device, their families would no longer be forced to deal with gas tanks, which cause a lot of accidents, or the truck that provides gas, or worry about cooking with wood when they run out of gas. Both Haitian and Dominican participants agreed that it would also save them money and is environmentally friendly, not only because it does not pollute but also because it helps to protect trees (a concern of some Haitian participants). Others said it would be good for picnics. Many women participants said they were looking forward to buying one. Among the negative aspects, Remitters felt that the solar cooker should come in a larger size because families both in Haiti and Dominican Republic are large and cooking is done for large groups (in the product examples shown to participants the device only allowed for two pots). Remitters disliked that the device would not work for people cooking at night when the sun is not available to heat the cooker, and noted that it takes too long to cook. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 51 of 85 Although some participants guessed the price fairly accurately, many participants suggested prices much lower than the actual price. A majority of participants expected this product to be cheaper. Still, some women insisted that it was an ideal object to buy for relatives back home. Product ©Arc Finance, Ltd Solar cooker: Before knowing the actual cost Like Dislike a) Good for cooking at home without worrying a) Limited space for two about gas pots. Inappropriate for – ‘The pots look small but they are large enough to local cooking cook a full chicken.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘It only has two small pots. – ‘It’s not bad and it would keep the house clean.’(S2 It’s very limited. Haitian Haitians NY +edu) people generally cook for – ‘We agree with her. With this ... you would not lots of people.’(S2 Haitians have to find the truck that sells gas.’(S4 Dom NY NY +edu) – ‘It’s good for picnics. Not +edu) good for household – ‘It’s very important. It can be used in the house. I cooking. You would have to ran out of gas and had to cook with wood.’(S5 change people’s habits’(S2 Dom NY –edu) Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I like the cooker. You can fit 2 pots, one for meat – ‘It’s not design for our and one for beans.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) cooking…2 hours for – ‘Good! They can cook with that and sometimes beans…’(S2 Haitians NY there’s the problem that there’s no more gas.’(S6 +edu) Dom NY –edu) – ‘I have a problem with – ‘It also eliminates gas tanks, which cause a lot of that: first of all, it can only accidents and explode. It’s good because there’s use two pots.’ (S3 Haitians no alternative when there’s no more gas.’(S6 Dom NY +-edu) NY –edu) – ‘We cook for large families, the pots are too small.’(S3 b) It saves gas and the bill goes down Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It saves gas, time, and the bill goes down.’(S2 – ‘I would not be interested Haitians NY +edu) in buying it for my people. – ‘I have one. It takes 2-3 hours. To cook beans it It‘s too small. Not for my takes 5- 6 hours.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) family. ’(S3 Haitians NY +– ‘That’s good. I wouldn’t have to buy gas anymore, edu) which is very expensive.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘It’s very small in size because you cook beans, and meat, and there’s not much space for what I need at home.’ (S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘You can only make “molo” and meat, that’s all. I would have to buy two or they should make it bigger.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) Information requested a) Need a demonstration – ‘I need more information to agree to buy it. It might not work. I have too many questions.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I still want to see it. There needs to be a demonstration on how it works.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Need more information on how it works and if they could cook Haitian cuisine with it.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘We would like to have a demonstration to see if it works’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) b) How long does it take to charge and cook? – ‘How long does it take to cook? ’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘What is the amount of time that it takes to charge?’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) Annex 1, Page: 52 of 85 Product Solar cooker: Before knowing the actual cost (continued) Like Dislike c) It saves the trees and is healthy b) Some people cook at – ‘It saves the trees. Deforestation is a problem, this night, so it does not would help’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) work – ‘The main thing is that we don’t cut down trees. We are – looking ‘What about the people for a way to save the environment.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) who don’t cook during – ‘We don’t have wood burning. It’s healthy.’(S2 the day. This will not Haitians NY +edu) work for those people. – ‘My cousins made one. I saw the water boil before They need to cook at it cooked the rice. It had glass to convert the night.’(S3 Haitians NY +energy to make it cook faster. It cooked rice in edu) front of me.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It would be good if you can store the power to d) Great for picnics use at night.’(S3 Haitians – ‘It’s wonderful. When you go have a picnic in the NY +-edu) park, you would use less gas.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) c) It takes too long to cook – ‘It might take too much e) Looking forward to buy one time to cook, it might be – ‘I would use it here (in NY)! ’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) inconvenient.’(S3 – ‘Oh yeah! ‘I’m waiting for this one.’(S2 Haitians NY Haitians NY +-edu) +edu) – ‘Not for me because it – ‘I heard a lot of research. MIT is doing a study in takes too long to Asia. I met with a group and we discussed this cook.’(S2 Haitians NY same topic. (S3 Haitians NY +-edu) +edu) – ‘Too slow but I would like f) I already have one, and I love it to have one if it’s – ‘I already have it. It’s great! I love it!’(S2 Haitians cheap.’(S2 Haitians NY NY +edu) +edu) Information requested c) What if there is no sun? – ‘What if it rains for 5 days?’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Just during the day?’(S4 Dom NY +edu) d) Its longevity? – ‘How long can you use it? For 5 years? ’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) e) Can you control the temperature? – ‘Can you control the temperature? Yes! It’s a good product.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) f) – Can it purify water? ‘The solar oven can purify the water?’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) d) I do not need it – ‘I don’t like it because I have many things at home and I don’t want more.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) Spontaneous Answers on Pricing: Solar Cooker $50/$80/$100/$200/$225 (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) $90/$180/$100/$150/$200 ’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) $25/$50/$60/$75 (S3 Haitians NY +-edu) $300/$350/$500 (S4 Dom NY +edu) $80/$100/$150 (S5 Dom NY –edu) Comments after knowing the actual price: USD US$190 Positive Negative a) The price is right a) It is expensive, I would not buy it – ‘Everyone would buy it for that price. (S1 – ‘We are looking for alternatives to save the trees but Haitians NY +-edu) this is expensive’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘A lot of people would buy it. When one has it – ‘For Haiti it would be an expensive product.’(S2 everyone would want one.’(S1 Haitians NY +Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Too much. No way. Not for me.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) edu) – ‘Would pay US$150 for it, US$190 is OK.’(S1 Haitians– ‘If you can cook with it more efficiently maybe.’(S3 NY +-edu) Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It’s not expensive. You won’t spend money on – ‘I don’t think US$190 is very cheap and I don’t think it charcoal or gasoline. We usually spend money works because it’s too cheap.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) without even knowing’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I don’t like the stove. It’s expensive.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – $190, that’s cheap. I’d buy it.’ (S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘I already bought it for my mother.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘Wow! It is good.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) $125/$200/$200 (S6 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 53 of 85 C) Efficient Wood Burning Cooking Stove Many Haitian Remitters in New York criticized this product for burning wood at all. However, some people changed their opinion when they learned the price. The fact that they considered it affordable at US$40 made these people want to buy it, and forget their “pro-environment argument.” Other participants continued to feel that the wood burning stove was not a good product (primarily for Haiti) based on their concerns about deforestation; although they felt the price was good, it was irrelevant because of the environmental impact and they said they would never buy the stove. Dominican participants in New York showed less interest in this product, probably because they are more used to cooking with gas. Product a) – – – b) – – – – – c) – – d) – – Wood burning cooking stove: Before knowing the actual cost Like Dislike This is my product a) Even if it burns less wood, it still burns wood ‘That’s the one. This one is for my mom.’(S2 Haitians NY – ‘Why wood burning? We don’t want to cut the trees. We +edu) need something that burns other things than wood. The ‘Me! Me! Me!’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) product is misleading.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I think it’s a good product. There is a need for it. If you – ‘It burns less wood, but it’s still burning wood!’(S1 Haitians don’t have solar panels or electricity it’s a good NY +-edu) solution.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘We don’t want to keep cutting the trees. We want people to stop using charcoal. I don’t’ want it. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) It burns less wood, so it helps to protect the – ‘I don’t like it. We want to protect the environment. I don’t environment want to use anything that could cause more damage.’(S2 ‘It’s my most important love because you don’t need Haitians NY +edu) much charcoal or wood.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Wood? No! It’s still burning wood.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘This would protect our woods. It’s more efficient you – ‘We are trying to limit the amount of wood that is being still cut wood, but its better.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) used. Not good for Haiti. That is why we are trying to use ‘If it’s going to use less I would get it.’(S2 Haitians NY solar energy instead.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) +edu) – ‘I would not send it to Haiti. They are trying to eliminate the ‘We have to eat! And less wood is being used.’(S3 use of wood.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I wouldn’t buy it.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I like it. It’s good with wood.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘There’s no wood in the Dominican Republic because there’s a shortage. No paper either. I’m not interested. If it works It is faster than the Solar cooker with the sun, then yes, but not with wood.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) ‘This one is perfect because it saves lots of money and it’s faster. It cooks the beans in 15 min and it has no b) Do not like cooking with wood (Dominicans) charge.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Wood is expensive and it gets very hot with the fire.’(S4 ‘I think it’s nice to have. It cooks fast.’(S2 Haitians NY Dom NY +edu) +edu) – ‘Wood isn’t good because of the humidity.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) It can works with different combustibles – ‘When you go looking for wood in the fields or by the river ‘You can use coconut shells. Yes. Smart Wood!’(S2 you don’t find it.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) Haitians NY +edu) ‘We can use construction wood, paper, and the part I c) It is not very useful (Dominicans) like is that you can use waste.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘It’s to make coffee... it has no other function. I’m not interested.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 54 of 85 Spontaneous Answers on Pricing: Wood Burning Cooking Stove $25/$100/$150/$400 (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) $50/$100/$150 (S2 Haitians NY +edu) $35/$40/$50/$75 (S3 Haitians NY +-edu) $100/$150 (S5 Dom NY –edu) $50/$80/$100/$140 (S6 Dom NY –edu) Comments after knowing the actual price: USD US$40 Like Dislike a) Price is fabulous: even pro-environment people a) Price is irrelevant: it still burns wood liked it – ‘I still would not buy. I still don’t want to use – ‘Majority would buy it for the cheap price.’(S1 wood.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘We wouldn’t pay US$40.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘I would buy it because it’s less wood but they – ‘Nobody would pay for the product.’(S4 Dom should try something else. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) NY +edu) – ‘That’s good (from same person who said that he – ‘It only uses wood?’(S5 Dom NY –edu) wouldn’t buy it) ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘No, I’m not interested. Not even if it’s cheap – ‘I would buy it because it takes charcoal.’(S1 because you need wood and if you cut a stick, Haitians NY +-edu) they fine you.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I would give it to my friends in country side.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I have a deposit for you!!’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘That’s good. I want all of them.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I would get it for US$40 (same person who would not buy it before because it used wood).’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Oh! It’s not too heavy (22 lbs.)’(S5 Dom NY –edu) 5.3 “Least Preferred” Sustainable Energy Products A) Solar Water Purification Equipment It was interesting to note how people changed their minds about this product once they heard its price. Initially, participants described the importance of clean water in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. They said that people got sick frequently and that it was almost guaranteed that they would get ill every time they visited family members at home because of poor water quality. Some even said that they considered this product to be a priority, and to be the most important among the items presented during the research. However, the market price of US$480 discouraged a large majority of these participants and caused them to focus on its low output capacity for a regular sized family. They agreed that they would rather keep boiling water to purify it: ‘That price for one liter? I would rather boil water. You can boil water faster.’ A minority of participants felt that it would be something they would consider buying only if the plumbing was included and if it was better priced. On the other hand, there were some participants that thought that this was not a useful item from the very beginning. These people considered that water in Haiti and the Dominican Republic is cheap and that the volume of distilled water produced by the equipment is too low. Some added that the solar cooker could produce clean water as well. Finally, the word “distilled” caused certain confusion. Many participants said they would like to have a demonstration to understand how it works. Product Solar water purification equipment: Before knowing the actual cost Like Dislike a) This product is a priority a) Do not need it, water in Haiti and DR is cheap – ‘I would put it as my first – ‘We don’t cook with clean water.’(S3 Haitians NY choice…so many people +-edu) get sick.’(S3 Haitians NY +– ‘Water is very cheap there. With US$10 I can buy edu) a lot because it costs US$1.50 for half a – ‘For two people it will gallon.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) work. That’s what I use – ‘A family of 4 wouldn’t even spend US$100 per with my wife.’(S3 Haitians year... You can drink water for US$6 per NY +-edu) month.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ‘Wow! Yes, I would buy it – ‘It’s not necessary for people over there. For those because it’s necessary. The of us who come from here, yes. I live there and I’m most important (product afraid of the water. People are used to drinking it shown) so far.’(S2 Haitians NY from the tap, but they shouldn’t.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) +edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Information requested a) Need a demonstration – ‘How does it work? I would get it if I see how it works.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Need to see how it works first. Need a demo. I would pay US$480 maybe if I can see how it works.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) Annex 1, Page: 55 of 85 Product Solar water purification equipment: Before knowing the actual cost (continued) Like Dislike b) Water is very bad, people b) Output is too low get sick (Haiti and DR) – ‘One liter per hour is not much. It’s good for a – ‘That is good for Haiti.’(S3 house but it’s too small for a school.’(S2 Haitians Haitians NY +-edu) NY +edu) – ‘Very important. People get – ‘We need more gallons. There are filters that sick from the water.’(S2 purify water that give more and cost less.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I get sick every time I go to – ‘Not worth it. I pay 10 cents for this. It’s not Haiti because I drink the sufficient water.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) water. I know other people – ‘We need more water. I would not have enough. do too.’(S3 Haitians NY +It’s good for two people. That’s not enough.’(S3 edu) Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘In Santo Domingo the – ‘Most families don’t have 2 people. Plus, what water is very bad and you about the neighbors and friends.’(S3 Haitians NY can’t even drink it filtered, +-edu) but it’s cheap. The water – ‘Water is a big problem, but cleaning it is very from the faucet is only to slow and long process.’ (S6 Dom NY –edu) bathe with.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) c) Do not like “distilled” water – ‘There are companies that – ‘My concern is that it produces distilled water and sell water that have closed, is not for drinking.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) because of problems with – ‘The taste (of distilled water) is not the same.’(S2 the water they were Haitians NY +edu) selling.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘There are trucks that go by d) Do not need it, the solar cooker produces clean and sell water. There’s a lot water as well of water, but it’s not – ‘Interested but if you have the oven you don’t pure.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) need it.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘They buy the water because it doesn’t reach us there, same as electricity. Water is bad and the children fall in the well.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) c) Would get the device and open a business – ‘I would like to open a business to sell the water. I would use it and sell it too.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Information requested b) What water shall we put in? – ‘How does it work? Where do you put the water? Is it rainwater? ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Where do you get the water? From the faucet?’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘How often do you put water in it?’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Does it work with salt water?’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Does it need any chemicals? Would you have to buy water to use this?’(S5 Dom NY –edu) c) Do we need to install plumbing? – ‘Is there plumbing that needs to be installed? If you can attach the plumbing it would be great.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) d) Where can we install it? – ‘Where do you put it? ’(S1 Haitians NY +edu) Annex 1, Page: 56 of 85 Spontaneous Answers on Pricing: Water Purification System $100/$200/$250/$300/$400/$450 (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) $100/$160/$200/$250 (S2 Haitians NY +edu) $150/$200/$150/$200 (S3 Haitians NY +-edu) $50/ US$150/$150 (S4 Dom NY +edu) $150/$200/$200/$540 (S5 Dom NY –edu) $200/$215/$300 (S6 Dom NY –edu) Comments after knowing the actual price: USD US$480 Positive Negative a) It is so important, I would a) Produces too little water for that price buy it – ‘It’s more expensive than the solar cooker and it produces one litter – ‘I would buy it because my per hour? Not good!’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I don’t think the output is worth the price. Wow...for 5 gallons, father got sick with malaria after drinking that’s not worth it. Half a gallon a day? Oh no!’(S2 Haitians NY dirty water…I paid more in +edu) – ‘At any price I don’t think it is worth it. They can easily buy a bottle medical bills.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) for very little.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Definitely.’(S1 Haitians NY – ‘Forget that. For one litter? I would rather boil water. You can boil the water faster.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) +-edu) – ‘Wow! It’s very important. b) Expensive, I would not buy it I’d pay up to US$500 for – ‘It’s expensive. If it weren’t for the price I would have it. I live there this.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) all of the time, so it’s important for me.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘We wouldn’t pay that. It’s a lot.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘I wouldn’t buy it.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘Oh! That’s expensive. We’ll stick to the large bottles.’(S6 Dom NY – edu) B) Solar TV People were surprised when this product was shown. Participants commented that their families in Haiti and the Dominican Republic like watching TV a lot and that many charge the inverter in order to have their TV hours at night even if there is a blackout. However, when considering this product, Remitters said that its major disadvantage is that the device needs to be charged for six hours in order to be able to watch TV for three hours. Only a few participants per group were able to guess its price correctly. The majority always estimated below the actual cost. After the real price was announced, very few people said that they were still interested and that they would buy it. For the majority of participants a solar TV is not a priority. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 57 of 85 Product Like a) I would like to have it – ‘I would like to have one. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Yes, that would be good. It’s nice. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It’s good! Wow!’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I would buy it for my grandmother. I like this one best.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) b) That is new, I did not know they existed – ‘I am interested. I don’t need to use electric power.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘It’s a panel and TV? So, it’s a special TV.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Wow! I didn’t know this existed. Excellent.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) c) Could be used for education – ‘It would be good as another method of education.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Solar TV: Before knowing the actual cost Dislike a) Output is not long enough – ‘3 hours is too little.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Wait, you can only watch for 3 hours at a time and you need to charge your batteries for 6 hours. Not convenient. Give me more hours and I will buy it.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘If the game is going over time then you can’t watch it. If it’s basket ball, you start watching only at the end.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It doesn’t last very long. I will be watching my program and it disappears because it doesn’t last.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) b) Still, need to pay for cable – ‘Just the TV isn’t enough. You need cable.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) c) Do not watch TV much – ‘I’m not a TV person.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) d) Would prefer it to be dual powered – ‘If it is dual powered then I would buy it. To plug it in, and then it kicks into solar power when needed.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) e) Must be expensive – ‘It’s expensive, I think.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) Information requested a) Does it work at night? – ‘Does it work at night?’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Can it store the energy to use at night? Would love that. I could turn on the TV to get the news or anything.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) b) Does it have batteries? – ‘Do you need to buy the solar to have the TV or is it self sufficient?’(S1 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Do you need to charge it? I need to know where the power comes from.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) c) Do the panel and TV go outside the house? – ‘You need the sun for it to work, and I’ve never seen a TV outside.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘Would I have to put the panel outside?’(S4 Dom NY +edu) d) Is it available? ‘Is this product already in production?’(S5 Dom NY – edu) Annex 1, Page: 58 of 85 Spontaneous Answers on Pricing: Solar TV $200/$250/$350/$400 (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) $0/$200/$500/$700/$1000 (S2 Haitians NY +edu) $0/$300 US$800/$1000 (S3 Haitians NY +-edu) $500/$800/$900/$1000 (S4 Dom NY +edu) Spontaneous Answers on Pricing: Solar TV $800/$1000/$1500 (S5 Dom NY –edu) $200/$250/$300 (S6 Dom NY –edu) Comments after knowing the actual price: USD US$900 Positive Negative a) I want it fully loaded a) It is expensive: it is a product – ‘At US$900 it’s OK because it takes a lot of energy. I would buy it for “big shots” (50% of participants) if it comes fully loaded with energy’(S1 – ‘The majority would not buy it Haitians NY +-edu) for that price. He would – ‘If it comes fully loaded and I have a guarantee, yes I would buy it. because he is a big shot.’ ’(S1 ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It’s expensive. We can have a b) At least, I could guarantee that my family can watch TV smaller size for less money.’(S2 – ‘I use a television at home. I want my family to do so too. I would Haitians NY +edu) guarantee that my family is at least watching TV.’(S1 Haitians NY +- – ‘Wow that’s too much.’(S3 edu) Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘For the needs of my house, a TV is more important than an oven. You don’t need a stove, but on the other hand there are always TV b) It is not a priority problems.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘Oh no. There’s not enough for – ‘If the power goes out, we still get to see our programs.’(S5 Dom NY food, so there’s not enough for –edu) TV.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) Comments after knowing the actual price: USD US$900 (continued) Positive Negative c) It is great – ‘I would buy it for sure (younger participant who was passionate about it).’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘TV was the favorite for 4 people, making it the number one choice for the group S4. ’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘Wow! This is great!’(S5 Dom NY –edu) C) Solar Water Heater This product received low grades because participants said that it does not really address a pressing need. Water in Haiti and the Dominican Republic is already hot because ‘it comes from the roof’ and, if necessary, people can boil water to make it warmer. Remitters also found that the output of the equipment in terms of hot water was low. Other participants, however, said that a solar water heater would be ideal for places in the mountains or in December when it gets cold. They would rather have a heater than boiling water. The prices given spontaneously were, on average, quite close to the actual cost. This is because they associated this product with a regular water heater. However, there were few participants willing to buy one. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 59 of 85 Product Solar water heaters: Before knowing the actual cost Like Dislike a) Ideal for the mountains a) Water is hot already. This is not a need – ‘My family will not use this, it is not a need.’(S1 Haitians and in December NY +-edu) – ‘It would be ideal for the – ‘After 5pm the water is too hot already. No need! ’(S1 mountain (in Haiti). Haitians NY +-edu) Now we boil the water – ‘In Haiti? I don’t need it.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) to have hot water. ’(S1 – ‘But it’s hot in Haiti. The water sometimes is too hot Haitians NY +-edu) because Haiti is already hot.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I would use it. I see – ‘In Santo Domingo you don’t heat the water. At my people boiling water to uncle’s house it’s hot because it comes from the roof.’(S4 take a shower on a cold Dom NY +edu) night or in winter.’(S2 – ‘I get hot water so this is a luxury. It’s not a necessity but Haitians NY +edu) it is used.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘It’s not necessary.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) b) Instead of boiling water, better use this heater b) We can boil water, if necessary – ‘Lots of people want – ‘Not for me. We boil the water and then take a water heaters. It is a shower.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) need.’(S1 Haitians NY +- – ‘They’re used, but the heaters aren’t very good. I bathe edu) with buckets there in the patio. People who live here (NY) – ‘When the water is cold think the water is cold, but you get used to it.’(S6 Dom in December I would NY – edu) need it.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) c) Output is low – ‘I have to boil water to – ‘The number of gallons it produces is low. It is more a take a bath. For me it rich family gadget.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) would be great.’(S3 – ‘This is only good for taking a shower.‘(S2 Haitians NY Haitians NY +-edu) +edu) – ‘I made one because it’s needed.’(S4 Dom NY d) It only works with the sun +edu) – ‘Those who can afford it have water heaters but poor people boil their water for showers.’(S1 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘It is a problem that it needs to have sun.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) Spontaneous Answers on Pricing: Solar Water Heater $250/$600 (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) $250/$300/$330/$500/$500 (S2 Haitians NY +edu) $300/$400/$500/$800 (S3 Haitians NY +-edu) $300/$500/$1000 (S4 Dom NY +edu) $75/$100 (S5 Dom NY –edu) $400/$500/$600/$750 (S6 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Information requested a) About capacity – ‘How many gallons of water? I might get it if I know more about it. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘How many gallons? How big is it?’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) b) About plumbing – ‘I want to know about the plumbing.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) c) About size – ‘How big is it?’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) d) About functions – ‘Does it clean water?’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) Comments after knowing the actual price: USD US$300 Positive Negative a) It is a good price a) Would not pay anything because I do not need it at all – ‘Yes for 300 , I would buy – ‘I won’t get one because my family doesn’t use it. I shower in a cold it.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) shower.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘That’s good. I would buy it. – ‘Not even for .50 cents. I would not buy it.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) Definitely.’(S3 Haitians NY +– ‘I wouldn’t buy it.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) edu) – ‘I wouldn’t spend that money for heating water. I would put my – ‘It’s great and I can install water in the sun to heat it.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) it.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I don’t like it and I’m not interested because I like to bathe with cold water.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘Ah! That’s good! But they’re not used.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) b) It is expensive – ‘I wouldn’t pay that much for it. Maybe I’d give US$25 because I don’t need it. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘This is good and is very important but I’d give US$200 .’(S5 Dom NY –edu) ‘It’s very expensive and unnecessary.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) Annex 1, Page: 60 of 85 5.4 Sustainable Energy Products that Best Suit Household Needs After all the products had been viewed and Remitters were aware of the actual prices and characteristics of each product, the Remitters identified their top choices. In the end, the majority of Remitters indicated that they preferred the cheaper more mobile solar items. – Most Preferred – – – – – – – Sometimes Preferred – – – – Least Preferred Radio/Flashlight ‘It’s what we need for Haiti. It’s the most popular.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘Because I can buy it for many people.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘Radio, higher than wood burning.’(for 5 people) (S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘Radio.’ ( 8 people said they would buy it as second option) (S4 Dom NY +edu) ‘Flashlight. It’s cheaper. It has light and a phone and radio charger. It’s very practical.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) ‘I like them all. I like the radio a lot.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) Solar Lighting Kit ‘Solar Kit. It’s a must.’ (4 people would buy it as second choice.(S1 Haitians NY +edu) ‘Solar kit.’ (6 people would buy it) (S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘The price is still high. It would be great if it could charge other stuff not just provide light.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘Solar Panel Kit.’ (6 people would buy it) (S5 Dom NY –edu) ‘This one is good because we don’t have electricity there.’ (6 people would buy it) (S5 Dom NY –edu) TV ‘Water purifier and the TV is a nobody. They cost too much. They are at the end of the list.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – – – – – – – – Solar Lantern ‘The price is right. We need it a lot.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘It’s portable, light weight, saves money.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) Solar Cooker 4 people would buy it as second choice. (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘The oven can be turned into a machine in case of an emergency. A TV is a luxury.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ‘There is more of a need for this oven. The oven would save you US$20-$30 per month on gas.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ‘It’s wonderful. I like it a lot because I like to cook.’ (3 people would buy it as a second choice) (S5 Dom NY –edu) Purification ‘Too few gallons per day. Need to improve the technology. ’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ‘My last choice.’(S3 Haitians NY +edu) – – – – ©Arc Finance, Ltd Wood Burning Stove ‘I liked the cooker.’ (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) Water Heater ‘This is for people who come from NY. Not for those who live there.’ (S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘The least favorite, water heater.’ (S5 Dom NY –edu) ‘The worst, TV and water heater.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) Annex 1, Page: 61 of 85 5.5 Control vs. Lack of Control over the Use of the Remittance The original hypothesis was that the longer the Remitters have been away, the more they want to control the money they send home. However, it turned out that the decision about how the money is used is not based primarily on the amount of time Remitters have been away. When asked about wanting to control the money they send, a large majority of Remitters affirmed that they would not like to control the money they send to relatives and family members. They believe that the money they send is a gift and it is not up to them how it is used. They feel comfortable with the decisions their families make to manage the money received and that their families and relatives in general use it in a responsible way. Once the money is sent, it is up to the receiver to decide how to use it. They believe it would undermine their family’s pride if they tried to control the use of the money they send. It also seems that they are afraid to insult their families by telling them how to use the money. Only when the money is being sent to pay for school fees, medical needs or paying rent did they indicate that they would like to have a bit more control; otherwise, they seem to trust how the money is used. However, some Remitters have found various means to control the money in subtle ways: by paying for school bills directly; by buying a garbage truck on line directly from the manufacturer; by sending a specific remittance to pay rent, mortgages or medicines; by making payments directly to the hospital when someone is sick; or by buying household items for their families directly from a vendor. In addition, some participants stated that they have concerns that their families are not using the money appropriately - for example buying fancy clothes or spending the money on alcohol or on parties - and they feel strongly that they should control the money more. Remitters are willing to increase control of the money they send in order to ensure that family members can get sustainable energy products. Before the presentation of the sustainable energy products, participants expressed some reluctance about exercising substantial control over the remittances, but there was a change of mindset after they had seen the products. The reason they gave was that otherwise the money would not be used to buy these products. They agreed that providing any of these products would cost them additional money, because they would have to provide these products on top of whatever they are already sending to their families; they said either they needed to increase the amount of the remittance or send additional money for their families to purchase a sustainable energy device locally. Remitter’s Control of the Money Sent: Do Not Want Control a) It is not my money anymore; my family should choose how to spend it. – ‘I send it for whatever they want. I don’t care how they spend it. Money goes directly to mom and dad so I want them to use it the way they need.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘We choose to send the money. We would not ask our families how to spend it. No! It’s not my money anymore.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It is a question I would raise with an organization, but not with a family member. When a person calls (asking for money), there is already a reason and a purpose.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I don’t care how my mom uses the money.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I send my mother money for food and for household maintenance, but I wouldn’t want to tell her how to spend it. I send her a total of US$100 per month.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘I wouldn’t want to control them! I just give it to them. I don’t know what they use it for, whether for medicine or food. I don’t know. I give it as a gift.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘No, no, no! I give them money so that they can buy what they want.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘You can’t do that. If you give something as a gift, you can’t tell them how to use it, and they don’t want to be asked.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 62 of 85 Remitter’s Control of the Money Sent: Do Not Want Control (continued) b) They depend on us, so we just send money – ‘Our friends who are unemployed do not have Social Security for unemployment. We need to help. I send money to “my beloved son” to my kids three times a year.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu – ‘I know they use the money for necessities, like food, and shoes but if I control it, then how will they eat? They all depend on us too much.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘There is so much to do with the money, that we can’t control it.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘My mother wouldn’t go to a party and misspend it. No, not at all. She knows what she uses it for.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) c) If money is sent for daily expenses, we cannot control its use – ‘I don’t have any control over how they spend the money. For me, in my house, I don’t have any control’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘We are now making a writing contest for children; each child that wins a prize wins a little amount of money. We tell them that it’s for books and school related goods but the money could be spent in other ways, like for food. We can’t tell them not to feed the kids.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘No need to control the money.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I send money for food… if they don’t want to eat then they can buy something else.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I trust my brothers with the money. I send it for them to eat. I know that’s how they are using it.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I don’t blame him, but my brother-in-law uses the money for other needs when they don’t have enough, like paying the phone bill or buying shoes for the children.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘It’s used for medicine, and that is controlled because my mother is old and needs it. I know that I send her US$100, plus what I send for my son.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘Not priorities necessarily, but if I send money it’s because they need it. You send it so that they can buy what they need and for their own expenses like clothes or food.’ (S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I send it to my mother and it is no longer mine. When I send money it’s for a basic need.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I trust my family and I want them to use it for whatever they need.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) d) I don’t want to hurt their feelings – ‘If they ask me for food or hospital bills - you cannot control that. You can hurt the feelings of the people receiving the money.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I believe that when people send money to relatives the money is used for food, or for school, funerals: basic necessities. How would you do that?’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I send money to my brother for asthma medicine. If he buys alcohol with it and drinks it, that’s his problem. If I were to buy the medicine for him, he would get angry.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I send money to my parents, and they decide how to spend it. I don’t care. It would make them feel bad.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) e) It would offend my family, it would be rude – ‘They will say: “Next month don’t send again”.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Depends on the situation, but the people (Recipients) have their pride. They will not accept control and will not agree to receive money from us with strings attached.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘They would not talk to us anymore. Our families would be offended, and they would never talk to me again.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Do you want me to kill my son? I won’t control the money I send for food!’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Everyone, but it’s not possible. It’s difficult, I would like to do it, but it’s not easy.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘The family deserves some dignity. If they want to have a party, let them.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘No! Old people are complicated. “Don’t send me anything then”, my mother would say.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) f) – – Cannot control if we are living in New York ‘Control is about watching what someone is doing with the money we are sending. How can we do it? We are here.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘Sometimes I’d like to be in control because my grandmother, I don’t know what her problem is, she needs to buy a TV every year. Since she’s old and doesn’t know how to use the regulators, so when the power goes out, the TV breaks.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) g) Prices change and my family should decide how to use the money – ‘Oil for cooking, one week it can be US$10 , the next morning the cooking oil can be US$40. There is really no way to control the money because you can’t make a budget for them.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 63 of 85 a) – – – – – – – – Remitter’s Control of the Money Sent: Wants Some Control To pay school fees and medical needs ‘If it’s meant for education or hospital then, yes we would like control.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘When it’s for school, you have to spend it again. Or you can pay directly to the school. That’s control right there.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘I know that the money I’m sending is going to the university.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘At times we send to school directly. That’s how I control the money. I give half of the money to the school and the rest to the family.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘If I send money it’s because of needs. If it’s for school and they don’t spend it that way, then they don’t go to school.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I have been here for 26 years. I send for my grandparents. I used to send money to a pastor, US$200 for scholarships for kids, but I never saw a report and they didn’t tell me if they got it. ’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I send money to three people, I send my cousin (female) US$50 or US$100 per month, and I send my goddaughter US$50 per month, but I want to stop sending her money and instead open a savings account for her for school. That way she will be able to do whatever she wants.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ‘If I could have sent the money to the hospital, I would have.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) b) To pay the rent – ‘I would like to control the payment of rent.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Yes, for school, rent, medical bills and medication.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) c) By distributing money through a particular person – ‘She breaks it down for my brother, sister, and friends. It depends on who is requesting at the time.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘If I’m not in Haiti, my sister runs the business and distributes money I send to 5 people, like US$2,000-$3000 Haitian (US$240-US$350) at a time, at least 4 times a year.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I send things for everyone in one package and my cousin (female) handles the money.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) d) By sending less money more often – ‘The way I control it with my brother is that I send less money twice a month. That way he doesn’t spend it all at once. We pay the company and they deliver directly to our families.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘The money I send every month is already defined: the first is for rent, the second is for home maintenance. I don’t send too much so that they don’t use it for anything else.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) e) By sending food, not money – ‘Give one sack of rice or give them oil. We buy the things and give the food. There is a company that delivers the food. That is a way to control that money. Otherwise they will ask and ask for more. This way we send pre-paid food. We pay the company and they deliver directly to our families.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) Remitter’s Control of the Money Sent: Wants Control a) Family members lie about their needs and they abuse us – ‘Some are abusing us. They tell us that the kids are sick but they are lying.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Sometimes they ask for school but my brother had already paid for my nephew’s school.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Sometimes they tell you that they are sick…and they are not. They deserve the best but if they tell me that they need a dress I don’t like it because I am not taking care of my own needs.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘If I don’t see results, I stop (sending). I gave to a woman that was paying high rates and helped her to stop borrowing from that person. I lent her the same amount to continue her business. She said she had to use it for something else. She didn’t do what I said. So really in the end, I am just giving the money away. ’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘People claim that they don’t have food. There is a commercial in Haiti of a young lady on a pile of mud but she had an IPod on her ears. People like to show off.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Dominicans have many needs and they all have different expenses. When I tell them how to spend the money, they do it, but sometimes they use it for something else.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘I would like that, because I know that they don’t spend the money the way they say they do.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘A friend asked me for US$800 to by a truck. I sent him the money for his business, but he gave it to other people and went to party with his friends, and didn’t even thank me.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 64 of 85 Remitter’s Control of the Money Sent: Wants Control (continued) b) Younger family members buy unnecessary things – ‘Clothing to show off – to look nice and buy nice things. Teenagers asking for money to be cool. To get cell phones, to buy cars, they waste too much of the money we send.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu). – ‘I have a niece and I sent her money to pay for school. Three months later she called and told me that she did not pay for it. She bought fancy clothes with the money, so my wife told me not to pay.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘My girls are getting older. They tell me that they need books but in fact they are buying nail polish. It is also about the age group. Sending to an adult is different than sending it to a teenager.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Sometimes it’s not used for food and the (Recipients in Haiti) are buying fancy clothes.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘The money is used for food, but they all have money for a beer and Johnny Walker, it’s a damn crisis.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘Their priorities are different than mine, but I would like to have a copy of what they need.’(S4 Dom NY +edu). c) Need to control when money is sent for business or to the bank – ‘For family, I don’t want to control; for business, it’s necessary to control it. (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘If you’re investing, you need control. If you build a house, yes. You want to tell them how to use the money. But the money I send to them, there is no way to control it.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘My money, sure. If I tell them to put it in the bank and they spend it, then I’d have a problem with it.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) d) Need to control when money is sent to support an organization – ‘With an organization, it’s good to control the money. But when we send money to the family, then it’s hard to control, it is impossible’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘For reforestation we make sure that it’s not stolen. We are tough about it and make sure that the money is spent that way.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘We have agents that visit them to see what the money is being used for. They don’t like that we monitor the money, but we want to know if it is being used properly.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I support an organization, ‘One dollar for Haiti’. We monitor the money so that we know what they are doing with it.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘We send money for maintenance for the organization we run in Haiti. We see all of the bills: repairs, gas, and tires.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) e) Need to control when money is sent to pay for community services ‘We needed a garbage truck. We checked and looked at the prices. We spent the money by buying the bus directly from the bus company. That is control.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) After learning about Sustainable Energy Products: Remitter’s Control vs. Not Control of the Money Sent Wants Control Do Not Want Control a) Ensuring the family gets the product by buying it myself a) I do not know what they would like – ‘Yes, because when you send the money you don’t know how they use the money.’(S1 – ‘I don’t know their intentions.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘The way to control it, it’s that you would have to buy it. Otherwise they will not buy it.’(S3 – ‘This is important, but I don’t know if the Haitians NY +-edu) Recipient would give it priority.’(S2 – ‘With a savings account or I would send to a person that I know would buy it. Otherwise they Haitians NY +edu) drink it (the money).’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I’m not interested in controlling the – ‘I would like that, by sending it. Buying it in cash or in two payments. I’m interested in the money.’(S4 Dom NY +edu one that’s US$35. I can do that in one payment.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ) b) Buying the product in addition to what I currently send – ‘You can’t take money from them to help pay for those products. We would need to give these products as an additional gift for Christmas. I would buy it and give it to them on top of what I already give them.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘No! I think that the everyday needs need to be addressed. Then you can supplement with extras (like the products shown).’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘You cannot substitute the money you send. You can’t tell them how to spend the money. If your money is being sent to a sick parent the money already has uses.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘The money I send is already used. This price would be something extra.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘I can buy it and send it as a gift. This would be an added expense. This has nothing to do with what I send them for their needs.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) c) Sending extra money for the family to buy the product – ‘You will have to send extra money to buy it.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 65 of 85 6. Models for Linking Remittances to Sustainable Energy Products Remitter participants were shown slides with different models that would make it possible for them to buy sustainable energy products for their families in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The first slide shows a basic scheme for linking the remittance to the product. Participants were asked to help in the design of the right hand side of the flow. This chapter includes comments on all models under evaluation, as well as suggestions for improvement in the models provided by participants. Most of the discussions focused on two models: the Remitter buys the product directly from the vendor in New York and families receive it in Haiti or in Dominican Republic (Model 6) or the Remitter or Recipient buy the product directly from the vendor in Haiti or in the Dominican Republic (Model 7). These two models allow for direct purchasing – with no transfer agencies or banks as intermediaries – which turned out to be the preferred way of acquiring the products. The next most favored model was one in which the Remitter buys sustainable energy products from the vendor in the home country via a transfer agency (Model 3); participants already had some experience with this type of model, especially in Haiti, and it was the model that gave them closest access to the vendor after the direct purchase models. In general, participants were less interested in taking out a loan or opening a savings account to buy the product, and, given their comments, it seems unlikely that many of them would use the Internet because they are afraid of having their identities stolen. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 66 of 85 Whether the item is produced locally - in Haiti or the Dominican Republic - or abroad was not so important to some participants, as long as the goods get to the countries successfully. Some participants indicated that they would prefer items to be produced locally to create jobs and to support economic development. However, others confessed that in their view a foreign item was more likely to be of good quality. If items cannot be produced locally, many would like to see local merchants selling sustainable energy products. Having the products available would make it easy to buy and avoid paying for shipping; they said it would give them peace of mind knowing that they can go to their local store if there is anything wrong with the product. Haitian product a) To create jobs in the country – ‘We would all like products to be made in Haiti.’ (S1 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘It would be great if the products were made in Haiti. We want to give jobs to Haiti.’(S1 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘If it’s produced in Haiti I would love it even more.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘These products don’t help people, if the product is not being produced in Haiti.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘In Haiti would be better. It would produce jobs.’(S3 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘The ideal is for Haitians to produce them.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) Place of Origin of Sustainable Energy Products Foreign product a) More confidence – ‘I have more confidence in a distributor in the USA. I would get a warranty.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I would like a provider in US (everyone agreed). ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Ideally Haitians would make them to create jobs. I don’t discriminate but some would rather buy it in a foreign country.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘In the US, because here (NY) the company is more responsible. Warranties are good here. It’s better to buy it here‘.(S4 Dom NY +edu) Irrelevant a) As long as we get them – ‘Since it’s a necessity I would still buy them.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘If the product is made anywhere, it doesn’t matter; but it should be sold in Haiti.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It doesn’t matter where it is made. I just want people in Haiti to get the benefit.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) b) Cheaper – ‘Some products are cheaper here. Chinese products are cheaper than American products.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) Model 1: Remitter Buys Sustainable Energy Product with Own Savings In this model, the Remitter sends money through a traditional remittance provider in New York - for example a bank or a money transfer organization - to a bank/microfinance institution (MFI) in the recipient country, which puts the money into a savings account that can used to purchase sustainable energy products. Participants had a mixed reaction towards the savings model. The majority referred to it as complicated and unrealistic. Firstly, Haitian participants said that not everyone in Haiti has a bank accounts not did many Haitians living in New York. Along the same lines, Dominican participants affirmed that saving is not a widespread cultural habit back home. Both Haitians and Dominicans disliked the idea of having to deal with the paper work involved in opening a savings account in their home country; they would rather pay for the product in cash directly from the vendor. Secondly, they were concerned about whose name the savings account would be in. They did not like the idea of giving someone the power to withdraw the money locally. They said that giving their families access to this account would not meet the purpose because family members could withdraw money and buy something other than a sustainable energy product and they would lose control of the money. They were also concerned about how they would manage an account when they live in New York and the account is back home. Lastly, they criticized what they called the “middlemen” (a money transfer agency or a bank) because of the implied costs; again, Remitters said they would rather buy the product in cash directly from the vendor. A Haitian participant mentioned Fonkoze, an MFI that uses a direct deposit model, where Remitters deposit money directly into their accounts without having to use a wire transfer agency. Participants that liked the model thought that saving money is a good principle in general. Some thought of it as a layaway system, which is a payment system that many people utilize – in other words they viewed it as a short-term ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 67 of 85 savings mechanism. A few participants went further with the savings idea and said that they would put 5% to 10% of the money they send into a savings account in order to purchase the sustainable energy product. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 68 of 85 Model 1: Remitter Buys Sustainable Energy Product with Own Savings Like Dislike a) Through a savings account in Haiti or the Dominican Republic, the Remitter does not a) Like the idea of having a savings control the money anymore account – ‘Who will the savings account will be under? I don’t’ have an account in Haiti but my father – ‘It’s a good idea because if the has an account in Haiti.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) money is in the account I can use – ‘If the bank is in Haiti, who will be the account holder?’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) it.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I have a problem with that. The family can still take the money when they want to, and – ‘If you’re opening the account for then I won’t have control over the money. They can take the money without me that purpose it’s OK.’(S2 Haitians knowing.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) NY +edu) – ‘You don’t have control. They can make the account delinquent when they take the money – ‘I would like that because it’s a out and don’t let you know.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) way for them to have what they – ‘I don’t want to have a family member to withdraw the money. That’s not controlling the need.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) remittance. ’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I would open a savings account and buy the product when I have – ‘I would have to send all the money at once, US$300, not in payments to a savings account.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) the amount.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘You can’t save. The money in the bank would be taken out in an emergency. They would use the savings account for other things like Christmas or vacation.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘You would lose control if the name on the account is somebody in the DR. The model doesn’t work. It would last two or three days.’ (S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘I would have to know more. Do I have to manage the account? I’m here. How would I manage the money over there?’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘No, because if I send the money, they won’t buy it. I have to send the product in a package from here, a thousand times better.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) b) It looks like a lay-away b) Take the middleman (money transfer agency or bank) out. I would prefer to buy it – ‘We all like lay-away. I used to directly from the vendor buy a lot of things for the house – ‘My opinion is to eliminate the middleman. That guy is the transfer agency. That way we on lay-away.’(S1 Haitians NY +can save money and I can deposit the money directly in the bank at no cost.’(S2 Haitians edu) NY +edu) – ‘I would open my savings here. I don’t want a middle men or a bank in Haiti.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I want to make sure that my money goes directly to the vendor and that the vendor delivers the goods to Haiti.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I don’t like to transfer to a third person. Why not make a direct deposit to the bank. Why use a money transfer?’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Many hands. Too many intermediaries. That would certainly raise costs.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) c) Set aside a percentage in c) A savings account means lots of paperwork savings to purchase the product – ‘For poor people it is not good. Poor people want to get their money when they need it” – ‘You will need to get an extra ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) US$10 to buy the product. I – ‘To open an account in Haiti you have to be in Haiti and you need a lot of paper work. .’(S4 would use 5% to 10% of the HNY +-edu) money sent.’(S1 Haitians NY +– ‘For me, I’m not going to open an account. I just use the money and buy it. No. I would like edu) an easier solution. I don’t want to open an account in Haiti. I live here.’(S2 Haitians NY ‘I would use 5% to 10% of the money I +edu) send home to buy these products.’(S1 – ‘The model doesn’t work. This system isn’t used to pay for something.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) Haitians NY +-edu) d) People in Haiti do not have access to banks – ‘Bank accounts to do savings and pay like a lay away. This is for us (Haitians in NY), not for poor people because it is difficult for them to access banks in Haiti (many don’t have a job).’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I don’t like it. Most of the people in Haiti don’t have bank accounts. That’s a very complicated thing.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Will it be in rural areas? How can someone access it if they live far?’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) e) I would rather pay directly with cash – ‘I wouldn’t have a savings account to buy these products. I wouldn’t send the money in payments to the savings account. I would rather take the money out of the bank and pay for it in cash.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ‘Not me. I would like to buy it and send it myself.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 69 of 85 Model 2: Remitter Buys Sustainable Energy Product with a Loan In this model, the Remitter sends the money through a traditional remittance provider in New York - for example a bank or a money transfer organization - to a bank/MFI in the recipient country, which puts the money into a loan account that can be used to purchase sustainable energy products. This model is less attractive because Remitters think that loans are expensive and complicated; banks ask for collateral which they do not have, require lots of paperwork, and interest rates are high. Many said that most products (with the exception of the solar panel) were affordable enough and that they would save the money on their own or buy the products in one lump sum. They also said that gifts should not be covered with a loan. Remitters dislike that a transfer agency and a bank are included in this model because they play the role of middlemen, and as a result the purchase of the energy device ends up costing more money. Some also indicated that they were not comfortable taking out a loan in another country and were not sure how the process would work so that their risks were minimized. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 70 of 85 There were some participants who were mildly interested in taking out a loan to buy several products (like multiple solar panel kits) or to purchase a costly item because those are not easy to buy in one lump sum. Some felt it would be better to take out a loan in the US because they believe that the interest rates are lower there;. Others said exactly the opposite: that they would only take a loan from a bank in Haiti or the Dominican Republic because they do not think they could get credit in the US. Finally, there were people who said they would consider taking a loan from the vendor directly, never from the banks. In sum, participants believe that this would not be a popular model for the general public because not everyone has good credit and a loan would not be easy to secure, irrespective of whether it was in New York, Haiti or the Dominican Republic. Model 2: Remitter Buys Sustainable Energy Product with a Loan Like Dislike a) I would get a loan to purchase several a) Loans are expensive and complicated: banks ask for collateral, paperwork, high interest – ‘I don’t want to pay interest rates on a loan. I will save the money and buy it at home.’(S3 products … Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘If you were buying a number of them – ‘Not a bad idea but the bank will charge interest and require collateral. The bank wants to in bulk then selling them- then I would know how they get their money back.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) get a loan. (this person is thinking of – ‘No liquidity, no loan. We would be interested. But the bank might not give us a loan.’(S1 buying and reselling as a business Haitians NY +-edu) idea).’ (S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘The loan will cost too much.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘If we were buying one unit I would not – ‘There are all those fees behind those loans.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) take a loan but if we bought 10 for our – ‘I don’t deal with those things. If I want something for US$500, I save my money and then association, maybe we would think I pick it up.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) about a loan, if the conditions were – ‘Same problems and more complicated. I don’t like it. The loan will have to be made to us? good for us.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) It’s not practical.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) b) Or to buy an expensive sustainable – ‘We are here to save the money. We won’t take a loan and pay interest to buy it.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) energy product – ‘No loan at all. You have to pay interest on the loan. I like lay-away.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I would like for it to be with credit. If I – ‘The amount that the bank charges are very high and the amount is set, so it’s no good for want to install the expensive panels, I me.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) can pay for them little by little. ’(S4 – ‘It’s complicated. I don’t like credit. I’m trying not to ask for loans.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) Dom NY +edu) – ‘I don’t want a loan, but installments would be good that way they don’t charge – ‘I would pay US$200-$300 per month, interest.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) so I would pay it off in years if I bought a panel that costs US$6000.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘I would take out a loan to buy the water purifier.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 71 of 85 Model 2: Remitter Buys Sustainable Energy Product with a Loan (continued) Like Dislike c) I would only use a bank in Haiti or DR b) I can afford the sustainable energy products that I like, so I do not need a loan – ‘A personal loan? Who needs a loan for US$35? For US$500? No, no! No loan at all.’(S2 - I do not have credit in NY Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I would ask for a loan if I was in Haiti – ‘I don’t think I need a loan. It’s not that much money to pay for these products.’(S2 but not here.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Yes, buy over there. Here they don’t – ‘No, because I can afford a lamp. The price is appropriate.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) even let me in the bank. I can’t get – ‘For these products? It’s complicated for a US$40 dollar product. They are not expensive credit here because the economy is products.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) very bad.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘If the product doesn’t cost that much, I wouldn’t get a loan. I would pay for it in a single payment.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) d) I would use a bank in the USA - rates – ‘It depends on the cost. If I like something that costs US$30, so I don’t need a loan. Only if are better it’s very expensive.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I will get the loan depending on the – ‘No, I like it if it’s cheap. I buy it directly.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) interest rate. If you don’t have the money and need to send it right away, then you take a loan if you don’t have a c) I would never ask for a loan to buy a gift – ‘If I buy a solar device it is for a gift I will not get a loan for a gift.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) choice.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I would not take a loan to send a gift for someone.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘It would have to be a bank with a – ‘I will take a loan for something I need. For a gift, I will save the money and pay it all at better rate. Bank loans in the US would once, not take a loan.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) be the best because interest is lower, so it’s better.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘Nobody will take a loan to buy something for someone else.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It’s about buying the product for someone, else but never on credit.’(S3 Haitians NY +e) I would buy from the Vendor, never edu) from the bank – (Many) would ask for a loan in Haiti to d) Do not like middlemen (transfer agency or bank) buy this product. Only if the loan is – ‘No! I would end up paying more money. It becomes more expensive; the middle man gets from the vendor. I will not do it if the money.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) loan is from a bank.’ (S2 Haitians NY – ‘We have two middlemen - the agency and the bank for the loan. We are paying two fees. +edu) That’s crazy.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘It doesn’t seem viable. I would prefer to buy it in cash and have it delivered over there.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 72 of 85 Model 3: Remitter Buys Sustainable Energy Product from a Vendor in Haiti/the Dominican Republic via a Transfer Agency In this model, the Remitter selects from among a range of sustainable energy products made available through the transfer agency website or retail outlets. The MTI has contracts with specific energy vendors who, once the item has been purchased, delivers it to the client. Remitters received this model more enthusiastically precisely because the product is bought through a more direct process. Haitian participants associated this flow with a system that is already being implemented by institutions like CAM and Fonkoze, so having something similar was attractive because they said that it is a proven system. Instead of sending money, they pay for a product that is delivered locally. Some Haitian and Dominican Remitters like that the product gets to their countries of origin safely and that storage for the product is provided while the family picks it up. These people felt it was more secure than sending the product themselves or sending money to their relatives to purchase the product. They also noted that it allows significant control of the remittances. Still, there were people who thought that there is no need for including the transfer agency in this process. These people believe that the transfer companies will not provide the service for free, and they would rather buy the product directly and negotiate a good price with the vendor. They also showed concerns about the reliability of the delivery process of the product locally. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 73 of 85 Model 3: Remitter Buys Sustainable Energy Product from Vendor in Haiti/Dominican Republic via Transfer Agency Like Dislike a) Again, take the middleman out of the a) Buying the product is more direct, there are less hands process to avoid fees – ‘This is the same as the first one (model with the savings account option) but – ‘No. I’m looking for something better. I’m easier.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) not letting the middlemen in. I want the – ‘We just send the money and you bypass the bank. It’s good. The best so far.’(S3 middlemen out. It is best that the money Haitians NY +-edu) goes to the vendor directly.’(S2 Haitians NY – ‘I like this process since there aren’t too many hands. It’s like paying in cash.’(S4 Dom +edu) NY +edu) – ‘You still have to pay fees; no one is doing it – ‘It’s good. With the agency I can pay in installments.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) for free. The only difference is that the middle man is in Haiti not here.’(S2 Haitians b) This model sounds super! The product gets there safely and is stored till my family NY +edu) picks it up – ‘Does Fonkoze have a fee for doing that? I – ‘Super idea! The money is safe and the product will get there.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) think that there could be a fee. Do you – ‘Vendor will deliver? That’s very interesting. The promise to me is that you would have bypass the agent? No!’(S3 Haitians NY +the storage there.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) edu) – ‘It’s easy. Quick, and has been established. And you make sure that the family gets it.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) b) Does not allow me to negotiate a good – ‘The money can get lost with the person that you send it with. Here you buy the price with the vendor product and it is delivered to the family’s home. It’s the best model.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘I’m not convinced. It’s a lot of hassle. I – ‘If you don’t trust them (the person you are sending the money to), this is the best would rather negotiate here in NY. I buy it, model.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) and they install it there.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘If my uncle can negotiate in Santo Domingo c) Fonkoze and CAM in Haiti offer something similar. It is a proven system that would be better. You can’t negotiate – ‘That’s good. Fonkoze has something like this.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) with the supplier from here.’(S4 Dom NY – ‘We have a working system like CAM to pay for rice but instead you would pay for the +edu) product. Then CAM would deliver it. That’s ideal.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Keep it this way. It is proven. You wire the solar panel, not the money.’(S2 Haitians NY c) I wonder how they deliver the product +edu) locally – ‘The vendor delivers to my family in Haiti. That’s what we all want. It’s a proven – ‘The vendor is in Haiti? How can they deliver system.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) the material? Remittance agencies deliver – ‘If the agencies have a distribution, then that would be OK. Organizations at the level money, but they won’t take care of the of CAM or Fonkoze have a distribution in Haiti.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) products.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I don’t know about that. I only know how to send money or flowers.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘Is it like a remittance that you send a product instead of money?’(S6 Dom NY – edu) Model 4: Remitter Buys the Product through an Association in New York In this model, the Remitter purchases a sustainable energy product from an energy company but the interface is the website of the Hometown Association. The Hometown Association vets the various energy partners before agreeing to advertise their products and takes a small fee for providing the service. In this model, the backend is provided by the MTI. The concept of buying sustainable energy products through an Association of Haitian or Dominican people living in New York was a bit foreign for the majority, and was attractive mainly to people who were part of an Association already and with quite specific conditions. Many participants said they would only consider it if they were given an extremely ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 74 of 85 good deal. They argued that the best case scenario for this model would be that an alliance between a vendor and an association should result not only in lower product prices for members, because the association was buying in bulk, but also in payment alternatives, product guarantees, and the ability to see the products displayed locally at the association. If it offered these benefits, then the association would be taking care of its people in the US and abroad. Nevertheless, some people showed anxiety about making financial transactions or purchases through an association, unless the products were truly discounted. They raised the issue that the buying process could get longer and confusing and participants felt that the associations should not get into business ventures; they believe that some people (members or not) might take inappropriate advantage of money related issues. Lastly, several Dominican Remitters pointed out that few immigrants are members of associations so this model was not so appealing to them. Participants were also asked if they would like it if the associations displayed the products on their websites. Remitters showed little interest in websites, but insisted that they would rather go to a store to see and buy the products directly. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 75 of 85 Model 4: Remitter Buys Product through an Association in NY Like Dislike a) An alliance between Vendor–Association should result a) Too many intermediaries; the process gets long and confusing in lower prices for members – ‘No! They will charge a fee but it might be less than the other middlemen. – ‘I think it would be a good way to go if the people are As for me, I would prefer to buy it from the vendor.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) efficient.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Directly from the vendor. Too many actors are involved. It would be – ‘The Association would need to have an agreement with confusing and the process would be delayed.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) the vendors. Then, the Association can negotiate a – ‘I say no. Too many middlemen. What is the purpose of the association? discount for its members.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) To validate the vendor?’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘The vendor might charge, but the Association can – ‘Like a cooperative? It doesn’t appeal to me. It has to go through too many negotiate a good rate and give us a discount. It would be hands, it’s a long process and nobody knows what’s going on.’(S4 Dom NY a good alliance.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) +edu) – ‘It might bring the price down if they buy in bulk. I want – ‘I prefer when there are fewer intermediaries. If I can by it directly from to see it work, have the products demonstrated.’(S3 the vendor over the Internet, I prefer that.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Eliminate the transfer agency, and you get the product at a better – ‘It depends on what the Association is getting out of it price.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) and what they are giving me. Will they pass the discount – ‘That doesn’t sound good. That group thing sounds fishy to me.’(S5 Dom to us? That would be good.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) NY –edu) b) The Association should offer payment alternatives, guarantees and other advantages – ‘If the Association doesn’t offer me an advantage or benefit, I wouldn’t do it. The product would have to be cheaper, safer, and the consumer would have to have benefits.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘I know a group that has insurance and banking products. There are a thousand women in that association and they have advantages and get cheaper products.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘It would work if the Association gives product and payment alternatives or possibilities.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) c) The Association becomes a facilitator – ‘It’s like the Association is going to replace the middlemen. The Association becomes the facilitator.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I need a discount, like at BJ or at Costco – they give me a discount when I buy from them because I’m part of a “club”.’(S4 Dom NY +edu). d) Association will be more engaged with Haiti – ‘Benefit is that the Association will help their people and it will encourage people to come to the Association and to work for the country.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I like the Association. I feel that I would be helping two causes. Killing two birds with one stone.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd b) Distrust towards the effectiveness and responsibility of the Association in this process – ‘It might take too long but it depends on the effectiveness of the association.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘The association would also have to be responsible for the orders and its deliveries. If the association is not efficient, it will be worse.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Who is the association? Like our federation?’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘If I’m going to use it, I will investigate the association to see how they work. I would find out how many people have used the organization and I would ask about it to see if it will work.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘What type of association is it? If it helps people in Haiti I would use them. I would not buy (through an association) it if it does not benefit people in Haiti.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It depends on the association.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) c) An Association should keep away from doing business – ‘Someone can claim to be a member of an association and people can take advantage or abuse the association.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I don’t want to go into business as an association. I don’t mind displaying the goods as an association but I don’t want to go into business.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘The federation can facilitate to help them take the orders, help them go on line, to facilitate the purchase of the goods but we don’t want to go into the business.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) d) Not everyone belongs to an Association – ‘No. I only know the parent’s association (at my children’s school).’(S6 Dom NY –edu) Annex 1, Page: 76 of 85 Display of Products on the Website Like a) Fine, but for younger people – ‘As the world is moving, young people would use the internet.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘It’s good to have a website and to display the goods. That is better.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) b) Inexpensive products do not require store display – ‘If it’s something good like the flashlight or emergency equipment, it’s word of mouth. I trust the products because you get to use it and to hear from people who already know the product.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) Dislike a) It is not enough; I need go to a store to see and buy directly – ‘I want to see it, buy it, and use it.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘The Internet display of products is not enough. They have to have a store.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) b) Do not know websites – ‘I don’t think the Haitian community would use the websites.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I don’t have to lie. I don’t know anything about the websites. I need to see it.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) c) Products would have to be displayed at the Association – ‘Products can be shown or displayed at the associations.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) Model 5: Remitter Buys the Product Directly from a Vendor in Haiti/the Dominican Republic via the Internet ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 77 of 85 In this model, the Remitter purchases a sustainable energy product directly from an energy company but the Remitter chooses the energy device on the Internet and pays either using a prepaid card or a credit card. Buying products online is unfamiliar to a large majority of Haitian and Dominican participants in New York. Earlier in this report (Chapter 2), people expressed many negative opinions about the use of the Internet in general and about money transfers in particular. The major reasons are that people are unfamiliar with the Internet, do not have access to a computer or are afraid of someone stealing their personal and credit information. However, it is interesting to note that the idea of being able to buy directly from the vendor made several participants want to try buying these products on-line. The reason is that they find that other models have too many middlemen involved, whereas this model allows them to buy directly on-line from the vendor with no fees involved. They said that it might also lower the price of the items, since there is more competition on-line. Another advantage is that the model allows Remitters to exercise real control over the remittances by buying the product themselves without having to have a conversation with their families about the use of the remittances. They expressed concern that sending the remittance with instructions to buy something might offend their families. The few participants familiar with the Internet added that buying on-line is faster, convenient and allows tracking of the product. Some concerns arose about the vendor’s reliability, whether shipping costs will be covered, if there is a guarantee on the product, and who will explain how the product works. In sum, on-line buying is still not common among Haitians and Dominican Remitters and is even less common for their families abroad. This model also tested two different payment alternatives: lump sum or installments. In general, Remitters confirmed that the attractiveness of both options depended on the price of the item and the number of products being purchased, but preferences were fairly evenly divided. Those who would rather pay in a lump sum indicated that it saves future headaches with payments and concerns about delivery times. Of these people, some said they would rather pay in full using a credit card. On the other hand, those who would be willing to pay through small installments said that they want their families to obtain the merchandise quickly before the payment is completed in full. They referred to the fact that because of the financial crisis, merchants are changing the way they do lay-aways, and now they give you the product even if you have not finished paying for it. Others noted that retailers, like Macy’s and Sears, will deliver the product upfront even if it is not fully paid for. There was also a group of people who would still prefer lay-away even if the product is not delivered upfront. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 78 of 85 Model 5: Remitter Buys Product Directly from Vendor in Haiti/DR via Internet (using credit card or prepaid card) Like a) This a better model because the Remitter controls the remittance without being rude with relatives – ‘I like it. It gives control. The money will be used exactly how it’s supposed to be used.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘This is good. It’s more direct and nobody gets offended. You can buy it on the website.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘Instead of sending money to buy it there which can be taken badly, as a lack of trust, you buy it on the computer and you don’t have to send the money.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘Sending money directly to the family and telling them that they have to buy something would be very rude. On the other hand, if you use the computer, it’s better.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) b) There are no fees involved when you buy directly on-line from the vendor – ‘I would use the Internet. It’s easier for me because I don’t have to pay anything and I can use it on my computer.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I like this model because you’re buying directly from the vendor and my family can pick it up.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I like it! I like it! I don’t have a middleman. Sure. I might try it, but not now.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘There is no fee involved. I would pay with my credit card. ’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) c) Buying through the internet is faster, convenient and allows you to track the product – ‘Internet is best because competition would make prices go down. ’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘It’s faster. I can do it at home.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I was reluctant paying bills because of identity theft, but I would use it for this.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I would go on line to buy it directly and I would call my family to pick it up.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘That’s better. I would do that because if the product is not delivered, I can always cancel my transaction and get my money back.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) Dislike a) Buying via internet is unattractive to many Haitians and Dominicans in NY – ‘I would not because I don’t know anything about the Internet.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Not everyone has access to a computer.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Market is very limited. We still have a large part of the Haitian community in NY who do not use Internet.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I don’t buy on-line. I ask my bank to pay or I pay for it. I would not use my credit card online.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Too complicated.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I don’t like to buy things on the Internet.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘Nobody would use the Internet with a credit card. You have to give lots of information.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I don’t like buying on the Internet. I’m afraid because they’re going to steal our information.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) b) And how can I get a guarantee? – ‘The problem can be the malfunction of equipment.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Will the supplier show you how to use these things?’(S5 Dom NY –edu) d) Vendor should be reliable and take care of the shipping – ‘Once I know the company and know the product, I would buy by internet.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Could be convenient only if I know how it works and if I know the vendor.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘In terms of shipping it would be great because there will be no additional costs.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I like it, as long as the vendor is reliable. Hopefully it is not pay pal.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I’m not interested in shipping costs.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 79 of 85 a) – – – – – – Ways of Paying Paying in a lump sum or in installments depends on the price and on the number of products being purchased ‘Installment or lump sum payment really depends on the amount.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘Depends on the price. If it’s US$35 I will pay in one payment.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘If it’s the charcoal stove, I would pay for it now; but for the product that its US$500 I would make installments.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘Depends on the price and how much money we have. Also, it depends on how many products we send.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘If I have the money I buy it in a single payment. But if there’s an expensive product, I’d get a loan.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) ‘It depends on the cost. If it’s cheap I’ll by it in one payment but if it’s expensive I would have to pay for it in installments.’(S6 Dom NY – edu) Lump Sum a) Prefer to pay on-line in one lump sum – ‘One shot. Not in payments. The culture is that for a special occasion, we give them the gift.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘One full payment on-line. It’s just as good. I don’t have to leave my house. I use the credit card.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘One lump sum, not in lay-away. (Majority in lump sum).’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Because I’m finished and no more headaches. One lump sum is the Haitian way. We don’t like credit or debts.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Give and take. Haitians are afraid of the headache of owing money.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘It depends on the conditions of the loan. If you don’t have trouble paying, it’s better not to get a loan. People have credit that they can’t pay.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘I don’t like other people taking care of my money. It’s discipline.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘This is to pay in installments? It doesn’t work. I don’t work like that.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘I don’t like to worry. If I want to buy something, I would rather save up to buy it.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) Lay-away a) Even with lay-aways, the product needs to be delivered upfront – ‘I know companies that do that and they don’t have fees.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Will they deliver before full payment? I want to get the product up front.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I want to get the product upfront but I want to pay in installments.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I will not use it if the products are delivered at the end when payment is done.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I like having the product immediately.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘Nowadays, with the crisis, even the merchant has to change the way they do lay-away. Now they give you the product even if you haven’t finished paying for it.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘You go and buy it and take it home, like at Macy’s and Sears. They give you the product even if you haven’t finished paying for it.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘We like to receive the product and to continue paying for it little by little.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) b) There are no concerns about timing of product delivery – ‘Oh, no. Can you track the shipment? I want to know when it’s been delivered.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘With credit they delivered up front but with lay-away, you pay first then you get the product. Not lay-away.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) b) I prefer lay-away even if the product is not delivered upfront – ‘It’s like lay-away.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Well, for someone who doesn’t have much income, it’s feasible because there are people that can’t pay in one payment.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘Because of the economic difficulty, the lay-away system is being used a lot.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘The one with payments is better because it can be used by more people.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) – ‘I would buy it in two payments. I would like the one that’s US$35 but I would pay it in installments.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I don’t like to owe, but I prefer installments if I don’t have enough.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I would like it in installments, even though I know that you don’t get the product until you’ve made the final payment.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 80 of 85 Model 6: Remitter Buys the Product Directly from Vendor in NY/US and Family Receives it in Haiti/the Dominican Republic In this model, the Remitter purchases a sustainable energy product directly from an energy company based in New York that delivers the product directly to the family or makes it available for pick up in a warehouse in the receiving country. Direct buying and direct delivery is what makes this a very appealing model. By buying the product directly in New York, Remitters see the product themselves, and understand how it works. According to a Dominican participant, the product is cheaper in the US because of high taxes in the Dominican Republic. With direct delivery, the vendor takes care of shipping and what it entails: costs, custom hassles, storage of the product while Recipients pick it up or while the vendor sends it, and the vendor is responsible if the product is damaged in transit. Many participants indicated that they would only prefer this model (as opposed to buying the product from a vendor in Haiti or in Dominican Republic, Model 7) if the vendor in New York delivers the product directly to their families. They do not want to deal with the actual problems and costs associated with sending products (shipping and customs). They indicated that the vendor would need to have a distribution center in Haiti or in Dominican Republic in order to distribute the products. However, some participants felt that this model would increase the price of the product. They agued that there is no way that the vendor will assume all delivery costs: ‘This will add an extra expense. They (vendors) are not here for fun; they are here to make money.’ ‘Are the vendors going to deliver in Haiti at the same US$40?’ ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 81 of 85 Model 6: Remitter Buys Product Directly from Vendor in NY/USA and Family Receives it in Haiti/Dominican Republic a) With direct buy in New York, we see the product, how it works and get the guarantee – ‘The best way for us is to have the product delivered there and we pay for it here. We see the product, pay for it here, we buy it and ask company to deliver in Haiti.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Here the stores carry everything. In Haiti they don’t have that.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I save my money, I see the product, and I buy it, period.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I prefer buying it here and sending it. That way I can see it and see how it works and the guarantee works if I buy it here. (S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I know what they’re like over there. You send them money for one thing and they buy something else. If I send them the money, they wouldn’t buy it. I buy it here, pay for it and send it like I send the boxes.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) b) – – – – – – – Vendor takes care of shipping ‘Pay to the vendor in NY, but it gets the goods there.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘It would also be secure to have the vendor get the product to my family.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘I will keep my receipt and if the product does not get to my family I can get a new one from the vendor. The vendor takes all of the responsibility.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘It would be expensive to send it. If you send it yourself you will have to pay customs. I would prefer that the vendor sends it.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘How about DHL? No, they are expensive.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘Pay for it here and get it delivered there so our families can get them. They ship it from here to Haiti for us.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘I want to pay for it here and have it delivered there that way I don’t have to pay for shipping. The person delivers it and teaches them how to use it.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) c) Vendor takes care of product delivery – ‘Yes! This system is the best! The one where you buy something here (NY) and it’s delivered in Haiti.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘The vendor in NY will send it to Haiti? If they can send it to Haiti that would be great. I would prefer to pay for it and get it delivered in Haiti (6 people).’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I will pay and the vendor will deliver to the door of my family house. Everyone would do it that way.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) d) Vendor should have a distribution center in Haiti or in Dominican Republic and family picks up the product – ‘Majority will like to pay in NY and have family pick it up there at the company in Haiti.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘If the vendor has a distribution center in Haiti it is even better because we don’t have to deal with delivery or shipping.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Distribution Center is the best idea! That’s the one…. We all agree on that!’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘The other option is that the Vendor has storage in Haiti. You send them the money and they deliver the product.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘Will they have the products here to buy them here? I buy product after I see it here. Then, vendor should have a venue in Haiti where my family can pick it up.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I would like to pay it here (NY) and get my family to pick it up there at a distribution center. Companies that are making them should have a distribution center or warehouse there.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I would buy it here and have it delivered there. They can charge me for the shipping and it is picked up over there.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) e) Can check price lists in USA and Haiti to get the best price – ‘We are here so it’s easier to do it here. However, we all have branches of our association in Haiti so it could be convenient to do it in Haiti. We need to check the conditions.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘I would look at the list price in the US and then in Haiti and I will check to see which one is lower.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) f) It is cheaper to buy it in USA because of taxes in the Dominican Republic ‘In the DR there are customs taxes. Prices are higher than if you buy it here (NY).’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 82 of 85 Model 7: Remitter or Recipient Buys the Product Directly from a Vendor in Haiti/the Dominican Republic In this model, the Remitter or the Recipient purchases a sustainable energy technology directly from an energy company that operates in Haiti or the Dominican Republic, and delivers the product directly to the family or makes it available for pick up in a warehouse in the receiving country. Direct buying and cost-effectiveness is what makes this a very attractive model. Remitters were told that buying the product directly from a vendor in Haiti or the Dominican Republic could be done in two ways: the Remitter buys it directly from the local vendor or the Remitter sends the money to the Recipient to buy the product from the local vendor. ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 83 of 85 The major advantage of buying the product from a local vendor as opposed to buying the product from a vendor in New York is cost. Through this model, people are saving on shipping and delivery costs, taxes that need to be paid in the US before sending the item and customs fees in Haiti or in the Dominican Republic when the product is received. These are additional costs that Remitters believe inflate the price of the product. There are many other benefits of buying from a local vendor. First, there are no risks of product damage during transportation. Second, the local vendor can provide product maintenance instead of ‘having to ship the products back to US for maintenance.’ Third, Recipients can make the guarantee effective locally if the product needs to be replaced. Fourth, the vendor can show families how to install the product and how to use it correctly. Fifth, there is no paperwork or time used on local customs issues. However, there were some concern about the geographic location and accessibility of the vendor in Haiti or the Dominican Republic. Some families would need to travel to get the product. A Dominican participant suggested creating a system similar to Avon, where micro vendors in small towns could sell the products and make home demonstrations to show how the item works. The person pointed out that this would also increase jobs at home. Many participants of both nationalities strongly supported models that would increase the job markets locally. a) – – – – – – – – Model 7: Remitter or Recipient Buy Product Directly from Vendor in Haiti/Dominican Republic Prefer to pay the Vendor directly in Haiti or in Dominican Republic ‘I want to pay directly to the vendor in Haiti.’(S1 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I prefer the vendor to be in Haiti. They can do a good job. I can pay for it and my family can just pick it up.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I also like buying directly from the vendor. If there is a store that sells them in Haiti then it would be OK.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘If they sell them in Haiti, yes. We need to cut all of the middlemen. Too many hands are not good.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I would like to send the money to the vendor to pay for the product and my family picks it up.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I would buy it there and have it delivered to the family.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I would buy it directly in Haiti with the vendor. Otherwise I don’t know how they will use the money.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘What if the company can open a store in Haiti? That way we can pay the company on line, and all they have to do is deliver the product.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) b) Prefer to send the money for them to buy it in Haiti or in Dominican Republic – ‘Who would pay for the shipping? All of these models would not work. It’s better to give money to the family than to pay the shipment cost.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) – ‘The parish had 30 people who bought a solar panel. They gave the money to the priest. Then the parish contacted the vendor and everyone got their system installed.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘No! I would have to know the price, and send the money so that they can buy it over there.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘I want to be shown the product, to see if it works. I see it here, and then I send them the money through an agency and find a local store.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘Everything always costs a lot here (NY). I can think of other things I would rather buy.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) ©Arc Finance, Ltd Annex 1, Page: 84 of 85 c) – – – – – – – – d) – – – – – – – – – Model 7: Recipient Buys Product Directly from Vendor in Haiti/Dominican Republic (continued) To save shipping and delivery costs ‘I would buy it with a company in Haiti. That way I don’t have to pay for them to deliver to our families.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘I would like to buy it in Haiti so I don’t have to pay for transportation.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘I would like it through a vendor in Haiti and delivered in my village.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘The problem is location. What if the store is only in one town? How can my family get it? They need to travel to it.’(S3 Haitians NY +edu) ‘I buy the product from the vendor in Haiti and have it delivered. It does not have to be built in Haiti but the vendor should be in Haiti.’ (S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘If I buy it here, I have to send it to the DR. That would cost me about US$2000 ($57 ) to send. I’d rather buy it there and not have any shipping problems.’(S4 Dom NY +edu) ‘I would prefer to buy it in the Dominican Republic because that way I avoid shipping costs.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) ‘You don’t have to pay for shipping.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) Save custom fees and paperwork ‘Do you pay taxes? Not if you buy it in Haiti.’(S2 Haitians NY +edu) ‘When you buy a car here and pay customs you end up paying more in fees than you pay for the car.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘Too much paper work. I would never advise to send a product.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘Others like to buy the product in NY because they don’t know about taxes, and other costs.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘There are a lot of problems for you when buying the product here (NY). In order to get to customs you never know in advance how much they will charge.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘Right now I have stuff (medical supplies) that are rotten because they are stuck in customs.’ (S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘If you have to send it to them that will be a problem. You can’t take it in your luggage.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘Oh no! It’s better to buy it there. Also, when it’s there, they can learn how to use it. The problem of customs is eliminated.’ (S6 Dom NY –edu) ‘People don’t want to send things because it’s expensive and if they find what you are sending you have to declare it and they charge you.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) e) The product does not get damaged – ‘I had a bad experience when I sent a TV, hidden, and it broke. To avoid that problem, it’s better to buy it there.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) – ‘The product would break by the time it gets to the person receiving it. You may lose the product or it may get damaged on the way.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘Someone bought a solar panel here (in NY), but when it got there it was broken.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) – ‘I send the money and they buy it over there. It’s dangerous to send it from here. It can get damaged on the way, and I’m responsible.’(S5 Dom NY –edu) – ‘Buy it there because of shipping. There’s no guarantee that it will get there without any problems.’(S6 Dom NY –edu) f) – – – I can get local maintenance ‘I would like to buy in Haiti in a big place. If something is wrong with the product they can repair it. I need a guarantee. That’s why I would not buy them (products) here. I need a vendor to service it there.’(S3 Haitians NY +-edu) ‘When you have a responsible company in Haiti it’s better for you because they can fix it there. 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!14#2%30/4#$0//#,%-.#3().#+0220<7/64#D%40*:#2()#06#6,.).5=>8U#@%060#Q()6,#)7)%/B# !W,%6#$(7/+#'.#6((#.GD.*&0-.#'.<%7&.#6,.4#$(7/+#,%-.#6(#D%4#2()#<7&6(3&5=>8?#@%060#A.*6).#)7)%/B# !W,.#D)('/.3#0&#6,%6#02#6,.4#&.*+#06F#06#<%*#6%;.#'.6$..*#KY#+%4&#%*+#%#3(*6,5=>8KL#9P#86(9(3#7)'%*B# !A7&6(3&#&6.%/#06#%*+#06#%/&(#+.D.*+&#(*#6,.#%:.*<45=>8KN#9P#Q()6,#)7)%/B# >(!'0!#.0'#%!(+!M.E'I.(#!(2#!*&.%.)(##!! !"#D).2.)#6(#,%-.#6,.#3(*.4#&.*6#%*+#"#'74#06#,.).#'.<%7&.#02#6,.).=&#%#D)('/.3#$06,#6,.#D)(+7<6#"#<%*=6#&.*+#06#'%<;5=>8KK#9P#8(76,#)7)%/B## =2#!/%+I&$(!I+#0!)+(!*#(!I.G.*#I!!! !"*#Q]#6,.4#:.6#%#&6%3D#6,%6#&%4&#S2)%:0/.TF#$,0<,#3.%*&#6,.4#$0//#6%;.#<%).#(2#06#0*#<%&.#06#').%;&5=>8KN#9P#Q()6,#)7)%/B! ! !!!!!!!!"#$%!&'()(%*+!,-. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#((*/!0!+!1)2*!60!45!60! Annex 3 : Sustainable Energy Products Financing Sustainable Energy through Remittances Flows in Haiti and the Dominican Republic Financed by FOMIN - a Member of the IDB Group Presented by ARC Finance and BASE December 2009 ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Annex 3: Sustainable Energy Products 1. Lighting kit 2. TV 3. Radio, flashlight and cell phone charger 4. Portable lantern for lighting 5. Solar cooker 6. Solar water purification equipment 7. Solar water heater 8. Stove ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Annex 3, page 1 of 9 Solar Photovoltaic Technology 1. Solar Lighting Kit ! Produces 28 watts with a crystalline solar panel ! Illuminates 6 areas with a high efficiency bulb of 9 watts (equivalent to a 60 watts regular bulb) ! Charge controller ! Roof and wall fixing kit ! No technical skill or special tools needed ! Solar panel with 35 year life expectancy ! Size: 56 cm x 40 cm x 2 cm ! Weight : 4 kgs ! 10 year warranty http://www.solarshop.co.uk/solar-mate-IVES.htm ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Annex 3, page 2 of 9 Solar Photovoltaic Technology 2. Solar powered TV ! 26 inch Sharp television that is powered completely by solar energy. ! Batteries are charged in 6 hours and last for 3 hours. ! Panel installed on the roof. http://www.solarshop.co.uk/solar-mate-IVES.htm ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Annex 3, page 3 of 9 Solar Photovoltaic Technology 3. Solar powered radio, a flashlight and cell phone charger ! Radio, flashlight and cell phone charger (12 cm long and weighs 230g). ! Includes a solar panel and a crank so as not to run out of power. No need to buy disposable batteries. ! In sunlight, charges itself and plays continuously. The internal battery is fully charged by the solar panel or an external charging adapter. http://www.freeplayenergy.com/product/compan ion ! Gives 12 hours of play time or 16 hours of light. ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Annex 3, page 4 of 9 Solar Photovoltaic Technology 4. Portable solar lantern for lighting ! Light without the need to constantly replace the batteries. ! Includes 12 high technology bulbs (LEDs) and 4 ways to charge it: ! built in solar panel ! hand crank ! cigarette lighter adapter ! optional AC charger ! Leave it out in the sun for hours of use at night. If no sun, wind it up with the hand crank. http://www.freeplayenergy.com/product/ companion ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Annex 3, page 5 of 9 Solar Technology 5. Solar cooker ! 2 pots with lids; capacity of 3 liters ! Thermometer included ! Easy to transport and store. Weight 10 pounds and is 12 !” high by 27 !” long by 17" deep. ! Can be pointed towards the sun ! Cooking time depends on location and on sun angle ! No burnt food. Cooking temperatures are often 210-260 F. Maximum at 300 F in the equatorial regions ! Wind and moisture resistant http://www.solarcooker-atcantinawest.com/solar_oven_comparisons.html ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Annex 3, page 6 of 9 Solar Thermal Technology 6. Solar water purification system ! Produces distilled water. ! Straightforward design, no moving parts. ! No tools required for assembly. ! In temperate climates, produces 0.5 gallons (6 liters) per day and approximately half that in winter months. ! http://www.solaqua.com/solstils1.html Produces about 1 liter per sun hour. ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Annex 3, page 7 of 9 Solar Thermal Technology 7. Solar water heater ! Serves 3 people. ! Stable and easy installation. ! Scientific structure. ! Inner tank: Stainless steel ! Outer shell: Galvanized steel coated corrosion prevention layer. Both install on inclined and flat roof ! 5 year warranty ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Annex 3, page 8 of 9 Thermal Technology 8. Wood burning cooking stove ! 2 doors for wood, charcoal and paper. ! Uses 40% - 60% less wood, charcoal or paper. ! Can use briquettes. ! Size: 35 cms x 35 cms x 35 cms (14x14x14 inches). ! Weight: 10 kg (22 pounds). ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Annex 3, page 9 of 9 Annex 4 : Models to Link Remittances to Sustainable Energy Products Financing Sustainable Energy through Remittances Flows in Haiti and the Dominican Republic Financed by FOMIN - a Member of the IDB Group Presented by ARC Finance and BASE December 2009 ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Basic Scheme: Linking money sent to the purchase of a sustainable energy product Payment of sustainable energy product Cash for families in Haiti/DR • Remitter in NY: • Allocates cash to family in Haiti/DR Vendor and • Purchases a Sustainable Energy product for family in Haiti/DR Remitter’s family in Haiti/DR ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Annex 4, page 1 of 10 Remitter’s Savings Account in Bank in Haiti/DR Payment of sustainable energy product Model 1. Remitter buys sustainable energy product with own SAVINGS • Money sent via a Transfer Agency or Bank to family. Cash for families in Haiti/DR Vendor • Money is deposited into a savings account in a Bank/MFI in Haiti/DR. • Family in Haiti/DR uses savings to buy product in Haiti/DR. • Vendor in Haiti/DR gives product to family. Remitter’s family in Haiti/DR ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Annex 4, page 2 of 10 Recipient’s Savings Account in Bank in Haiti/DR Payment of sustainable energy product Model 1. Recipient buys sustainable energy product with own SAVINGS • Money sent via a Transfer Agency or Bank to family. Cash for families in Haiti/DR Vendor • Money is deposited into a savings account in a Bank/MFI in Haiti/DR. • Family in Haiti/DR uses savings to buy product in Haiti/DR. • Vendor in Haiti/DR gives product to family. Remitter’s family in Haiti/DR ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Annex 4, page 3 of 10 Remitter’s Loan Account in Bank in Haiti/DR Model 2. Remitter buys sustainable energy product with a LOAN • Money sent via a Transfer Agency or Bank to family. Cash for families in Haiti/DR Vendor • Remitter takes out a loan from a Bank in Haiti/DR and pays it back in small installments. • Bank pays Vendor for sustainable energy product. • Vendor in Haiti/DR gives product to family. Remitter’s family in Haiti/DR ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Annex 4, page 4 of 10 Recipient’s Loan Account in Bank in Haiti/DR Model 2. Recipient buys sustainable energy product with a LOAN • Money sent via a Transfer Agency or Bank to family. Cash for families in Haiti/DR Vendor • Recipient takes out a loan from a Bank in Haiti/DR and pays it back in small installments. • Bank pays Vendor for sustainable energy product. • Vendor in Haiti/DR gives product to family. Remitter’s family in Haiti/DR ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Annex 4, page 5 of 10 Purchase in full from Vendor Model 3. Remitter buys sustainable energy product from VENDOR in Haiti/DR via TRANSFER AGENCY Cash for families in Haiti/DR Vendor • Money sent via a Transfer Agency to family. • Transfer Agency makes payment to Vendor in Haiti/DR in one lump sum. • Vendor in Haiti/DR gives product to family. Remitter’s family in Haiti/DR ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Annex 4, page 6 of 10 ASSOCIATION in NY establishes alliance with Transfer Agency and Vendor in Haiti/DR Model 4. Remitter buys product through an ASSOCIATION in NY • Remitter selects sustainable energy product from Association‘s website in NY. Vendor • Payment for product is sent via Transfer Agency (Western Union or Moneygram) to Vendor • Vendor in Haiti/DR gives product to family. Remitter’s family in Haiti/DR ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Annex 4, page 7 of 10 Purchase in full or in instalments from Vendor Model 5: Remitter buys product directly from VENDOR in Haiti/DR via INTERNET (using credit card or prepaid card) • Remitter goes on-line to the Vendor‘s website and buys product directly with credit card or with prepaid card bought in the US. Vendor • Vendor in Haiti/DR gives product to family. Remitter’s family in Haiti/DR ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Annex 4, page 8 of 10 Purchase from Vendor in NY/USA Vendor in NY/USA Model 6. Remitter buys product directly from Vendor in NY/USA Remitter’s family in Haiti/DR • Buys product from Vendor in NY/USA. • Vendor in NY/USA delivers product to the family in Haiti/DR. ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Annex 4, page 9 of 10 Purchase from Vendor in Haiti/DR Vendor in NY/USA Model 7. Remitter or Recipient buy product directly from Vendor in Haiti/DR Remitter’s family in Haiti/DR • Remitter buys product from Vendor in Haiti/DR. • Remitter sends money and Recipient buys product from Vendor in Haiti/DR. • Vendor delivers product to the family in Haiti/DR. ©Arc Finance, Ltd. Annex 4, page 10 of 10