Child Domestic Workers in Haiti 2014: Tabulation Report

Child domestic workers in Haiti 2014: Henriette Lunde, Jing Liu and Jon Pedersen Tabulation report This report presents the tabulations from the Haiti Child Domestic Workers Survey (HCDWS 2014), a national household survey. The tabulation report documents the working and living Child domestic workers in Haiti 2014: Tabulation report conditions of child domestic workers relative to other children, the characteristics of the households where they live and perceptions of child relocation among Haitians. The HCDWS 2014 is a part of the Haiti Child Domestic Worker Project. The main objective of the project is to establish a better understanding of the phenomenon and developments of children in domesticity in Haiti based on qualitative and quantitative data material, as well mapping the existing institutional responses. Yon inisyativ nan tèt kole The project was initiated by UNICEF, ILO, IOM, the IRC and the Terre des Hommes Lausanne Foundation, in cooperation with the Haitian state. A group of 28 different organizations Ministè afè soyal ak travay supported the research and made up a Technical Committee acting as a reference group for Leta Ayisyen, nan tèt kole ak 21 òganizasyon nasyonal ak ak patnè li yo the study. entènasyonal deside tanmen yon rechèch sou kantite timoun ki nan domestisite ak sou tout sa ki konsène fenomèn timoun kap MAST travay kay moun nan. Pandan lap ede nou konprann pi byen fenomèn sa a, rechèch sa a pral pèmèt enstitisyon ak program yo devlope yon plan kap chita sou reyalite sosyete nou an ansanm ak ekzijans entènasyonal yo, gras ak enfòmasyon ki pral jwenn yo ak analiz ki pral fèt nan tèt kole sou enfòmasyon sa yo. Jounen jodi a rechèch sa a nesesè pou n ka gen yon fondasyon estratejik pou entèvansyon yo ki pral pèmèt devlope yon seri estrateji ak program kap kouvri tout aspè sou pwoblèm timoun ki nan domestisite. Aktivite kap sòti nan fondasyon estratejik sa a fè pati ranfòsman sistèm proteksyon timoun nan peyi a, nan defini ak mete sou pye bon jan sèvis pou timoun ki pi menase yo, pwosesis kowòdinasyon epi referans (voye yo nan lòt enstitisyon ak lòt sèvis yo ta ka bezwen) ak ranfòsman kad legal la oubyen pote amelyorasyon nan jan yap ranmase ak analize enfòmasyo yo. MINUSTAH P.O.Box 2947 Tøyen Fafo-report 2014:56 « Se fason yon sosyete trete pitit zantray li k ap fè w dekouvri sa k gen nan nannan sosyete sa a. » N-0608 Oslo ISBN 978-82-324-0173-4 Timoun ki nan www.fafo.no ISSN 0801-6143 Nelson Mandela domestisite Kontak: etudedomesticitehaiti@gmail.com Konprann pou-n ka aji pi byen 20403-omslag.indd 1 10.02.2016 09:47:27 Henriette Lunde, Jing Liu and Jon Pedersen Child domestic workers in Haiti 2014: Tabulation report Fafo-report 2014:56 © Fafo 2014 ISBN 978-82-324-0173-4 ISSN 0801-6143 Cover design: Fafo Information office Contents List of tables................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................... 8 Abbreviations and acronyms ........................................................................................ 9 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 10 Chapter 1 Population .................................................................................................. 16 Chapter 2 Child population, aged 5–17. ..................................................................... 33 Chapter 3 Labour and domestic activities.................................................................. 68 Chapter 4 Education .................................................................................................. 125 Chapter 5 Domestic treatment ................................................................................. 146 Chapter 6 Health......................................................................................................... 178 Chapter 7 Perceptions of child relocation ............................................................... 193 Chapter 8 Household economy. ................................................................................ 231 Chapter 9 Dwelling and infrastructure .................................................................... 251 Technical appendix ................................................................................................... 265 List of Tables Table Page 1. Population........................................................................................................................................................................ 19 1.1 Population distribution by age and gender.................................................................................................................. 19 1.2 Main occupation, 10 years and older. ........................................................................................................................... 20 1.3 Religious affiliation..........................................................................................................................................................21 1.4 Marital status, 10 years and older.................................................................................................................................. 22 1.5 Age of household head.................................................................................................................................................. 23 1.6 Gender of household head............................................................................................................................................. 24 1.7 Spouse in household for female headed households....................................................................................................25 1.8 Size of household............................................................................................................................................................ 26 1.9 Dependency ratio.............................................................................................................................................................27 1.10 Child dependency ratio. ............................................................................................................................................... 28 1.11 Highest completed education, 18 and older............................................................................................................... 29 1.12 Literacy Creole and/or French, 18 and older. .............................................................................................................. 30 1.13 Literacy Creole, 18 and older.........................................................................................................................................31 1.14 Literacy French, 18 and older....................................................................................................................................... 32 2. Child population.............................................................................................................................................................. 35 2.1 Relationship to head of houshol. ...................................................................................................................................35 2.2 Orphanhood.................................................................................................................................................................... 36 2.3 Birth certificate................................................................................................................................................................37 2.4 Number of moves since birth......................................................................................................................................... 38 2.5 Possession of ID............................................................................................................................................................... 39 2.6 Parents living in household............................................................................................................................................ 40 2.7 Residence of mother........................................................................................................................................................41 2.8 Ability to locate mother's house.................................................................................................................................... 42 2.9 Residence of father......................................................................................................................................................... 43 2.10 Ability to locate father's house.................................................................................................................................... 44 2.11 Residence at birth..........................................................................................................................................................45 2.12 Born in urban or rural area.......................................................................................................................................... 46 2.13 Did you know members of your new household before moving...............................................................................47 2.14 Age in years when arriving household........................................................................................................................ 48 2.15 Location of last place of living..................................................................................................................................... 49 2.16 Last place of living urban or rural. .............................................................................................................................. 50 2.17 Lived with parents at last place of living. ....................................................................................................................51 2.18 Reason for moving to current household................................................................................................................... 52 2.19 Was a middleman compensated for recruiting the child........................................................................................... 53 2.20 Frequency of parental contact..................................................................................................................................... 54 2.21 Types of parental contact..............................................................................................................................................55 2.22 Household receiving money or gifts from mother's household................................................................................ 56 2.23 Household receiving money or gifts from father's household...................................................................................57 2.24 Household receiving money or gifts from others....................................................................................................... 58 2.25 Household sending money to mother's household.................................................................................................... 59 2.26 Household sending money to father's household...................................................................................................... 60 2.27 Head of original household..........................................................................................................................................61 2.28 Literacy, head of original household........................................................................................................................... 62 2.29 Handicap, head of original household........................................................................................................................ 63 2.30 Economic status original vs. current household.......................................................................................................... 64 2.31 Do you want to return to your original household if possible...................................................................................65 2.32 Quality of life in current household vs. original household. ..................................................................................... 66 2.33 How do you think your life will be five years from now. ...........................................................................................67 3. Labour and domestic activities........................................................................................................................................ 69 3.1 Daily domestic activities................................................................................................................................................. 69 3.2 Collect and/or transport water. ..................................................................................................................................... 70 3.3 Collect and/or transport firewood..................................................................................................................................71 3.4 Prepare food products. .................................................................................................................................................. 72 3.5 Prepare meals. ................................................................................................................................................................ 73 3.6 Wash dishes..................................................................................................................................................................... 74 3.7 Do laundry........................................................................................................................................................................75 3.8 Sweep compound........................................................................................................................................................... 76 3.9 Dispose of garbage..........................................................................................................................................................77 4 3.10 Clean toilets/latrines..................................................................................................................................................... 78 3.11 Make fire in the morning............................................................................................................................................. 79 3.12 Run errands................................................................................................................................................................... 80 3.13 Take care of children and/or elderly.............................................................................................................................81 3.14 Take care of people with injuries and/or disabilities.................................................................................................. 82 3.15 Agricultural activities. .................................................................................................................................................. 83 3.16 Tend animals................................................................................................................................................................. 84 3.17 Carry products to the market. ......................................................................................................................................85 3.18 Sell household products/petty trade. .......................................................................................................................... 86 3.19 Assist other adults in their work...................................................................................................................................87 3.20 Other work in the household. ..................................................................................................................................... 88 3.21 Hours spent on domestic tasks last weekday, household respondent....................................................................... 89 3.22 Hours spent on domestic tasks last Saturday, household respondent. ..................................................................... 90 3.23 Hours spent on domestic tasks last Sunday, household respondent..........................................................................91 3.24 Hours spent on domestic tasks last weekday.............................................................................................................. 92 3.25 Hours spent on domestic tasks last Saturday.............................................................................................................. 93 3.26 Hours spent on domestic tasks last Sunday. ............................................................................................................... 94 3.27 Hours for rest and play last weekday, 10 years and above.........................................................................................95 3.28 Hours for rest and play last Saturday, 10 years and above......................................................................................... 96 3.29 Hours for rest and play last Sunday, 10 years and above............................................................................................97 3.30 Time for rest and play, 5-9 years of age...................................................................................................................... 98 3.31 Need to be available or on call.................................................................................................................................... 99 3.32 Evening or night work (after 8pm or before 6am). ................................................................................................. 100 3.33 Work with hot stoves or open fire. ............................................................................................................................101 3.34 Work with sharp objects............................................................................................................................................. 102 3.35 Work with pesticides/fertilizers. ................................................................................................................................ 103 3.36 Work with household chemicals................................................................................................................................ 104 3.37 Body aches while working. .........................................................................................................................................105 3.38 Headache while doing domestic work...................................................................................................................... 106 3.39 Eye pain while doing domestic work..........................................................................................................................107 3.40 Ear pain while doing domestic work......................................................................................................................... 108 3.41 Chest/throat pain while doing domestic work. ........................................................................................................ 109 3.42 Shoulder pain while doing domestic work............................................................................................................... 110 3.43 Arm pain while doing domestic work........................................................................................................................111 3.44 Hand pain while doing domestic work..................................................................................................................... 112 3.45 Back pain while doing domestic work. ..................................................................................................................... 113 3.46 Hip pain while doing domestic work......................................................................................................................... 114 3.47 Abdominal pain while doing domestic work. ...........................................................................................................115 3.48 Pain in private parts while doing domestic work..................................................................................................... 116 3.49 Leg pain while doing domestic work.........................................................................................................................117 3.50 Knee pain while doing domestic work...................................................................................................................... 118 3.51 Foot pain while doing domestic work. ..................................................................................................................... 119 3.52 Injuries from domestic work...................................................................................................................................... 120 3.53 Accident or illness related to housework past 12 months, household respondent.................................................121 3.54 Payment for domestic work....................................................................................................................................... 122 3.55 Activities last two hours before going to bed.......................................................................................................... 123 3.56 Current workload vs. expected workload if living with parents............................................................................. 124 4. Education. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 126 4.1 Primary completion rate (MDG)................................................................................................................................... 126 4.2 Highest level of completed education. ........................................................................................................................127 4.3 Literacy.......................................................................................................................................................................... 128 4.4 Current level of enrolment. ......................................................................................................................................... 129 4.5 Age of first enrolment in primary school.................................................................................................................... 130 4.6 Type of school. ...............................................................................................................................................................131 4.7 Attending morning, day or evening school................................................................................................................ 132 4.8 Primary language of instruction.................................................................................................................................. 133 4.9 School fees per month.................................................................................................................................................. 134 4.10 Main supporter of school fees.....................................................................................................................................135 4.11 Lack of time for homework because of domestic work........................................................................................... 136 4.12 Late for class because of domestic work....................................................................................................................137 4.13 Too tired to follow instructions in class..................................................................................................................... 138 4.14 Access to text books. .................................................................................................................................................. 139 4.15 Access to other school material.................................................................................................................................. 140 5 4.16 Absence from school last 12 months because of domestic duties............................................................................141 4.17 Days of absence last week.......................................................................................................................................... 142 4.18 Main reason for absence last week. .......................................................................................................................... 143 4.19 Main reason for currently not attending school....................................................................................................... 144 4.20 Main reason for never attending school....................................................................................................................145 5. Domestic treatment. ......................................................................................................................................................147 5.1 Sleeping facilities...........................................................................................................................................................147 5.2 Private or shared sleeping space. ................................................................................................................................ 148 5.3 Shared sleeping space with children or adults............................................................................................................ 149 5.4 Shared sleeping space with male or female. .............................................................................................................. 150 5.5 Hours of sleep per night................................................................................................................................................151 5.6 Types of punishment when misbehaving, household respondent............................................................................ 152 5.7 Punishment last 7 days, household respondent.......................................................................................................... 153 5.8 Types of punishment from household members, child respondent.......................................................................... 154 5.9 Types of punishment last 30 days, child respondent...................................................................................................155 5.10 Punished by whom, household respondent. ............................................................................................................ 156 5.11 Reason for punishment, household respondent. ......................................................................................................157 5.12 Reason for punishment, child respondent................................................................................................................ 158 5.13 Injuries from punishment, child respondent............................................................................................................. 159 5.14 Fear of other household members............................................................................................................................ 160 5.15 Get up in the morning relative to other household members.................................................................................161 5.16 Someone to talk to about difficult experiences....................................................................................................... 162 5.17 Friends of same age in the community..................................................................................................................... 163 5.18 Allowed to play with friends outside........................................................................................................................ 164 5.19 Boyfriend or girlfriend, aged 12 and older................................................................................................................165 5.20 Boyfriend/girlfriend living in the household............................................................................................................. 166 5.21 Allowed to leave the house alone..............................................................................................................................167 5.22 Go to church with other household members.......................................................................................................... 168 5.23 Wear special clothes for church................................................................................................................................. 169 5.24 Prepared meals eaten in the household yesterday. ................................................................................................. 170 5.25 Common food arrangement with other household members.................................................................................171 5.26 Access to radio............................................................................................................................................................ 172 5.27 Access to TV. ............................................................................................................................................................... 173 5.28 Access to telephone.................................................................................................................................................... 174 5.29 Access to internet.........................................................................................................................................................175 5.30 Treatment relative to other children in the household. .......................................................................................... 176 5.31 Types of differential treatment relative to other children in household.................................................................177 6. Health............................................................................................................................................................................. 179 6.1 Current health problems.............................................................................................................................................. 179 6.2 Medical treatment last 12 months. ............................................................................................................................. 180 6.3 Financier of health treatment. .....................................................................................................................................181 6.4 Acute illness or injury past 2 months........................................................................................................................... 182 6.5 Medical treatment outside the household for illness or injury past 2 months......................................................... 183 6.6 Type of medical practitioner, first treatment.............................................................................................................. 184 6.7 Main reason for not seeking treatment.......................................................................................................................185 6.8 Victim of physical or sexual violence during past 12 months.................................................................................... 186 6.9 Moods and feelings last two weeks: I felt miserable or unhappy..............................................................................187 6.10 Moods and feelings last two weeks: I felt I was no good anymore........................................................................ 188 6.11 Moods and feelings last two weeks: I cried a lot. .................................................................................................... 189 6.12 Moods and feelings last two weeks: I felt lonely. .................................................................................................... 190 6.13 Moods and feelings last two weeks: I thought nobody really loved me.................................................................191 6.14 Moods and feelings last two weeks: I thought I could never be as good as other kids. ....................................... 192 7. Perceptions of child relocation. .................................................................................................................................... 194 7.1 Placement in the home of relatives, children under 18.............................................................................................. 194 7.2 Placement in the home of relatives, children under 14...............................................................................................195 7.3 Placement in the home of godmother/godfather, children under 18....................................................................... 196 7.4 Placement in the home of godmother/godfather, children under 14........................................................................197 7.5 Placement in an economically better off household, children under 18. ................................................................. 198 7.6 Placement in an economically better off household, children under 14. ................................................................. 199 7.7 Placement in an urban household, children under 18. .............................................................................................. 200 7.8 Placement in an urban household, children under 14. ...............................................................................................201 7.9 Placement in an apprenticeship, children under 18................................................................................................... 202 6 7.10 Placement in an apprenticeship, children under 14................................................................................................. 203 7.11 Placement as a paid domestic worker, children under 18........................................................................................ 204 7.12 Placement as a paid domestic worker, children under 14.........................................................................................205 7.13 Placement as an unpaid domestic worker, children under 18. ................................................................................ 206 7.14 Placement as an unpaid domestic worker, children under 14. .................................................................................207 7.15 Placement for paid agricultural work, children under 18........................................................................................ 208 7.16 Placement for paid agricultural work, children under 14........................................................................................ 209 7.17 Adoption, children under 18...................................................................................................................................... 210 7.18 Adoption, children under 14.......................................................................................................................................211 7.19 Encourage to live with relatives nearby, sons under 18........................................................................................... 212 7.20 Encourage to live with relatives nearby, daughters under 18.................................................................................. 213 7.21 Encourage to live with relatives in the city, sons under 18...................................................................................... 214 7.22 Encourage to live with relatives in the city, daughters under 18..............................................................................215 7.23 Encourage to live with godmother/godfather, sons under 18................................................................................. 216 7.24 Encourage to live with godmother/godfather, daughters under 18........................................................................217 7.25 Encourage to live a pension to go to school, sons under 18.................................................................................... 218 7.26 Encourage to live a pension to go to school, daughters under 18.......................................................................... 219 7.27 Encourage to live in other people's house for appenticeship, sons under 18. ....................................................... 220 7.28 Encourage to live in other people's house for appenticeship, daughters under 18................................................221 7.29 Encourage to do paid domestic or agricultural work in other people's house, sons under 18............................. 222 7.30 Encourage to do paid domestic or agricultural work in other people's house, daughters under 18. .................. 223 7.31 Encourage to do domestic or agricultural work in other people's house for education, sons under 18.............. 224 7.32 Encourage to do domestic or agricultural work in other people's house for education, daughters under 18.....225 7.33 Encourage to do unpaid domestic or agricultural work in other people's house, sons under 18......................... 226 7.34 Encourage to do unpaid domestic or agricultural work in other people's house, daughters under 18................227 7.35 Expectations when placing a child with family members......................................................................................... 228 7.36 Acceptable punishment if child misbehaves in new household. ............................................................................. 229 7.37 Reasons why own children are not placed in other household............................................................................... 230 8. Household economy. .................................................................................................................................................... 232 8.1 Satisfaction with current financial situation............................................................................................................... 232 8.2 Ability to afford medical treatment............................................................................................................................ 233 8.3 Ability to send all children to school........................................................................................................................... 234 8.4 Ability to buy new rather than second-hand clothes..................................................................................................235 8.5 Ability to eat meat, chicken or fish at least 3 times per week. ................................................................................. 236 8.6 Ability to support other family members in need.......................................................................................................237 8.7 Financial situation, past 5 years................................................................................................................................... 238 8.8 Result of deteriorated economic situation................................................................................................................. 239 8.9 Expectations about financial situation in next 5 years............................................................................................... 240 8.10 Current level of food consumption............................................................................................................................241 8.11 Current level of expenditure on basic necessities. ................................................................................................... 242 8.12 Concern for access to food and basic necessities in past 12 months....................................................................... 243 8.13 Concern for access to food and basic necessities in next 12 months. ..................................................................... 244 8.14 Access to credit............................................................................................................................................................245 8.15 Ability to raise 10,000 Haitian gourdes within a week............................................................................................ 246 8.16 Ability to raise 1,000 Haitian gourdes within a week...............................................................................................247 8.17 Household commodities. ........................................................................................................................................... 248 8.18 Monthly income per capita........................................................................................................................................ 249 8.19 Yearly income per capita............................................................................................................................................ 250 9. Dwelling and infrastructure. ........................................................................................................................................ 252 9.1 Type of dwelling........................................................................................................................................................... 252 9.2 Number of rooms in dwelling...................................................................................................................................... 253 9.3 Type of tenure. ............................................................................................................................................................. 254 9.4 Electricity in dwelling....................................................................................................................................................255 9.5 Source of light. ............................................................................................................................................................. 256 9.6 Main type of energy for cooking. ................................................................................................................................257 9.7 Access to improved sanitation..................................................................................................................................... 258 9.8 Type of sanitation......................................................................................................................................................... 259 9.9 Private or shared sanitation......................................................................................................................................... 260 9.10 Access to improved water source. ..............................................................................................................................261 9.11 Type of main water source......................................................................................................................................... 262 9.12 Losses/damages from earthquake. ............................................................................................................................ 263 9.13 Losses/damages from earthquake still not recovered.............................................................................................. 264 7 Acknowledgements Fafo takes the opportunity to express its sincere gratitude to all those who have participated in the undertaking and contributed to the success of the Haiti Child Domestic Workers Survey. In particular we are grateful to Institut Haïtien de l’Enfance (IHE) for conducting the fieldwork for the survey with a high level of commitment and professionalism. IHE’s team of around 80 people was headed by General Director, Dr. Michel Caymittes and assistant General Director Valery Blot, assisted by technical coordinator Canez Alexandre, and field coordinators Michaud Jouse and Héloine Gérard. Many thanks also to Pierre Anthony Garraud, who was responsible for setting up and programming the tablets used during the survey. Several colleagues at Fafo have been involved at different stages of the project. Special thanks go to Anne Hatløy for her contributions during the training of supervisors, quality assurance and never- ending support. Many thanks also to Tone Sommerfelt, who is responsible for the qualitative part of the project, and Anne Kielland, for sharing their knowledge and providing valuable input and support. We are also grateful to Mélanie Meresse for translating the report to French and to Agneta Kolstad and Fafo publication department for working on the layout and for preparing the report for publication. Fafo also wishes to thank UNICEF, ILO, IOM, the IRC, Terre des Hommes Lausanne Foundation and the Haitian state for initiating this important research, and all the members of the Technical Committee for generously funding and supporting the project. Most importantly we wish to thank the Haitian people for their kind cooperation in responding to the survey. It is our hope that the results of the survey will inspire national planners and international donors to meet your expectations in the future. In spite of all contributions and support, it goes without saying that any error or misunderstanding in this report is the sole responsibility of Fafo. 8 Abbreviations and Acronyms CDW - Child Domestic Worker CRS - Catholic Relief Service CWS - Church World Service EEDH - Enfants en domesticité en Haïti FMAS - Foyer Maurice Sixto HLCS - Haiti Living Condition Survey IBERS - The Haitian Institute of Social Welfare and Research IHE - Institut Haïtien de l’Enfance IHSI - Institut Haitien de Statistique et d'Informatique ILO - International Labour Organization IOM - International Organization for Migration IRC - International Rescue Committee MAST - The Haitian Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour MDG - Millennium Development Goals MINUSTAH - United Nations Mission for Stabilization in Haiti OHCHR - The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights PSU - Primary Sampling Unit RNDDH - National Human Rights Defense Network RSI - Randomly Selected Individual UNHCR - Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF - United Nation Children’s Fund 9 The Haiti Child Domestic Workers Project This report presents the tabulations from the Haiti Child Domestic Workers Survey (HCDWS 2014). The HCDWS 2014 is a part of the Haiti Child Domestic Worker Project, which also includes a qualitative study, an institutional analysis and a literature review. Analyzes of the different sources of data will be published in a forthcoming synthesis report. The Haiti Child Domestic Workers Project was initiated by UNICEF, ILO, IOM, the IRC and the Terre des Hommes Lausanne Foundation, in cooperation with the Haitian state. Additional organizations joined during the course of research, and eventually a group of 28 different organizations supported the research and made up a Technical Committee. 1 The Technical Committee acts as a reference group for the study and is chaired by the Ministère des Affaires Sociales et du Travail (MAST) and Institut du Bien-Etre Social et de Recherches (IBESR). The main objective of the project is to establish a better qualitative and quantitative understanding of the phenomenon of children in domesticity in Haiti, as well mapping the existing institutional responses. The new knowledge deriving from the project will make national and international actors both in the field and at the political level better able to develop a common program and policy response, in line with the socioeconomic realities, the institutional environment, international standards, and national and international legal frameworks. The project seeks to answer the following questions: a) How many child domestic workers are there currently in Haiti? How is their demographic distribution? b) What are their working and living conditions? c) Which factors make children more or less vulnerable to domesticity? Which factors make children in domesticity more or less vulnerable to exploitation and abuse? d) What are the characteristics of the children’s original household and the households where they live as child domestics? What are Haitian household heads’ perceptions about child relocation? e) What is currently being done to prevent children entering into domesticity and to protect children already in domesticity? What should be done? This tabulation report will primarily present data relating to question b) the child domestic workers’ working and living conditions relative to other children, and c) the characteristics of original and receiving households, and the households’ perception of child relocation. More thorough analysis of the statistical data presented in this report will be found in the forthcoming synthesis report. The study is a follow up of the Enfants en domesticité en Haïti (EEDH 2001) (Sommerfelt 2002), which was a part of Haiti’s first living condition survey, Enquete sur les Conditions de Vie en Haiti (ECVH 1 Les membres du Comité Technique au moment du lancement de l’appel d’offre pour l’étude (le BIT, UNICEF, OIM, IRC et Terre des Hommes, en collaboration avec l’Etat Haïtien), ont été rejoints par plusieurs autres et l’instance est désormais composé de 28 institutions, avec le MAST et l’IBESR en tête de file, les nouveaux étant Aba Sistem Restavek-Haiti, Ambassade de France, AVSI, Care International, CWS, CRS, Enpak, Foyer Maurice Sixto, FMAS, Free the Slaves, Handicap International, Kindernothilfe, MINUSTAH, OHCHR, Plan International, Restavek Freedom Foundation, RNDDH, Save the Children, UNHCR, UN Women, World Vision. 10 2001)(IHSI and Fafo 2001, IHSI and Fafo 2003). The HCDW survey is designed to produce data that are comparable with the EEDH 2001 and analyze trends and developments since the last survey. What is child domestic labour in a Haitian context? That children live with (reste avec 2) other than their birth parents is a widespread practice in Haiti. However, it is important to note that this practice of child relocation includes a wide range of boarding and fostering practices, with a continuum from children living as “paying” boarders with households in the city in order to attend high-quality schools, to children being exploited and abused in slave-like conditions. When discussing the conditions of child domestic workers in Haiti, it is essential to be explicit about who we are talking about, and who we are not talking about. To date it does not exist any commonly agreed upon definition of a child domestic worker in a Haitian context. How the concept is used depends both on the user’s position and purpose. Our purpose is to identify the group of children, who is the relevant target group for policies and interventions directed towards children in domesticity. That implies that we are focusing on the group of children who are experiencing a vulnerability or burden from their domestic work, and who are in an exploitative situation or find themselves vulnerable for exploitation. The Convention of the Right of the Child, 3 article 32, recognizes the right of all children to be “protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development”. Thus, this condition does not relate to children’s activities per se, but to the consequences of their work. In order to capture children’s particular vulnerabilities from domestic work we find three criteria to be particularly relevant: residence, domestic workload and schooling. In the Haiti Child Domestic Workers Survey a child (aged 5-17) is defined as a child domestic if he/she is a) not residing with biological parents, b) have a high domestic workload (upper three quintiles of hours worked per week for child’s age), and c) have insufficient education (never enrolled, not currently enrolled or enrolled in a lower level than expected for his or her age). This definition is the same as used in the EEDH 2001, making it possible to track developments and changes over the 13 years that have passed since the last survey. The questionnaires There are two main questionnaires used in the survey: a household questionnaire and a randomly selected child questionnaire. The household questionnaire contains three rosters and a set of questions for the households as reporting units. A household roster collects basic information about all household members, while a child roster collects more detailed information on children in the household aged 5-17. Main topics in the child roster are education, domestic work, social conditions, 2 The term restavek is frequently used as equivalent to a Haitian child domestic worker, especially for advocacy purposes. Restavek is a creole term, originally stemming from the French reste avec, to live with. The term has over the years become increasingly stigmatizing and is frequently connoted with child slavery. Since there does not exist any agreed upon definition of the term, neither ethnically or academically, and the term is used as derogatory, we have chosen not to use the term in this report. The exception is for table 2.1 Relationship to head of household, where the status as restavek has been recorded if given spontaneous by the household respondent. 3 Ratified by Haiti in 1995. 11 health status and parental contact. In addition, a roster for children who had left the household the last five years prior to the survey is included. The household questionnaire also contains questions on household level on topics such as household economy, dwelling and infrastructure, as well as a module on perceptions of child relocation. The randomly selected child questionnaire was responded by a child in each surveyed household. Households without a member in the age range 5-17 were not found eligible for interview. In households with children living without their parents, the child respondent was randomly selected within this group of children. In households without children separated from their parents, the respondent was randomly selected from all children within the age range. The child questionnaire includes questions that need to be answered individually on the same topics addressed in the household questionnaire, and in addition includes questions on relocation, treatment in the household and a short psychological mood and feelings self-assessment. 4 The self-assessment questionnaire is designed to screen for depression in general populations of children adolescent from the age of eight (Angold, Costello et al. 1995). The depression index will be reported in the synthesis report. In this tabulation report we have included some of the individual questions making up the index (see tables 6.9 to 6.14). Technical aspects of the survey This section provides a brief overview of the technical aspects of the survey. More detailed information can be found in the technical appendix to the report. The source for the statistical data presented in this report is a national household survey, implemented by Institut Haitien de l’Enfance (IHE), in collaboration with Fafo. The design of questionnaires, sampling and analysis of data has been the responsibility of Fafo. The sample for the survey consisted of 2,160 households distributed in 80 randomly selected clusters. The survey had a stratified two-stage cluster sampling design, where stratification was done by urban/rural. The sampling frame was obtained from the Haitian national bureau of statistics, IHSI, and is based on their 2003 census. The national sample was stratified into four regions: North, South, Transversale and West (including the metropolitan region). At the first stage of sampling, the 80 clusters were selected based on a probability proportionate to the number of households in each cluster. Prior to the second stage of sampling, each cluster was mapped and all households were listed and screened for the presence of children not living together with their parents. In total, 13,402 households were visited as part of the screening exercise. Two lists were made in each cluster: one for the households hosting children separated from their parents and one for households not hosting children separated from their parents. For each cluster, a total of 27 households were selected. Out of these, 20 households were randomly chosen from the list of households with separated children and 7 households were chosen from the list of households without separated children. In clusters where there were less than 20 households hosting separated children, all were selected for interview and additional households were selected from the other list, giving a total of 27 households in each cluster. 4 Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ), developed by Adrian Angold and Elizabeth J. Costello in 1987. 12 In each eligible household two respondents were interviewed: 1) the head of household, or if the head was not available, another adult, informed household member, and 2) a randomly selected child in the household. In the households hosting separated children, the child was selected from this group of children. If there were no children aged 5-17 living in the household, the household was not found eligible for interview. In total, 2,078 households and 1,617 randomly selected children were interviewed. Out of these 959 were separated children and 658 were children living with their biological parents. The response rate 5 was 98.7% on the household level and 97% on the child level. Training and fieldwork About 80 people from IHE participated in organizing and implementing the fieldwork. The team doing the actual data collection consisted of two field coordinators, eight supervisors and 24 interviewers. Twenty-one mappers and listers participated in the initial mapping, listing and screening process of the selected clusters. All staff had previous survey experience. The interviewers received two weeks of training. The supervisors participated during the interviewer training and received an additional two weeks of specialized training. The training was conducted by IHE staff, supervised by Fafo and following a field manual developed by Fafo. The technical committee was represented by staff from World Vision, and the International Rescue Committee (IRC), who held lectures in child sensitive interviewing. Unicef trained the field staff on how to identify potential cases of abuse, based on observations during the interviews. If the interviewers or supervisors suspected that a child was subject of abuse or maltreatment in the household, they were instructed to report to their field coordinator. The field coordination would then refer the case to Unicef, who would be responsible for investigation and follow-up. No suspected cases of child abuse were reported during the field work. Some of the topics asked about in the interviews with the children are of a sensitive nature, for instance their treatment relative to other children in the household and their feeling of self-worth. It was considered whether it would be necessary to conduct same-sex interviews, with women interviewing girls and men interviewing boys, but since no children were asked question about directly gender-related issues, such as sexual behavior and abuse, this was not found to be essential. The decision was made in collaboration with the study’s reference group. However, due to the vulnerable position of the child respondents and the potential risk of coming across cases of serious abuse, only female interviewers were used during the survey. All participants in the survey signed a code of conduct developed by Unicef. The actual field work took place during the period from September 15 to 23 October, 2014. The data was recorded on tablets and transferred to Fafo as SPSS files. All the tabulations presented in this report were conducted by Fafo. The tables The tables in this report follow a format where the main variable to be presented is shown at the top of the table, while the background variables are presented in the rows. Percentages are based on the 5 A survey’s response rate is the result of dividing the number of people who were interviewed by the total number of people in the sample who were eligible to participate and should have been interviewed. 13 row totals. Some percentages add up to more than 100 percent. This occurs when multiple answers are possible for an indicator. This is then noted in the footnote. Non-response for particular questions is generally negligible, but leads to absolute row totals which vary across tables. If there are no positive responses for a category, this is indicated in the tables with a hyphen (-). In the instances where positive responses are recorded but not enough to total 1 percent, this is recorded as 0 percent. All the reported results are weighted based on the design of the sample survey as discussed in the Technical Appendix. The tables in this report are based on several different sample selections, the most common being all households (often represented by household heads), all household members, all children and all randomly selected children. The sample selection is specified in a footnote under each table. Some of the tables are describing phenomenon of relatively low occurrence, resulting in a small sample size. Due to the relevance of the indicators and the lack of existing data, the decision was made to nevertheless include these tables in the report. When the sample size is particularly low, this is noted in a footnote. The general background variables applied in the tables are the following: The urban-rural classification follows the 2003 census in Haiti. Gender is reported for the individual in question, or for the head of households when reporting on a household level variable. The wealth quintiles are constructed based on the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) wealth index. 6 A child domestic worker is defined as a child aged 5-17, who is separated from its parents, has a high domestic workload [upper three quintiles of hours per week within age group] and is delayed in schooling, or do not attend school. Child domestic worker is reported as status for the individual child or on the household level as status for minimum one member of the household. In addition various background variables are applied when they are relevant to the main variable presented. These will be defined in the introductions to the relevant chapters when necessary. The contents of the report Chapter 1 presents basic characteristics of the total population, such as demographic distribution, dependency ratios, highest completed education and literacy rates. Chapter 2 presents basic characteristics of the child population (aged 5-17), such as the number of orphans, parental presence in the household and possession of birth certificates. It also presents 6 For more information see http://www.childinfo.org/files/DHS_Wealth_Index_%28DHS_Comparative_Reports%29.pdf. The wealth indicator for the survey was constructed using Non Parametric Principal Components Analysis (or Categorical Principal Components Analysis/CATPCA) instead of factor analysis. 14 different aspects of children’s mobility and relocation, such as number of times the children have moved, contact with household of origin for children separated from their parents, characteristics of household of origin and desire to return to original household Chapter 3 presents the domestic working conditions for the child population, such as the type of domestic tasks children are engaged in, their domestic work burden per week, and accidents and illnesses as a result of domestic work. In addition, the chapter presents tables on, for instance, time to rest, hazardous domestic tasks and body aches while working. Chapter 4 presents the education situation for the child population, such as primary completion rates, current school enrollment, school fees and absence from school. In addition, the chapter presents more subjective measures, such as whether the children have time for homework, are absent from school because of domestic work load or are too tired to follow instructions. Chapter 5 presents tables on how the children are treated in the households, such as their sleeping facilities, domestic punishment, networks outside of household, and a number of indicators for how child domestic workers perceive they are treated relative to other children in the household. Chapter 6 presents aspects of the children’s health situation, such as whether they have any handicaps, have experienced acute illness or injuries the two last months or have been victims of physical or sexual violence. In addition, the chapter presents selected tables on the children’s mood and feelings the last two weeks, physical health problems and medical treatment the last 12 months. Chapter 7 presents households’ perception of different types of relocation of children under the age of 18 and under the age of 14. It also presents what kind of expectations households have to their children’s new caretakers. Chapter 8 presents the household economy in terms of income and access to credit, as well as more subjective measures detailing the extent to which households are able to satisfy household members’ needs. The chapter also includes tables on the households’ perceived financial prospects. The last chapter presents the physical infrastructure of the households in terms of, for example, access to improved water and sanitation (MDGs). 15 Chapter 1 Population Main findings: The oldest head of households are most likely to have a child domestic worker living with them. While households where the head is 65 years of age or older make up only 10 percent of households without child domestic workers, they make up 19 percent of household with child domestic workers. Households where the head is aged 35 – 49 are in the other end of the scale. Making up 36 percent of households without child domestic workers, they represent only 24 percent of households with a child domestic worker. This support the thesis that child domestic workers are taken in to complete the households’ age structure in order to fulfill age-specific work tasks and keep elderly people without own children living at home company. Child domestic workers are also overrepresented in households where the head is female. While 39 percent of households without a child domestic worker are headed by a woman, 48 percent of households with one or more child domestic workers are female-headed. It should, however, be noted that one-in-four of the female household heads have a spouse living in the household. Child domestic workers are more often found in large households (6 members or more) and in households where the dependency and the child dependency ratios are high. Definitions: A household is a person or group of people who live together in a dwelling unit (house, apartment, etc.) or in more than one dwelling unit located close together (lakou). The members of a household will eat food that is prepared in the same kitchen, but they might not eat the same food at the same time. Household members are anyone who has stayed with or intends to stay with the household for at least three months, who are temporarily away for less than three months or is staying with the household and has no other place to live. The dependency ratio is the number of persons aged 0-14, plus the number of persons aged 65 and above, divided by the number of people aged 15-64. The dependency ratio measures the size of the population outside of what is defined as working age proportionate to the size of the working age population. The child dependency ratio is the number of persons aged 0-14, divided by the number of persons aged 15-64. The child dependency ratio measures the size of the population that is younger than 15 proportionate to the size of the working age population. Marital status is recorded as single, married (maryaj), married (place), vivavèk, widowed, divorced or separated. Maryaj implies that the couple has gone through a formal wedding ceremony, while place more closely corresponds to a common-law relationship. Both categories describe recognized forms of marriage. Vivavèk describes a relationship, which is relatively less stable and less binding than a marriage, and, contrary to what the name indicates, does not involve the partners living together. The vivavèk status does not exclude other coexisting partnerships for one or both parties, often the male. 16 In the Haiti Child Domestic Workers Study, gender of the household head is recorded as it is ascribed by the household itself. A spouse is defined as a person with whom the head of household is married (maryaj or place). Literacy is in this chapter defined as the ability to engage in everyday activities like reading a newspaper or writing a short story. A distinction is made between people who report that they can read and write easily (literate), read and write with difficulties (partly literate), or do not read and write (illiterate). Both French and Haitian Creole are spoken and written in Haiti, French as the official language and Creole as the more commonly used everyday language. A person who is able to easily write one or both of the two languages is defined as literate. A person who reads easily but writes with difficulties is defined as partly literate. Highest completed education refers to the traditional education system used in Haiti, not to the reformed system introduced in the 1997 education reform, and only partially implemented. In the traditional education system, primary education lasts for six years. Secondary education lasts for seven years and is divided into two cycles of three and four years respectively. Rheto is a certificate awarded after succeeding in the state examination at the end of the third year of the second cycle. Philo is a state diploma awarded at the end of the fourth year marking the end of the secondary level. In the reformed educational system, primary education is replaced by fundamental education which lasts for nine years. Fundamental education is composed of three cycles of three years each. The first two cycles constitute primary (basic) education, and the third one corresponds to the first cycle of the traditional secondary level. In order to facilitate comparisons with both systems, this report divides the first nine years of the education level variable into cycles of six and three years respectively. The following classification is used for highest completed education in the tabulations: Incomplete primary equals completed 1st AF to 5th AF, primary equals completed 6th AF to 8th AF and lower secondary equals completed 9th AF to 2nd year higher secondary. Structure of the reformed Haitian education system Structure of the traditional Haitian education system Secondary Final Year - Philo 18 years Secondary Final Year - Philo 18 years 1st Year – Rheto 17 years 2nd year 16 years Bac 2 1st Year – Rheto 17 years 3rd year 15 years Higher 2nd year 16 years secondary 3rd year 15 years Primary 3rd Cycle 9th AF 14 years Bac 1 9th AF 14 years 8th AF 13 years Lower 8th AF 13 years 7th AF 12 years secondary 7th AF 12 years 2nd Cycle 6th AF 11 years Primary 6th AF 11 years 5th AF 10 years 5th AF 10 years 1st Cycle 4th AF 9 years 4th AF 9 years 3rd AF 8 years 3rd AF 8 years 2nd AF 7 years 2nd AF 7 years 1st AF 6 years 1st AF 6 years Pre-school Upper 5 years Pre-school Upper 5 years Middle 4 years Middle 4 years Lower 3 years Lower 3 years 17 Main occupation refers to the head of household’s answer to the question of household members’ main occupation. It reflects the response to a single question, in contrast to the employment status variables based on ILO standard measurements. The main occupation variable indicates how household members subjectively view their own employment status, and should not be used in comparisons with the employment data based on standard definitions. 18 1.1 Population distribution by age and gender Gender Male Female Percentage Count Percentage Count Age 0-4 6,1% 615 6,1% 621 5-9 5,5% 559 5,5% 561 10-14 5,8% 589 5,6% 566 15-19 5,9% 598 6,0% 604 20-24 4,9% 496 5,7% 579 25-29 4,1% 412 4,9% 495 30-34 2,9% 289 3,5% 359 35-39 2,9% 295 3,1% 312 40-44 2,0% 204 2,0% 202 45-49 1,9% 190 2,3% 230 50-54 1,9% 192 1,9% 196 55-59 1,0% 98 1,3% 127 60-64 1,4% 141 1,4% 140 65+ 1,9% 190 2,7% 274 Total 48,0% 4868 52,0% 5266 19 1.2 Main occupation, 10 years and older Self- Contract worker Employed Retired/ employed in Self-employed Runs own (less than 6 worker (more Domestic Student/ Unable to agriculture in petty trade business months) than 6 months) work Unemployed Apprentice work Other Total Total Sample size CDS in household Total 14 13 4 3 5 4 6 45 5 1 100 2 667 Area Urban 3 14 6 6 6 4 7 50 3 100 948 Rural 21 12 3 2 5 4 5 41 5 1 100 1 719 Gender Male 21 3 5 6 7 2 4 49 3 1 100 1 205 Female 8 22 3 2 4 6 7 41 6 100 1 462 Age 10-19 2 1 1 1 7 2 86 100 1 083 20-34 12 19 7 6 11 1 10 32 2 100 706 35-49 25 30 13 10 9 1 10 1 1 1 100 337 50-64 45 27 4 3 5 4 6 - 7 100 328 65+ 32 9 2 1 - 3 - 52 1 100 213 Wealth Highest wealth 3 12 8 7 10 3 5 47 4 1 100 687 quintiles High wealth 2 16 4 5 8 1 6 54 3 1 100 463 Medium wealth 12 15 4 2 4 6 9 40 6 1 100 480 Low wealth 27 13 1 2 1 5 6 39 5 1 100 567 Lowest wealth 34 9 3 2 4 3 40 6 100 470 No CDS in household Total 18 15 5 5 7 2 9 34 4 1 100 5 700 Area Urban 2 17 6 6 12 2 12 36 4 1 100 2 468 Rural 28 13 4 3 4 3 7 32 4 1 100 3 232 Gender Male 27 4 5 8 10 6 36 3 2 100 2 672 Female 9 25 5 1 5 4 12 32 6 1 100 3 028 Age 10-19 2 1 4 3 89 1 1 100 1 671 20-34 13 18 5 8 11 2 15 26 1 2 100 1 885 35-49 28 27 11 6 15 2 9 1 1 100 1 040 50-64 45 22 8 3 6 1 7 - 6 2 100 723 65+ 30 8 3 1 5 - 53 100 381 Wealth Highest wealth 1 14 8 6 16 2 9 37 4 1 100 1 277 quintiles High wealth 4 18 6 5 12 2 11 37 4 1 100 1 054 Medium wealth 12 19 5 7 6 1 13 34 2 1 100 1 167 Low wealth 30 13 4 3 1 4 8 30 6 1 100 1 101 Lowest wealth 43 10 2 2 1 3 3 30 5 2 100 1 101 n=All population aged 10 and older 20 1.3 Religious affiliation Other Catholic Protestant Baptist Christian Voodooist Other No religion Total Total Sample size CDS in Total 38 38 13 6 3 2 100 3 419 household Area Urban 31 41 18 6 1 3 100 1 165 Rural 42 36 10 6 5 1 100 2 254 Gender Male 38 38 13 7 3 - 3 100 1 585 Female 39 38 13 6 4 1 100 1 834 Age 10-19 37 40 13 6 3 - 2 100 1 083 20-34 34 42 13 8 1 1 100 706 35-49 39 38 10 7 2 - 3 100 337 50-64 50 27 14 3 5 1 100 327 65+ 49 28 12 6 3 - 1 100 213 Wealth Highest wealth 28 42 18 10 1 2 100 834 quintiles High wealth 27 49 15 4 1 3 100 584 Medium wealth 47 28 12 9 3 - 1 100 606 Low wealth 51 32 8 4 2 2 100 751 Lowest wealth 42 34 9 4 10 - 1 100 644 No CDS in Total 43 32 10 9 2 3 100 7 433 household Area Urban 40 31 11 13 1 3 100 3 043 Rural 45 32 10 7 3 3 100 4 390 Gender Male 46 29 10 8 3 4 100 3 544 Female 41 34 11 10 2 2 100 3 889 Age 10-19 42 33 11 10 1 1 2 100 1 670 20-34 43 30 10 10 2 5 100 1 879 35-49 44 32 9 8 3 3 100 1 036 50-64 48 29 10 8 3 - 2 100 723 65+ 52 23 12 4 5 - 4 100 381 Wealth Highest wealth 40 36 10 10 1 3 100 1 526 quintiles High wealth 36 35 12 12 1 1 3 100 1 317 Medium wealth 49 26 10 10 2 - 3 100 1 571 Low wealth 44 29 12 9 2 - 4 100 1 491 Lowest wealth 47 34 8 5 4 - 2 100 1 528 n=All population 21 1.4 Marital status, 10 years and older Single, never Married Married married (maryaj) (place) Vivavek Widowed Divorced Separated Total Total Sample size Male Total 54 18 21 3 2 2 100 3 878 Child domestic servant in CDS in household 64 15 17 1 1 2 100 1 206 household No CDS in 52 19 22 3 2 3 100 2 672 Area Urban 61 15 17 4 1 2 100 1 490 Rural 50 20 23 2 2 3 100 2 388 Age 10-19 100 - - - 100 1 342 20-34 63 10 20 5 - 2 100 1 196 35-49 8 39 43 4 1 - 5 100 638 50-64 3 48 39 1 5 1 3 100 467 65+ 1 37 33 17 11 100 235 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 58 21 16 2 3 100 858 High wealth 59 16 18 5 1 - 1 100 658 Medium wealth 54 18 21 2 2 2 100 768 Low wealth 53 17 23 1 4 2 100 821 Lowest wealth 47 18 26 3 2 - 5 100 773 Female Total 43 18 21 4 8 6 100 4 489 Child domestic servant in CDS in household 51 14 17 4 10 5 100 1 461 household No CDS in 41 18 22 4 8 7 100 3 028 Area Urban 47 15 16 4 8 1 9 100 1 925 Rural 40 20 24 3 8 4 100 2 564 Age 10-19 95 2 1 - - 1 100 1 412 20-34 41 14 31 8 1 6 100 1 395 35-49 5 42 33 2 4 1 14 100 739 50-64 1 34 23 29 2 11 100 584 65+ 3 16 14 1 58 7 100 359 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 49 19 14 3 8 1 6 100 1 106 High wealth 46 16 18 3 7 8 100 858 Medium wealth 41 17 21 5 8 7 100 878 Low wealth 37 20 27 3 8 6 100 848 Lowest wealth 39 17 28 3 10 4 100 799 n=All population aged 10 and older 22 1.5 Age of household head 15-34 35-49 50-64 65+ Total Total Sample size CDS in household Total 28 24 29 19 100 587 Area Urban 41 29 24 5 100 204 Rural 20 20 32 28 100 383 Gender of household head Male 27 29 30 14 100 294 Female 30 18 27 25 100 293 Literacy French and/or Creole of Literate 49 38 8 6 100 190 household head Partly literate 36 35 26 4 100 105 Illiterate 11 9 44 36 100 289 Highest level completed of household No education 6 6 48 40 100 238 head Incomplete primary 26 36 27 11 100 126 Primary 35 22 32 11 100 66 First cycle secondary 56 37 6 1 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 60 36 2 1 100 60 Vocational training/Other 54 36 4 6 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 23 52 19 6 100 133 High wealth 52 20 15 13 100 99 Medium wealth 28 16 37 19 100 111 Low wealth 24 10 41 26 100 124 Lowest wealth 11 16 37 36 100 120 No CDS in household Total 27 36 27 10 100 1 490 Area Urban 34 35 25 6 100 621 Rural 22 36 29 13 100 869 Gender of household head Male 28 37 27 8 100 815 Female 25 33 29 14 100 675 Literacy French and/or Creole of Literate 39 43 15 4 100 518 household head Partly literate 33 36 24 7 100 302 Illiterate 12 29 42 18 100 654 Highest level completed of household No education 10 27 43 20 100 528 head Incomplete primary 24 38 30 8 100 366 Primary 39 34 19 8 100 190 First cycle secondary 44 39 12 4 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 43 47 9 1 100 162 Vocational training/Other 17 53 29 - 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 28 41 22 9 100 293 High wealth 40 31 24 6 100 273 Medium wealth 28 37 28 7 100 321 Low wealth 20 35 30 15 100 295 Lowest wealth 17 35 33 15 100 308 n=All households 23 1.6 Gender of household head Male Female Total Total Sample size CDS in household Total 52 48 100 588 Area Urban 47 53 100 204 Rural 55 45 100 384 Age of household head 15-34 49 51 100 118 35-49 63 37 100 147 50-64 55 45 100 199 65+ 39 61 100 123 Literacy French and/or Literate 61 39 100 190 Creole of household head Partly literate 64 36 100 106 Illiterate 40 60 100 289 Highest level completed of No education 39 61 100 238 household head Incomplete primary 60 40 100 127 Primary 55 45 100 66 First cycle secondary 46 54 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 72 28 100 60 Vocational training/Other 88 12 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 55 45 100 133 High wealth 53 47 100 99 Medium wealth 31 69 100 111 Low wealth 57 43 100 124 Lowest wealth 63 37 100 121 No CDS in Total 61 39 100 1 490 household Area Urban 55 45 100 621 Rural 66 34 100 869 Age of household head 15-34 64 36 100 343 35-49 64 36 100 499 50-64 60 40 100 440 65+ 48 52 100 208 Literacy French and/or Literate 69 31 100 518 Creole of household head Partly literate 68 32 100 302 Illiterate 51 49 100 654 Highest level completed of No education 50 50 100 528 household head Incomplete primary 63 37 100 366 Primary 60 40 100 190 First cycle secondary 73 27 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 72 28 100 162 Vocational training/Other 68 32 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 60 40 100 293 High wealth 56 44 100 273 Medium wealth 54 46 100 321 Low wealth 66 34 100 295 Lowest wealth 70 30 100 308 n=All households 24 1.7 Spouse in household for female headed households Yes No Total Total Sample size CDS in household Total 24 76 100 293 Area Urban 29 71 100 109 Rural 21 79 100 184 Age of household 15-34 23 77 100 56 head 35-49 39 61 100 56 50-64 29 71 100 108 65+ 10 90 100 73 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 33 67 100 65 High wealth 24 76 100 51 Medium wealth 30 70 100 62 Low wealth 17 83 100 58 Lowest wealth 12 88 100 57 No CDS in household Total 29 71 100 675 Area Urban 17 83 100 316 Rural 39 61 100 359 Age of household 15-34 43 57 100 141 head 35-49 35 65 100 215 50-64 15 85 100 200 65+ 17 83 100 119 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 14 86 100 142 High wealth 25 75 100 136 Medium wealth 28 72 100 164 Low wealth 41 59 100 121 Lowest wealth 40 60 100 112 n=All female head of households 25 1.8 Size of household 1-3 4-5 6-7 8-10 11+ Total Total Sample size CDS in household Total 20 29 29 18 4 100 588 Area Urban 27 27 28 15 4 100 204 Rural 15 31 30 20 5 100 384 Gender of household head Male 17 26 32 20 5 100 295 Female 22 33 25 16 4 100 293 Age of household head 15-34 26 40 26 3 5 100 118 35-49 7 23 45 24 1 100 147 50-64 17 26 24 27 6 100 199 65+ 28 26 22 19 5 100 123 Highest level completed of household No education 20 29 25 22 4 100 238 head Incomplete primary 18 25 33 18 6 100 127 Primary 13 21 28 34 5 100 66 First cycle secondary 19 40 26 14 1 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 19 32 38 1 10 100 60 Vocational training/Other 16 32 41 12 - 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 8 33 39 17 3 100 133 High wealth 31 19 27 16 7 100 99 Medium wealth 19 35 27 13 6 100 111 Low wealth 18 30 21 27 5 100 124 Lowest wealth 23 30 29 16 2 100 121 No CDS in household Total 34 36 19 9 2 100 1 490 Area Urban 35 38 18 7 2 100 621 Rural 33 35 19 11 2 100 869 Gender of household head Male 36 36 17 10 2 100 815 Female 31 37 21 8 3 100 675 Age of household head 15-34 45 40 10 3 1 100 343 35-49 26 38 25 8 3 100 499 50-64 27 33 18 18 4 100 440 65+ 48 28 19 5 100 208 Highest level completed of household No education 34 33 20 11 2 100 528 head Incomplete primary 31 33 21 12 3 100 366 Primary 29 45 15 9 3 100 190 First cycle secondary 34 41 17 6 2 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 46 34 17 3 100 162 Vocational training/Other 47 40 5 8 - 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 31 38 20 8 3 100 293 High wealth 38 41 12 7 2 100 273 Medium wealth 36 31 24 7 2 100 321 Low wealth 30 34 21 13 2 100 295 Lowest wealth 34 37 16 11 2 100 308 n=All households 26 1.9 Dependency ratio 0-0.2 0.2-0.4 0.4-1 Total Total Sample size CDS in household Total 13 39 49 100 588 Area Urban 22 46 33 100 204 Rural 7 34 59 100 384 Gender of household head Male 16 39 45 100 295 Female 9 38 53 100 293 Age of household head 15-34 21 32 47 100 118 35-49 8 48 44 100 147 50-64 15 49 36 100 199 65+ 3 20 77 100 123 Highest level completed of household No education 9 28 63 100 238 head Incomplete primary 12 41 47 100 127 Primary 14 48 37 100 66 First cycle secondary 17 37 46 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 18 51 31 100 60 Vocational training/Other 9 50 40 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 14 51 36 100 133 High wealth 28 39 33 100 99 Medium wealth 6 33 61 100 111 Low wealth 3 44 53 100 124 Lowest wealth 9 23 67 100 121 No CDS in household Total 27 32 41 100 1 490 Area Urban 35 36 29 100 621 Rural 21 29 50 100 869 Gender of household head Male 26 33 41 100 815 Female 28 30 42 100 675 Age of household head 15-34 29 29 43 100 343 35-49 22 35 43 100 499 50-64 41 34 26 100 440 65+ 3 24 73 100 208 Highest level completed of household No education 23 30 48 100 528 head Incomplete primary 23 33 44 100 366 Primary 27 30 43 100 190 First cycle secondary 32 35 33 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 39 32 29 100 162 Vocational training/Other 45 33 22 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 31 43 26 100 293 High wealth 34 39 27 100 273 Medium wealth 32 22 46 100 321 Low wealth 15 32 53 100 295 Lowest wealth 21 24 55 100 308 27 1.10 Child dependency ratio 0-0.2 0.2-0.4 0.4-1 Total Total Sample size CDS in household Total 19 43 38 100 588 Area Urban 26 47 27 100 204 Rural 14 41 44 100 384 Gender of household head Male 20 41 39 100 295 Female 18 46 37 100 293 Age of household head 15-34 21 33 46 100 118 35-49 9 50 41 100 147 50-64 17 52 31 100 199 65+ 30 38 33 100 123 Highest level completed of household No education 22 39 39 100 238 head Incomplete primary 16 43 41 100 127 Primary 16 49 34 100 66 First cycle secondary 17 39 43 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 19 51 29 100 60 Vocational training/Other 15 54 30 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 17 51 32 100 133 High wealth 35 40 26 100 99 Medium wealth 14 43 43 100 111 Low wealth 9 48 43 100 124 Lowest wealth 17 34 49 100 121 No CDS in household Total 37 31 32 100 1 490 Area Urban 42 33 25 100 621 Rural 33 30 37 100 869 Gender of household head Male 35 33 33 100 815 Female 40 29 31 100 675 Age of household head 15-34 31 28 41 100 343 35-49 25 35 41 100 499 50-64 47 32 21 100 440 65+ 69 23 8 100 208 Highest level completed of household No education 39 31 30 100 528 head Incomplete primary 32 32 36 100 366 Primary 36 27 37 100 190 First cycle secondary 39 32 29 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 40 33 28 100 162 Vocational training/Other 45 36 19 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 39 42 19 100 293 High wealth 41 36 23 100 273 Medium wealth 39 20 41 100 321 Low wealth 27 33 40 100 295 Lowest wealth 37 25 37 100 308 28 1.11 Highest completed education, 18 and older Vocational Incomplete Lower Philo/ training/ No education primary Primary secondary Rheto University Other Total Total Sample size Male Total 21 22 18 21 5 12 1 100 2 709 Child domestic servant in CDS in household 20 21 16 21 4 17 1 100 761 household No CDS in household 21 23 18 20 6 12 1 100 1 948 Area Urban 7 13 17 30 9 23 2 100 1 076 Rural 30 28 18 14 3 6 1 100 1 633 Age 18-34 8 18 22 29 7 15 1 100 1 421 35-49 21 24 14 17 6 15 2 100 614 50-64 42 35 10 7 1 3 1 100 448 65+ 66 18 11 4 - 2 100 226 Literacy French and/or Creole Literate 9 22 33 10 23 2 100 1 443 Partly literate 1 57 28 12 2 100 485 Illiterate 76 23 1 - 100 748 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 3 7 15 27 10 33 4 100 643 High wealth 6 16 20 31 9 17 1 100 467 Medium wealth 16 28 19 26 5 6 100 524 Low wealth 34 32 21 9 2 2 100 543 Lowest wealth 45 31 13 10 1 1 100 532 Female Total 30 22 16 18 4 10 1 100 3 311 Child domestic servant in CDS in household 35 19 14 18 3 11 1 100 944 household No CDS in household 29 22 16 18 4 10 1 100 2 367 Area Urban 16 18 17 23 7 18 1 100 1 443 Rural 41 25 15 14 2 4 100 1 868 Age 18-34 10 20 21 26 6 16 1 100 1 651 35-49 32 29 14 13 3 7 1 100 731 50-64 67 20 6 3 3 1 100 575 65+ 82 11 4 3 - 100 354 Literacy French and/or Creole Literate 1 10 22 35 9 23 1 100 1 451 Partly literate 2 57 29 10 1 100 560 Illiterate 77 20 2 - 100 1 290 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 10 14 14 23 10 27 1 100 795 High wealth 19 17 18 26 5 14 1 100 640 Medium wealth 27 28 18 22 1 3 1 100 667 Low wealth 43 29 16 9 2 1 100 634 Lowest wealth 60 21 12 5 1 1 1 100 575 n=All population aged 18 and older 29 1.12 Literacy Creole and/or French, 18 and older Literate Partly literate Illiterate Total Total Sample size Male Total 54 19 27 100 2 719 Child domestic servant in household CDS in household 54 19 27 100 771 No CDS in household 53 20 27 100 1 948 Area Urban 73 16 11 100 1 078 Rural 41 22 38 100 1 641 Age 18-34 69 19 13 100 1 405 35-49 53 20 27 100 623 50-64 23 23 54 100 458 65+ 14 16 70 100 233 Highest level completed No education 1 99 100 563 Incomplete primary 23 49 28 100 607 Primary 68 31 1 100 435 Lower secondary 88 11 1 100 543 Rheto 100 - 100 137 Philo/University 98 2 100 339 Vocational training/Other 97 1 2 100 52 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 83 10 7 100 646 High wealth 72 18 9 100 472 Medium wealth 55 22 23 100 523 Low wealth 34 23 44 100 541 Lowest wealth 21 25 54 100 537 Female Total 45 16 38 100 3 325 Child domestic servant in household CDS in household 42 15 43 100 950 No CDS in household 46 17 37 100 2 375 Area Urban 61 15 24 100 1 454 Rural 33 18 49 100 1 871 Age 18-34 65 18 18 100 1 651 35-49 37 20 44 100 734 50-64 13 13 74 100 583 65+ 7 5 88 100 357 Highest level completed No education 1 1 98 100 1 027 Incomplete primary 21 44 35 100 669 Primary 64 31 5 100 514 Lower secondary 91 9 100 592 Rheto 97 3 100 152 Philo/University 100 - 100 307 Vocational training/Other 74 3 23 100 40 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 71 12 17 100 807 High wealth 59 16 24 100 645 Medium wealth 43 20 36 100 668 Low wealth 26 18 56 100 632 Lowest wealth 17 16 67 100 573 n=All population aged 18 and older 30 1.13 Literacy Creole, 18 and older Literate Partly literate Illiterate Total Total Sample size Male Total 51 21 27 100 2 739 Child domestic servant in household CDS in household 52 21 27 100 773 No CDS in household 51 21 27 100 1 966 Area Urban 69 19 12 100 1 089 Rural 40 22 38 100 1 650 Age 18-34 66 21 13 100 1 417 35-49 52 20 28 100 625 50-64 21 24 55 100 462 65+ 12 17 71 100 235 Highest level completed No education 1 99 100 563 Incomplete primary 22 49 29 100 613 Primary 67 31 2 100 440 Lower secondary 81 18 1 100 547 Rheto 95 5 - 100 137 Philo/University 97 3 100 338 Vocational training/Other 95 2 3 100 52 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 80 12 8 100 646 High wealth 69 21 10 100 475 Medium wealth 53 24 23 100 532 Low wealth 33 24 44 100 546 Lowest wealth 20 26 54 100 540 Female Total 44 17 39 100 3 328 Child domestic servant in household CDS in household 40 17 43 100 950 No CDS in household 45 17 38 100 2 378 Area Urban 59 16 26 100 1 456 Rural 32 18 50 100 1 872 Age 18-34 63 19 18 100 1 652 35-49 35 19 46 100 736 50-64 11 14 75 100 583 65+ 7 3 91 100 357 Highest level completed No education 1 1 98 100 1 027 Incomplete primary 20 42 38 100 671 Primary 61 33 6 100 515 Lower secondary 88 11 1 100 592 Rheto 94 4 2 100 152 Philo/University 98 1 100 307 Vocational training/Other 70 6 24 100 40 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 68 13 19 100 807 High wealth 58 17 26 100 646 Medium wealth 42 21 37 100 668 Low wealth 26 18 56 100 633 Lowest wealth 17 16 68 100 574 n=All population aged 18 and older 31 1.14 Literacy French, 18 and older Literate Partly literate Illiterate Total Total Sample size Male Total 40 22 38 100 2 718 Child domestic servant in household CDS in household 43 23 34 100 766 No CDS in household 40 22 39 100 1 952 Area Urban 59 22 19 100 1 080 Rural 27 22 51 100 1 638 Age 18-34 52 26 21 100 1 405 35-49 41 17 43 100 622 50-64 15 17 68 100 458 65+ 5 19 77 100 233 Highest level completed No education 99 100 565 Incomplete primary 7 34 60 100 607 Primary 34 51 15 100 435 Lower secondary 73 22 4 100 540 Rheto 93 2 5 100 136 Philo/University 97 3 100 340 Vocational training/Other 95 1 3 100 52 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 75 14 11 100 646 High wealth 54 27 18 100 473 Medium wealth 36 30 34 100 521 Low wealth 21 22 57 100 544 Lowest wealth 11 17 72 100 534 Female Total 34 19 47 100 3 323 Child domestic servant in household CDS in household 31 20 50 100 948 No CDS in household 35 19 46 100 2 375 Area Urban 49 20 31 100 1 455 Rural 22 18 59 100 1 868 Age 18-34 51 21 28 100 1 646 35-49 25 21 53 100 736 50-64 7 13 80 100 584 65+ 3 7 90 100 357 Highest level completed No education 1 99 100 1 028 Incomplete primary 5 30 64 100 668 Primary 34 50 16 100 513 Lower secondary 77 21 2 100 591 Rheto 84 16 100 152 Philo/University 99 1 - 100 307 Vocational training/Other 71 6 23 100 40 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 61 18 21 100 808 High wealth 46 22 32 100 644 Medium wealth 30 21 48 100 667 Low wealth 16 19 65 100 630 Lowest wealth 8 14 78 100 574 n=All population aged 18 and older 32 Chapter 2 Child population, aged 5–17 Main findings: Being orphaned drastically increases the likelihood that a child becomes a domestic worker. Among the children defined as domestic workers, only 60 percent have both their parents alive. Twenty- seven percent have lost either their mother or their father, while 11 percent have lost both. Some children do not know if their parents are still alive. In comparison, 85 percent of non-domestic children have one or both parents alive. Only one percent of non-domestic children are double orphans, indicating that losing both parents make children particularly vulnerable to domesticity. Most of child domestic workers live with family member. In fact, three out of four child domestics have some family relation to the head of the household where they live. Almost one-in-three live with grandparents. That child domestics tend to stay with family is also reflected in the fact that 22 percent are born into the household where they currently live. This means that the child has not moved into the household, but that the parents have moved out or died. Two-thirds still live in the same department as they were born and almost half of child domestic workers still live in their birth commune. However, children are much more likely to cross the departmental borders to move into an urban area. Half of the child domestic workers living in an urban area have moved there from another department, while this is the case for only one-in-five children in a rural area. Two-thirds of the child domestic workers knew the members of their new household well before moving in with them. Twenty-three percent did not know them at all. The likelihood of a child moving into domesticity in a household he or she does not know, is twice as high in the urban (32 percent) as in the rural (16 percent) area. The children moving into domesticity in urban areas are also on average older when moving into the household, than child domestics in rural areas. Twenty percent of child domestic workers with parents alive, report to be in contact with them daily. An additional 37 percent are in contact with them weekly, while 15 percent have lost contact with their parents. The youngest children and children who are not enrolled in school are most likely to lose contact with their parents. The most frequent type of parental contact is that the parents visit the child. Two-thirds of the child domestic workers, who respond to have been in contact with their parents during the last 12 months, have received visits in their current household. The youngest children and children living in rural areas are most likely to be visited by parents. Almost half of the children are visiting their parents. The majority of households housing children separated from their parents, whether defined as child domestic workers or not, receive gifts from the children’s parents. The most common is compensation in money, but agricultural products, clothes, shoes and household items are also frequent gifts. As is to be expected, households more frequently receive money on behalf of children that are enrolled in school. Nevertheless, more than 40 percent of households with child domestic workers not enrolled in school do also receive money from the children’s parental households. Very few transactions go from the households where the children are living and back to their parents. This 33 indicates that the households taking in children are compensated for their board and lodging. Not that the parents are compensated for their work effort. The main reason given by the household respondents as to why the children, post-survey defined as domestic workers, moved into their households is economic problems in child’s former household (24 percent), followed by social problems and death of parents (both 16 percent). For the child to go to school and to do domestic work are also frequent reasons given (14 percent and 13 percent). To go to school is a much more frequently given reason in urban areas, while death of parents is more frequently reported as a reason in rural areas. It is interesting to note the gender differences in the reasons given. The arrival of a male child domestic worker is twice as likely to be explained by economic or social problems in his former household, while the arrival of female child domestic worker is more likely to be explained by the death of parents, that she came to do domestic work or go to school. A slight majority of the child domestic workers comes from households that are poorer than the one where they currently live. This is in line with the common perception that child domestic workers are children sent from poor households to, at times marginally, more affluent households. However, one-in-three of the domestic workers are living in a household which is of the same economic status as their original household, while 11 percent have actually moved in to a poorer household. Around half of the child domestic workers report that the quality of life in their current household is better than in their original household, while only 16 percent consider their current life to be worse. This is also indicated in that 43 percent of children identified as domestic workers do not want to return to their household of origin if given the alternative. Almost all children (95 percent) have issued a birth certificate, but child domestic workers are less likely than other children to have them available in the house. While 68 percent of non-domestic children have access to their birth certificate, 52 percent of child domestic workers have the certificate available in the household where they live. However, most of the child domestics have access to some identification, such as birth certificate, school report or vaccination card. Thirteen percent have not access to any form of identification papers. 34 2.1 Relationship to head of household Son/ Adopted or Sister’s Brother’s Sibling of Son/daughter Other Other relative Other non- daughter foster child Godchild child child Sibling spouse Restavèk Cousin in law Grandchild relative of spouse relative Total Sample Total size Child domestic Total - 5 9 7 8 3 5 7 32 5 4 16 100 727 servant Area Urban - 4 - 10 10 15 4 9 13 - 15 4 3 13 100 228 Rural - 5 9 5 3 2 4 4 41 5 4 17 100 499 Gender Male - 2 9 9 8 2 2 5 1 43 4 4 12 100 297 Female - 7 9 6 7 3 8 9 24 5 4 19 100 430 Age 5-9 - 3 - 4 5 1 1 11 1 - 60 3 2 9 100 148 10-14 - 3 9 7 7 4 5 7 26 5 6 19 100 378 15-17 - 8 1 12 7 13 2 3 10 1 23 4 2 15 100 201 Current school Attending - 3 9 6 9 3 5 6 34 5 3 15 100 518 attendance school Not - 9 - 9 9 4 3 6 9 - 26 3 5 17 100 209 Wealth quintiles attending Highest - 10 - 5 5 1 6 15 13 - 6 7 6 28 100 151 wealth High - - 1 10 16 26 1 2 10 - 16 1 3 14 100 113 wealth Medium - 2 1 8 6 7 1 6 8 1 38 2 3 15 100 136 wealth Low - 7 - 17 3 1 2 4 2 - 45 8 5 6 100 161 wealth Lowest - 4 - 6 4 2 3 1 3 55 4 2 16 100 166 Non-servant child Total wealth 72 4 1 1 1 5 11 1 1 2 100 2 777 Area Urban 63 7 2 3 2 4 12 1 1 3 100 1 016 Rural 76 3 1 1 5 10 1 1 2 100 1 761 Gender Male 70 5 2 2 1 5 12 1 1 2 100 1 439 Female 75 4 1 1 1 4 9 1 1 2 100 1 338 Age 5-9 70 1 4 1 - 3 17 1 1 1 100 1 118 10-14 72 4 1 2 1 7 8 1 3 100 1 006 15-17 76 5 2 2 1 1 2 4 3 1 1 1 100 653 Current school Attending 73 4 1 1 1 4 10 1 1 2 100 2 092 attendance school Not 67 4 1 1 1 5 13 1 3 100 684 Wealth quintiles attending Highest 54 2 10 3 2 2 5 13 1 1 5 100 551 wealth High 69 6 1 3 2 2 10 1 2 3 100 458 wealth Medium 70 3 2 8 11 1 1 1 100 567 wealth Low 76 - 3 1 1 4 12 1 1 100 598 wealth Lowest 86 - 1 1 1 - - 3 7 1 100 603 n=All children aged 5-17 wealth 1 2.2 Orphanhood Maternal Paternal Double No Do not know Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 10 17 11 60 1 100 727 Area Urban 10 13 9 67 1 100 228 Rural 11 20 12 56 2 100 499 Gender Male 11 16 10 61 1 100 297 Female 10 18 12 59 2 100 430 Age 5-9 6 25 3 63 2 100 148 10-14 10 14 11 64 2 100 378 15-17 14 18 16 51 1 100 201 Current school attendance Attending school 11 16 10 62 2 100 518 Not attending school 9 21 14 56 1 100 209 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 8 21 10 61 1 100 151 High wealth 13 7 6 73 1 100 113 Medium wealth 8 13 18 59 1 100 136 Low wealth 11 25 8 55 1 100 161 Lowest wealth 11 20 14 50 4 100 166 Non-servant child Total 4 8 1 85 1 100 2 777 Area Urban 7 8 1 82 2 100 1 016 Rural 3 8 1 87 1 100 1 761 Gender Male 5 9 1 83 2 100 1 439 Female 3 7 1 88 1 100 1 338 Age 5-9 3 6 1 89 1 100 1 118 10-14 4 7 1 87 2 100 1 006 15-17 7 13 2 77 1 100 653 Current school attendance Attending school 5 8 1 86 1 100 2 092 Not attending school 4 9 2 84 1 100 684 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 6 9 2 80 2 100 551 High wealth 5 7 2 83 3 100 458 Medium wealth 2 10 1 87 100 567 Low wealth 4 6 1 88 1 100 598 Lowest wealth 4 8 87 100 603 n=All children aged 5-17 36 2.3 Birth certificate Yes, available in Yes, but not house available No Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 52 42 6 100 726 Area Urban 58 39 3 100 227 Rural 49 43 8 100 499 Gender Male 47 46 6 100 297 Female 55 39 6 100 429 Age 5-9 58 30 12 100 148 10-14 47 47 6 100 377 15-17 55 41 3 100 201 Current school attendance Attending school 55 41 3 100 518 Not attending school 45 43 12 100 208 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 64 30 6 100 150 High wealth 47 50 3 100 113 Medium wealth 57 37 6 100 136 Low wealth 55 39 6 100 161 Lowest wealth 37 52 10 100 166 Non-servant child Total 68 27 5 100 2 776 Area Urban 68 30 2 100 1 016 Rural 68 26 6 100 1 760 Gender Male 67 29 4 100 1 439 Female 69 26 6 100 1 337 Age 5-9 69 26 5 100 1 117 10-14 69 26 5 100 1 006 15-17 64 32 4 100 653 Current school attendance Attending school 72 26 2 100 2 092 Not attending school 56 33 12 100 683 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 72 26 2 100 551 High wealth 64 34 2 100 458 Medium wealth 71 26 3 100 566 Low wealth 71 24 6 100 598 Lowest wealth 62 28 10 100 603 n=All children aged 5-17 37 2.4 Number of moves since birth Never 1 time 2-3 times 4+ times Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 20 54 24 1 100 493 Area Urban 9 53 36 2 100 165 Rural 26 54 18 1 100 328 Gender Male 36 49 12 3 100 198 Female 10 57 33 100 295 Age 5-9 25 46 29 - 100 103 10-14 16 62 20 2 100 253 15-17 25 46 27 2 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 24 55 19 1 100 341 Not attending school 12 51 35 2 100 152 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 3 58 38 1 100 105 High wealth 25 54 20 2 100 82 Medium wealth 27 46 26 2 100 91 Low wealth 14 60 23 3 100 105 Lowest wealth 33 51 16 - 100 110 Non-servant child Total 71 17 10 2 100 1 100 Area Urban 60 19 18 3 100 457 Rural 77 15 6 2 100 643 Gender Male 69 20 9 3 100 583 Female 74 14 12 100 517 Age 5-9 78 16 5 100 442 10-14 66 18 14 2 100 390 15-17 67 16 12 5 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 71 18 10 1 100 842 Not attending school 72 13 10 5 100 257 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 62 19 18 1 100 234 High wealth 57 23 18 3 100 200 Medium wealth 66 20 12 2 100 232 Low wealth 78 15 4 4 100 218 Lowest wealth 87 10 3 100 216 n=All selected children aged 5-17 38 2.5 Possession of ID Birth Baptismal Vaccination certificate certificate School report card Other No Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 84 4 17 13 13 100 488 Area Urban 87 3 25 9 1 11 100 165 Rural 82 5 13 16 14 100 323 Gender Male 81 3 22 12 - 14 100 196 Female 86 5 14 14 1 12 100 292 Age 5-9 83 4 9 12 9 100 99 10-14 83 3 22 12 15 100 253 15-17 86 6 15 16 1 13 100 136 Current school attendance Attending school 86 5 20 12 12 100 338 Not attending school 78 2 12 17 16 100 150 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 91 4 15 9 - 9 100 106 High wealth 88 4 25 8 1 10 100 81 Medium wealth 83 4 27 30 - 14 100 91 Low wealth 80 5 12 11 16 100 102 Lowest wealth 77 5 9 12 - 18 100 108 Non-servant child Total 89 11 25 24 3 8 100 1 092 Area Urban 91 13 25 21 4 5 100 455 Rural 89 10 25 25 2 9 100 637 Gender Male 91 11 26 24 2 7 100 578 Female 88 11 25 24 4 9 100 514 Age 5-9 87 8 19 27 2 8 100 435 10-14 91 11 29 22 2 8 100 389 15-17 91 16 30 21 7 5 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 91 13 28 24 3 6 100 838 Not attending school 83 5 17 22 3 12 100 253 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 91 13 23 23 4 8 100 233 High wealth 94 13 28 29 5 2 100 198 Medium wealth 92 8 28 21 3 3 100 232 Low wealth 93 14 28 27 2 5 100 215 Lowest wealth 80 7 20 19 2 17 100 214 n=All selected children aged 5-17 39 2.6 Parents living in household Only Only Both parents mother father None Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total - - - 100 100 494 Area Urban - - - 100 100 166 Rural - - - 100 100 328 Gender Male - - - 100 100 199 Female - - - 100 100 295 Age 5-9 - - - 100 100 103 10-14 - - - 100 100 254 15-17 - - - 100 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school - - - 100 100 341 Not attending school - - - 100 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - - - 100 100 106 High wealth - - - 100 100 82 Medium wealth - - - 100 100 91 Low wealth - - - 100 100 105 Lowest wealth - - - 100 100 110 Non-servant child Total 51 28 7 14 100 1 104 Area Urban 36 36 8 19 100 458 Rural 59 23 7 12 100 646 Gender Male 48 28 7 17 100 585 Female 54 27 8 11 100 519 Age 5-9 52 24 10 14 100 446 10-14 50 31 6 14 100 390 15-17 50 27 6 17 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 53 25 8 14 100 843 Not attending school 44 36 4 15 100 260 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 37 27 7 29 100 234 High wealth 37 34 11 18 100 200 Medium wealth 43 35 5 16 100 233 Low wealth 55 30 6 9 100 219 Lowest wealth 74 14 8 4 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 40 2.7 Residence of mother Other household Other commune Same in same in same Other Mother household commune department department Abroad dead Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total - 21 17 32 11 19 100 485 Area Urban - 14 16 49 6 15 100 162 Rural - 25 18 23 14 21 100 323 Gender Male - 22 19 24 17 19 100 194 Female - 21 16 37 8 18 100 291 Age 5-9 - 21 16 39 12 11 100 101 10-14 - 23 18 36 9 14 100 247 15-17 - 18 16 21 14 31 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school - 23 20 31 11 15 100 338 Not attending school - 18 12 33 11 26 100 147 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 12 10 60 9 9 100 104 High wealth - 14 26 29 11 20 100 81 Medium wealth - 22 23 9 21 24 100 89 Low wealth - 25 15 29 10 22 100 104 Lowest wealth - 35 12 27 8 19 100 107 Non-servant child Total 78 6 4 4 2 6 100 1 090 Area Urban 73 7 3 6 3 8 100 449 Rural 82 5 4 2 2 5 100 641 Gender Male 76 5 5 4 3 6 100 578 Female 81 6 2 3 1 6 100 512 Age 5-9 77 7 4 4 3 5 100 435 10-14 81 4 4 4 2 5 100 388 15-17 77 6 2 3 2 10 100 267 Current school attendance Attending school 78 6 3 4 2 7 100 838 Not attending school 82 5 5 1 2 5 100 251 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 64 7 6 6 5 11 100 230 High wealth 71 10 3 6 3 7 100 197 Medium wealth 79 4 6 5 2 4 100 230 Low wealth 85 3 4 2 1 5 100 217 Lowest wealth 88 5 1 1 1 4 100 216 n=All selected children aged 5-17, not living with mother 41 2.8 Ability to locate mother's house Yes Probably No Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 38 6 56 100 386 servant Area Urban 35 6 59 100 135 Rural 39 6 55 100 251 Gender Male 35 7 58 100 148 Female 40 5 55 100 238 Age 5-9 18 5 77 100 87 10-14 38 2 59 100 192 15-17 51 13 35 100 107 Current school Attending school 41 5 54 100 272 attendance Not attending school 29 7 64 100 114 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 21 5 74 100 90 High wealth 35 11 54 100 61 Medium wealth 47 2 52 100 68 Low wealth 44 2 54 100 84 Lowest wealth 47 7 47 100 83 Non-servant child Total 37 6 57 100 383 Area Urban 40 7 53 100 184 Rural 34 6 60 100 199 Gender Male 34 7 59 100 214 Female 42 5 54 100 169 Age 5-9 24 2 74 100 169 10-14 31 11 58 100 120 15-17 76 8 16 100 94 Current school Attending school 39 8 53 100 309 attendance Not attending school 29 - 71 100 73 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 27 4 70 100 102 High wealth 44 10 47 100 84 Medium wealth 25 11 64 100 89 Low wealth 50 2 48 100 65 Lowest wealth 55 1 44 100 43 n=All selected children aged 5-17, not living with mother 42 2.9 Residence of father Other household Other commune Same in same in same Other household commune department department Abroad Father dead Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total - 27 20 20 13 21 100 478 Area Urban - 21 26 33 6 14 100 161 Rural - 30 17 13 16 24 100 317 Gender Male - 34 23 9 14 20 100 192 Female - 22 18 28 11 21 100 286 Age 5-9 - 16 16 26 25 16 100 97 10-14 - 27 23 21 9 20 100 248 15-17 - 33 18 15 10 24 100 133 Current school attendance Attending school - 28 24 19 10 19 100 329 Not attending school - 23 12 22 18 24 100 149 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 7 8 57 7 21 100 102 High wealth - 36 44 9 2 8 100 80 Medium wealth - 42 17 12 8 21 100 89 Low wealth - 16 16 14 30 24 100 104 Lowest wealth - 33 10 8 18 31 100 103 Non-servant child Total 60 14 5 7 5 9 100 1 050 Area Urban 47 19 9 9 7 9 100 421 Rural 67 11 3 6 4 9 100 629 Gender Male 57 14 6 7 6 10 100 555 Female 63 14 4 7 4 7 100 495 Age 5-9 64 11 4 7 6 9 100 415 10-14 57 18 7 9 4 5 100 374 15-17 56 13 6 6 5 14 100 261 Current school attendance Attending school 62 11 6 8 5 8 100 809 Not attending school 51 24 4 6 4 12 100 240 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 46 16 5 16 11 8 100 215 High wealth 51 13 13 4 7 13 100 185 Medium wealth 50 21 7 10 3 10 100 226 Low wealth 62 18 3 7 3 7 100 213 Lowest wealth 83 5 1 2 2 7 100 211 n=All selected children aged 5-17, not living with father 43 2.10 Ability to locate father's house Yes Probably No Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 41 8 51 100 346 servant Area Urban 40 14 47 100 119 Rural 42 4 54 100 227 Gender Male 40 14 45 100 136 Female 42 3 55 100 210 Age 5-9 18 3 78 100 78 10-14 41 9 50 100 173 15-17 57 9 34 100 95 Current school Attending school 42 10 48 100 238 attendance Not attending school 39 4 57 100 108 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 17 8 75 100 75 High wealth 47 18 36 100 62 Medium wealth 68 - 32 100 68 Low wealth 29 2 69 100 69 Lowest wealth 50 6 44 100 72 Non-servant child Total 43 5 52 100 506 Area Urban 42 7 52 100 239 Rural 44 4 52 100 267 Gender Male 45 1 54 100 266 Female 41 10 49 100 240 Age 5-9 29 5 67 100 204 10-14 44 5 52 100 180 15-17 62 7 31 100 122 Current school Attending school 41 4 55 100 387 attendance Not attending school 50 9 42 100 118 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 33 7 60 100 133 High wealth 30 8 62 100 99 Medium wealth 54 2 44 100 122 Low wealth 53 6 41 100 100 Lowest wealth 45 2 53 100 52 n=All selected children aged 5-17, not living with father 44 2.11 Residence at birth Other household Other commune Same in same in same Other household commune department department Abroad Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 22 24 22 31 1 100 487 Area Urban 13 12 26 48 100 163 Rural 27 30 19 22 2 100 324 Gender Male 37 24 19 19 2 100 196 Female 12 24 24 39 1 100 291 Age 5-9 34 22 13 27 4 100 101 10-14 16 27 23 33 1 100 249 15-17 25 21 24 30 - 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 25 23 22 28 1 100 338 Not attending school 16 25 20 38 1 100 149 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 3 13 14 69 - 100 103 High wealth 25 13 33 30 - 100 82 Medium wealth 27 22 37 12 2 100 91 Low wealth 22 35 12 26 4 100 103 Lowest wealth 34 38 12 15 1 100 108 Non-servant child Total 60 17 9 12 1 100 744 Area Urban 53 18 11 16 1 100 349 Rural 65 17 8 10 1 100 395 Gender Male 55 20 12 12 2 100 405 Female 66 15 6 13 1 100 339 Age 5-9 63 14 9 11 3 100 297 10-14 54 19 12 14 1 100 256 15-17 62 19 6 12 100 191 Current school attendance Attending school 58 18 10 13 1 100 564 Not attending school 65 15 8 11 2 100 179 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 48 16 11 23 2 100 183 High wealth 53 22 14 9 2 100 155 Medium wealth 54 17 11 17 1 100 166 Low wealth 69 21 6 4 1 100 142 Lowest wealth 87 7 5 1 100 98 n=All selected children aged 5-17 45 2.12 Born in urban or rural area Urban Rural Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 30 70 100 387 servant Area Urban 37 63 100 148 Rural 25 75 100 239 Gender Male 41 59 100 132 Female 24 76 100 255 Age 5-9 47 53 100 65 10-14 25 75 100 206 15-17 28 72 100 116 Current school Attending school 30 70 100 265 attendance Not attending school 29 71 100 122 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 33 67 100 99 High wealth 43 57 100 69 Medium wealth 23 77 100 71 Low wealth 18 82 100 80 Lowest wealth 26 74 100 68 Non-servant child Total 48 52 100 398 Area Urban 60 40 100 225 Rural 35 65 100 173 Gender Male 48 52 100 217 Female 48 52 100 181 Age 5-9 42 58 100 141 10-14 51 49 100 143 15-17 51 49 100 114 Current school Attending school 48 52 100 317 attendance Not attending school 48 52 100 80 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 61 39 100 126 High wealth 61 39 100 103 Medium wealth 48 52 100 88 Low wealth 12 88 100 55 Lowest wealth 13 87 100 26 n=All selected children aged 5-17, not born in current household 46 2.13 Did you know members of your new household before moving Yes, well Yes, a little No Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 66 11 23 100 388 servant Area Urban 60 8 32 100 148 Rural 70 14 16 100 240 Gender Male 68 10 22 100 133 Female 65 12 23 100 255 Age 5-9 56 8 36 100 65 10-14 67 10 23 100 208 15-17 71 15 14 100 115 Current school Attending school 64 9 27 100 267 attendance Not attending school 71 15 13 100 121 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 56 7 36 100 99 High wealth 68 9 23 100 69 Medium wealth 77 10 13 100 71 Low wealth 61 16 23 100 84 Lowest wealth 74 16 9 100 65 Non-servant child Total 76 7 17 100 395 Area Urban 75 6 19 100 225 Rural 77 9 15 100 170 Gender Male 78 7 16 100 206 Female 73 8 19 100 189 Age 5-9 69 3 28 100 141 10-14 78 9 13 100 141 15-17 81 10 9 100 113 Current school Attending school 79 7 15 100 314 attendance Not attending school 66 9 25 100 80 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 59 11 30 100 127 High wealth 78 8 14 100 103 Medium wealth 82 6 12 100 88 Low wealth 92 2 6 100 53 Lowest wealth 82 6 12 100 24 n=All selected children aged 5-17, not born in current household 47 2.14 Age in years when arriving household 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-17 Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 19 32 39 10 100 520 servant Area Urban 16 27 46 11 100 184 Rural 20 36 34 10 100 336 Gender Male 22 34 38 6 100 187 Female 17 31 39 13 100 333 Age 5-9 35 65 - - 100 91 10-14 20 34 46 - 100 277 15-17 7 11 50 33 100 152 Wealth Highest wealth 7 31 52 10 100 127 quintiles High wealth 20 35 30 15 100 90 Medium wealth 16 29 42 13 100 98 Low wealth 20 39 36 4 100 109 Lowest wealth 34 27 30 9 100 96 Non-servant child Total 36 24 33 8 100 443 Area Urban 30 23 38 9 100 229 Rural 42 26 27 6 100 214 Gender Male 37 23 32 9 100 231 Female 34 26 34 5 100 212 Age 5-9 63 37 - - 100 165 10-14 27 20 53 - 100 156 15-17 17 15 44 25 100 122 Wealth Highest wealth 36 18 35 11 100 153 quintiles High wealth 29 21 46 4 100 100 Medium wealth 30 41 20 10 100 100 Low wealth 52 22 25 2 100 62 Lowest wealth 57 27 12 4 100 28 n=All separated children 48 2.15 Location of last place of living Other household Other commune in same in same Other Dominican Other commune department department Republic abroad Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 42 28 28 2 - 100 519 servant Area Urban 30 24 44 2 - 100 183 Rural 50 30 17 2 - 100 336 Gender Male 41 28 29 2 - 100 187 Female 43 28 27 2 - 100 332 Age 5-9 38 19 38 5 - 100 91 10-14 43 27 28 3 - 100 276 15-17 44 35 21 - - 100 152 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 35 20 43 2 - 100 126 High wealth 25 36 39 - 100 90 Medium wealth 42 42 14 1 - 100 98 Low wealth 44 22 29 4 - 100 109 Lowest wealth 69 22 7 3 - 100 96 Non-servant child Total 40 25 28 8 100 442 Area Urban 32 27 35 6 100 229 Rural 49 21 20 10 - 100 213 Gender Male 43 20 27 10 - 100 230 Female 35 31 30 4 100 212 Age 5-9 35 20 29 15 100 164 10-14 40 33 21 7 - 100 156 15-17 44 19 35 1 - 100 122 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 21 29 41 9 100 153 High wealth 34 29 27 10 - 100 99 Medium wealth 58 23 14 5 - 100 100 Low wealth 68 8 17 7 - 100 62 Lowest wealth 56 16 21 7 - 100 28 n=All separated children 49 2.16 Last place of living urban or rural Urban Rural Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 37 63 100 517 servant Area Urban 56 44 100 184 Rural 25 75 100 333 Gender Male 39 61 100 186 Female 36 64 100 331 Age 5-9 53 47 100 89 10-14 35 65 100 277 15-17 32 68 100 151 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 50 50 100 127 High wealth 54 46 100 90 Medium wealth 28 72 100 97 Low wealth 24 76 100 107 Lowest wealth 24 76 100 96 Non-servant child Total 52 48 100 438 Area Urban 60 40 100 228 Rural 42 58 100 210 Gender Male 50 50 100 228 Female 55 45 100 210 Age 5-9 60 40 100 161 10-14 49 51 100 155 15-17 47 53 100 122 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 66 34 100 152 High wealth 56 44 100 99 Medium wealth 45 55 100 99 Low wealth 23 77 100 60 Lowest wealth 30 70 100 28 n=All separated children 50 2.17 Lived with parents at last place of living Only mother Only father Both parents No parents Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 34 7 41 18 100 520 Area Urban 38 5 35 22 100 184 Rural 32 8 45 15 100 336 Gender Male 43 6 43 8 100 187 Female 30 7 40 22 100 333 Age 5-9 29 8 45 18 100 91 10-14 39 6 38 17 100 277 15-17 29 7 45 19 100 152 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 34 4 39 24 100 127 High wealth 28 9 45 18 100 90 Medium wealth 30 7 48 15 100 98 Low wealth 53 11 27 9 100 109 Lowest wealth 28 5 48 20 100 96 Non-servant child Total 40 11 39 10 100 442 Area Urban 37 14 35 14 100 228 Rural 43 8 44 5 100 214 Gender Male 40 11 37 12 100 230 Female 40 11 42 7 100 212 Age 5-9 44 3 45 8 100 165 10-14 35 16 38 11 100 155 15-17 41 14 35 10 100 122 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 39 10 37 14 100 152 High wealth 29 15 47 9 100 100 Medium wealth 58 3 33 5 100 100 Low wealth 37 18 36 9 100 62 Lowest wealth 35 8 55 2 100 28 n=All separated children 51 2.18 Reason for moving to current household To do To bring joy Economic problems Social problems in To go to domestic to the Death of in former household former household school work household parent Other Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 24 16 14 13 4 16 14 100 517 servant Area Urban 26 14 26 11 1 9 13 100 182 Rural 23 17 6 14 5 20 15 100 335 Gender Male 36 24 10 9 4 11 7 100 187 Female 18 12 15 15 3 18 18 100 330 Age 5-9 12 22 19 15 3 20 9 100 91 10-14 33 12 12 13 3 14 13 100 275 15-17 17 18 14 12 4 16 20 100 151 Wealth Highest wealth 19 15 19 22 2 9 15 100 124 quintiles High wealth 45 10 24 4 1 8 8 100 90 Medium wealth 19 30 5 8 2 21 15 100 98 Low wealth 24 11 15 11 7 17 13 100 109 Lowest wealth 14 13 3 17 7 27 20 100 96 Non-servant child Total 22 17 18 4 4 17 16 100 438 Area Urban 22 9 25 4 2 21 17 100 224 Rural 22 26 11 5 7 13 15 100 214 Gender Male 24 22 19 2 3 14 17 100 229 Female 19 10 17 8 7 22 15 100 209 Age 5-9 17 28 21 8 13 13 100 163 10-14 27 15 13 7 3 22 13 100 154 15-17 21 10 21 5 2 17 24 100 121 Wealth Highest wealth 31 12 15 7 2 13 20 100 149 quintiles High wealth 17 16 32 1 2 18 14 100 100 Medium wealth 17 22 13 6 9 21 12 100 99 Low wealth 23 21 10 3 4 23 15 100 62 Lowest wealth 8 40 8 - 11 8 25 100 28 n=All separated children 52 2.19 Was a middleman compensated for recruiting the child Yes No Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 1 99 100 434 servant Area Urban 2 98 100 100 Rural 100 100 334 Gender Male - 100 100 172 Female 1 99 100 262 Age 5-9 1 99 100 86 10-14 1 99 100 225 15-17 100 100 123 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 1 99 100 73 High wealth 2 98 100 65 Medium wealth 100 100 91 Low wealth - 100 100 109 Lowest wealth 1 99 100 96 Non-servant child Total 4 96 100 339 Area Urban 4 96 100 126 Rural 4 96 100 213 Gender Male 3 97 100 185 Female 6 94 100 154 Age 5-9 1 99 100 144 10-14 6 94 100 117 15-17 6 94 100 78 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 6 94 100 80 High wealth 2 98 100 77 Medium wealth 5 95 100 93 Low wealth 1 99 100 61 Lowest wealth 4 96 100 28 n=All separated children 53 2.20 Frequency of parental contact Less than Daily Weekly Monthly monthly Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 20 37 18 11 15 100 433 Area Urban 15 44 13 12 17 100 151 Rural 23 32 21 10 14 100 282 Gender Male 27 24 26 13 11 100 163 Female 15 46 12 10 18 100 270 Age 5-9 17 30 9 14 30 100 92 10-14 24 33 22 9 12 100 220 15-17 15 47 17 12 9 100 121 Current school attendance Attending school 23 33 22 9 13 100 302 Not attending school 12 45 8 16 20 100 131 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 5 43 16 11 24 100 99 High wealth 18 34 33 8 6 100 69 Medium wealth 23 32 12 15 18 100 81 Low wealth 21 43 7 17 12 100 93 Lowest wealth 35 29 15 5 17 100 91 Non-servant child Total 26 33 13 14 15 100 382 Area Urban 25 30 11 18 17 100 191 Rural 27 36 16 9 13 100 191 Gender Male 28 29 14 15 14 100 216 Female 21 40 12 11 17 100 166 Age 5-9 25 35 12 9 19 100 159 10-14 25 35 14 9 17 100 122 15-17 28 26 14 26 7 100 101 Current school attendance Attending school 26 33 14 15 12 100 306 Not attending school 24 32 10 8 26 100 76 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 24 30 10 17 19 100 112 High wealth 16 45 15 16 8 100 85 Medium wealth 32 23 23 7 16 100 87 Low wealth 21 48 3 12 16 100 62 Lowest wealth 49 14 7 19 11 100 36 n=All selected, separated children aged 5-17, with parents alive 54 2.21 Types of parental contact Through Parents visit Child visits Parents call Child calls Through SMS internet Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 69 44 57 21 - 100 352 servant Area Urban 57 40 60 44 - 100 121 Rural 75 46 55 9 - - 100 231 Gender Male 74 42 51 16 - - 100 138 Female 64 46 61 25 - 100 214 Age 5-9 79 35 48 16 - - 100 71 10-14 68 46 54 18 - - 100 178 15-17 64 46 65 29 - 100 103 Current school attendance Attending school 72 45 56 17 - 100 253 Not attending school 60 41 58 31 - - 100 99 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 36 33 75 42 - - 100 77 High wealth 76 35 57 28 1 - 100 59 Medium wealth 63 52 59 9 - - 100 64 Low wealth 77 39 66 16 - - 100 74 Lowest wealth 85 67 27 4 - - 100 78 Non-servant child Total 65 48 56 27 100 327 Area Urban 55 45 55 36 1 1 100 161 Rural 74 51 57 18 - - 100 166 Gender Male 67 47 51 28 100 185 Female 59 50 67 25 1 - 100 142 Age 5-9 75 36 56 6 - - 100 139 10-14 68 54 55 31 1 - 100 100 15-17 49 55 56 50 1 1 100 88 Current school attendance Attending school 63 50 56 29 100 266 Not attending school 74 38 55 15 1 - 100 61 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 52 38 60 47 1 1 100 94 High wealth 55 46 68 38 1 - 100 75 Medium wealth 80 53 51 6 - - 100 75 Low wealth 84 56 50 13 - - 100 51 Lowest wealth 71 64 27 - - - 100 32 n=All selected,separated children aged 5-17, who have contact with parents. More than one alternative can be recorded, total may add up to more than 100 55 2.22 Household receiving money or gifts from mother's household Agricultural Household Money products Clothes Shoes items Other None Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 52 46 41 39 26 35 100 465 servant Area Urban 46 49 26 24 24 - 36 100 150 Rural 56 44 51 48 27 34 100 315 Gender Male 59 50 50 47 29 27 100 188 Female 48 43 35 34 24 40 100 277 Age 5-9 62 53 61 60 35 - 27 100 93 10-14 49 40 41 37 28 39 100 236 15-17 52 51 31 31 18 1 33 100 136 Current school Attending school 56 46 45 42 31 32 100 349 attendance Not attending school 42 45 31 30 12 41 100 116 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 30 38 20 19 22 - 43 100 100 High wealth 64 56 41 40 26 - 32 100 68 Medium wealth 65 35 50 50 41 1 28 100 90 Low wealth 48 47 47 44 18 40 100 106 Lowest wealth 58 51 52 46 25 1 28 100 101 Non-servant child Total 56 42 50 48 24 31 100 554 Area Urban 55 39 47 42 21 - 34 100 261 Rural 58 45 52 53 27 1 29 100 293 Gender Male 58 42 50 47 24 32 100 304 Female 54 42 49 48 24 1 29 100 250 Age 5-9 57 40 58 55 27 1 27 100 222 10-14 53 43 50 49 21 36 100 184 15-17 61 44 36 34 22 32 100 148 Current school Attending school 59 44 51 48 26 30 100 442 attendance Not attending school 46 36 42 44 14 - 38 100 112 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 52 33 51 46 16 - 33 100 169 High wealth 53 36 34 33 28 - 39 100 108 Medium wealth 62 37 45 47 22 1 29 100 124 Low wealth 70 69 75 74 35 1 18 100 88 Lowest wealth 49 56 49 47 24 1 32 100 65 n=Separated children with mother alive. More than one alternative can be recorded, total may add up to more than 100 56 2.23 Household receiving money or gifts from father's household Agricultural Household Money products Clothes Shoes items Other None Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 56 43 27 22 18 1 34 100 365 servant Area Urban 50 48 17 9 16 1 33 100 123 Rural 60 40 33 31 19 2 34 100 242 Gender Male 68 48 34 29 23 28 100 136 Female 48 40 21 16 14 2 38 100 229 Age 5-9 67 43 45 42 28 6 30 100 72 10-14 52 51 27 19 15 1 34 100 187 15-17 57 31 17 15 16 - 36 100 106 Current school attendance Attending school 63 51 32 25 20 26 100 268 Not attending school 39 24 14 12 11 4 53 100 97 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 32 45 21 10 13 - 41 100 75 High wealth 65 50 23 16 23 4 27 100 65 Medium wealth 53 38 23 22 14 - 42 100 76 Low wealth 60 34 38 38 25 - 31 100 62 Lowest wealth 63 43 29 26 10 - 34 100 87 Non-servant child Total 72 38 34 31 20 1 24 100 738 Area Urban 66 33 35 32 21 1 28 100 324 Rural 77 41 33 29 19 1 20 100 414 Gender Male 70 40 30 27 12 1 24 100 383 Female 74 35 38 35 28 1 23 100 355 Age 5-9 75 44 42 36 18 2 19 100 300 10-14 66 30 26 24 19 30 100 263 15-17 78 39 35 33 24 1 20 100 175 Current school attendance Attending school 75 38 35 30 21 1 22 100 562 Not attending school 64 35 33 31 14 2 29 100 175 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 67 34 41 39 13 2 25 100 182 High wealth 80 37 32 29 31 2 16 100 148 Medium wealth 68 42 27 25 24 30 100 191 Low wealth 79 36 39 33 12 19 100 138 Lowest wealth 65 37 35 26 10 1 25 100 79 n=Separated children with father alive. More than one alternative can be recorded, total may add up to more than 100 57 2.24 Household receiving money or gifts from others Other family Other non-family members members No Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 8 9 83 100 726 Area Urban 7 7 87 100 227 Rural 9 11 80 100 499 Gender Male 10 5 85 100 296 Female 7 12 81 100 430 Age 5-9 7 4 89 100 148 10-14 8 8 84 100 378 15-17 9 14 77 100 200 Current school attendance Attending school 9 8 83 100 518 Not attending school 5 12 83 100 208 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 10 12 78 100 151 High wealth 8 4 88 100 112 Medium wealth 10 13 77 100 136 Low wealth 5 9 86 100 161 Lowest wealth 7 10 83 100 166 Non-servant child Total 5 6 89 100 2 775 Area Urban 9 5 86 100 1 016 Rural 3 6 90 100 1 759 Gender Male 4 6 90 100 1 438 Female 7 6 87 100 1 337 Age 5-9 4 5 91 100 1 116 10-14 6 7 87 100 1 006 15-17 7 4 89 100 653 Current school attendance Attending school 5 6 88 100 2 092 Not attending school 6 3 91 100 682 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 9 8 83 100 551 High wealth 11 4 85 100 458 Medium wealth 4 3 93 100 566 Low wealth 4 6 91 100 597 Lowest wealth 2 7 91 100 603 n=All children aged 5-17 58 2.25 Household sending money to mother's household Regularly Occasionally Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 1 14 85 100 585 servant Area Urban 1 14 86 100 190 Rural 2 14 85 100 395 Gender Male 1 11 88 100 232 Female 2 15 83 100 353 Age 5-9 17 83 100 126 10-14 1 6 92 100 300 15-17 2 23 75 100 159 Current school Attending school 2 13 85 100 421 attendance Not attending school 15 84 100 164 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 1 17 82 100 126 High wealth 3 9 87 100 89 Medium wealth 1 15 84 100 107 Low wealth 10 89 100 134 Lowest wealth 1 17 82 100 129 Non-servant Total 2 14 84 100 688 child Area Urban 2 12 86 100 320 Rural 2 15 83 100 368 Gender Male 3 14 83 100 382 Female 2 13 86 100 306 Age 5-9 1 9 90 100 291 10-14 5 16 80 100 229 15-17 1 19 80 100 168 Current school Attending school 2 15 83 100 539 attendance Not attending school 3 6 91 100 149 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 1 12 88 100 197 High wealth 5 12 83 100 138 Medium wealth 1 13 86 100 158 Low wealth 1 14 86 100 116 Lowest wealth 4 25 70 100 79 n=Separated children with mother alive 59 2.26 Household sending money to father's household Regularly Occasionally Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 7 93 100 497 servant Area Urban - 9 91 100 163 Rural 5 94 100 334 Gender Male - 9 91 100 195 Female 5 94 100 302 Age 5-9 1 2 97 100 106 10-14 - 6 94 100 256 15-17 - 10 90 100 135 Current school Attending school - 8 92 100 355 attendance Not attending school 1 5 95 100 142 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 13 87 100 105 High wealth - 5 95 100 81 Medium wealth - 4 96 100 103 Low wealth - 2 98 100 99 Lowest wealth 1 9 90 100 109 Non-servant Total 1 5 94 100 1 084 child Area Urban 8 92 100 500 Rural 1 2 97 100 584 Gender Male 5 95 100 563 Female 1 5 94 100 521 Age 5-9 1 4 96 100 469 10-14 1 7 92 100 377 15-17 4 95 100 238 Current school Attending school 1 5 94 100 804 attendance Not attending school 5 95 100 279 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 1 5 94 100 262 High wealth 10 89 100 217 Medium wealth 1 3 96 100 277 Low wealth 4 96 100 206 Lowest wealth 1 99 100 122 n=Separated children with father alive 60 2.27 Head of original household Father Mother Other relative Other non-relative Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 38 32 22 8 100 464 Area Urban 39 41 18 2 100 160 Rural 38 26 24 12 100 304 Gender Male 38 29 27 7 100 184 Female 38 34 19 9 100 280 Age 5-9 25 47 19 10 100 91 10-14 43 33 20 5 100 242 15-17 39 21 28 12 100 131 Current school attendance Attending school 40 35 20 5 100 324 Not attending school 35 23 27 15 100 140 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 49 35 13 2 100 102 High wealth 46 24 27 3 100 78 Medium wealth 39 30 27 4 100 90 Low wealth 26 40 15 19 100 95 Lowest wealth 27 32 28 14 100 99 Non-servant child Total 33 32 26 9 100 406 Area Urban 34 25 29 12 100 205 Rural 32 38 24 6 100 201 Gender Male 29 33 29 9 100 224 Female 40 30 22 8 100 182 Age 5-9 44 30 22 4 100 163 10-14 29 31 25 15 100 132 15-17 24 36 33 7 100 111 Current school attendance Attending school 37 32 24 7 100 323 Not attending school 20 31 34 15 100 83 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 39 22 30 8 100 123 High wealth 32 31 28 9 100 96 Medium wealth 28 54 15 3 100 83 Low wealth 28 34 21 17 100 71 Lowest wealth 34 16 46 4 100 33 n=All selected, separated children aged 5-17 61 2.28 Literacy, head of original household Yes No Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 53 47 100 451 servant Area Urban 61 39 100 153 Rural 50 50 100 298 Gender Male 51 49 100 181 Female 55 45 100 270 Age 5-9 66 34 100 87 10-14 53 47 100 236 15-17 47 53 100 128 Current school Attending school 57 43 100 315 attendance Not attending school 45 55 100 136 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 55 45 100 97 High wealth 60 40 100 75 Medium wealth 54 46 100 88 Low wealth 63 37 100 93 Lowest wealth 35 65 100 98 Non-servant child Total 75 25 100 386 Area Urban 80 20 100 197 Rural 69 31 100 189 Gender Male 72 28 100 210 Female 79 21 100 176 Age 5-9 78 22 100 149 10-14 76 24 100 128 15-17 69 31 100 109 Current school Attending school 77 23 100 312 attendance Not attending school 65 35 100 74 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 85 15 100 122 High wealth 81 19 100 90 Medium wealth 68 32 100 80 Low wealth 55 45 100 63 Lowest wealth 47 53 100 31 n=All selected, separated children aged 5-17 62 2.29 Handicap, head of original household Yes No Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 11 89 100 460 servant Area Urban 12 88 100 157 Rural 11 89 100 303 Gender Male 11 89 100 182 Female 11 89 100 278 Age 5-9 17 83 100 91 10-14 7 93 100 239 15-17 14 86 100 130 Current school Attending school 14 86 100 322 attendance Not attending school 5 95 100 138 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 17 83 100 101 High wealth 19 81 100 76 Medium wealth 7 93 100 89 Low wealth 2 98 100 95 Lowest wealth 9 91 100 99 Non-servant child Total 9 91 100 399 Area Urban 11 89 100 202 Rural 6 94 100 197 Gender Male 6 94 100 221 Female 13 87 100 178 Age 5-9 4 96 100 157 10-14 6 94 100 131 15-17 17 83 100 111 Current school Attending school 8 92 100 318 attendance Not attending school 9 91 100 81 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 6 94 100 121 High wealth 23 77 100 94 Medium wealth 2 98 100 83 Low wealth 4 96 100 70 Lowest wealth 2 98 100 31 n=All selected, separated children aged 5-17 63 2.30 Economic status original vs. current household Poorer Same Richer Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 53 36 11 100 366 servant Area Urban 53 39 8 100 145 Rural 53 34 14 100 221 Gender Male 42 49 9 100 120 Female 58 30 12 100 246 Age 5-9 72 18 11 100 55 10-14 50 39 12 100 199 15-17 49 39 12 100 112 Current school Attending school 51 39 10 100 254 attendance Not attending school 56 29 15 100 112 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 74 15 11 100 98 High wealth 45 47 8 100 66 Medium wealth 58 31 11 100 66 Low wealth 41 48 10 100 75 Lowest wealth 39 43 18 100 61 Non-servant child Total 45 38 17 100 271 Area Urban 43 43 14 100 159 Rural 47 33 20 100 112 Gender Male 43 42 15 100 139 Female 48 31 20 100 132 Age 5-9 31 47 22 100 91 10-14 46 39 15 100 93 15-17 58 27 15 100 87 Current school Attending school 43 42 14 100 218 attendance Not attending school 52 22 26 100 53 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 65 26 10 100 100 High wealth 36 40 24 100 73 Medium wealth 32 52 16 100 52 Low wealth 31 47 22 100 33 Lowest wealth 20 36 44 100 13 n=All selected, separated children aged 5-17 64 2.31 Do you want to return to your original household if possible Yes, under certain Yes condition No Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 42 16 43 100 387 servant Area Urban 30 26 44 100 148 Rural 49 9 42 100 239 Gender Male 41 11 48 100 133 Female 42 18 40 100 254 Age 5-9 38 23 39 100 64 10-14 48 6 46 100 209 15-17 32 28 39 100 114 Current school Attending school 44 15 41 100 265 attendance Not attending school 37 17 46 100 122 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 38 22 40 100 99 High wealth 33 20 47 100 69 Medium wealth 44 12 43 100 71 Low wealth 48 14 39 100 83 Lowest wealth 50 6 44 100 65 Non-servant child Total 43 7 50 100 298 Area Urban 41 8 51 100 169 Rural 46 6 48 100 129 Gender Male 49 6 45 100 155 Female 35 8 57 100 143 Age 5-9 52 5 43 100 105 10-14 30 4 66 100 103 15-17 52 13 35 100 90 Current school Attending school 42 7 51 100 239 attendance Not attending school 48 8 44 100 59 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 43 5 52 100 108 High wealth 28 7 64 100 76 Medium wealth 55 9 36 100 60 Low wealth 58 9 32 100 39 Lowest wealth 34 - 66 100 15 n=All selected, separated children aged 5-17 65 2.32 Quality of life in current household vs. original household Better in current Worse in current household Same household Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 52 32 16 100 376 Area Urban 51 41 9 100 146 Rural 52 27 21 100 230 Gender Male 49 40 11 100 128 Female 53 29 19 100 248 Age 5-9 75 15 10 100 59 10-14 51 35 14 100 204 15-17 40 36 24 100 113 Current school attendance Attending school 53 36 11 100 261 Not attending school 49 25 27 100 115 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 67 24 9 100 99 High wealth 48 43 10 100 68 Medium wealth 49 33 18 100 70 Low wealth 50 23 27 100 78 Lowest wealth 38 40 22 100 61 Non-servant child Total 50 33 17 100 283 Area Urban 45 34 21 100 164 Rural 56 32 12 100 119 Gender Male 46 33 21 100 144 Female 57 34 9 100 139 Age 5-9 44 33 23 100 97 10-14 47 41 12 100 98 15-17 61 22 16 100 88 Current school attendance Attending school 48 37 15 100 230 Not attending school 57 20 22 100 53 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 58 20 22 100 106 High wealth 52 40 8 100 75 Medium wealth 38 47 16 100 56 Low wealth 48 36 16 100 33 Lowest wealth 42 26 32 100 13 n=All selected, separated children aged 5-17 66 2.33 How do you think your life will be five years from now Better Same Worse Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 79 16 6 100 419 servant Area Urban 80 17 3 100 144 Rural 78 15 7 100 275 Gender Male 79 19 2 100 167 Female 78 13 8 100 252 Age 5-9 81 11 8 100 86 10-14 80 16 4 100 216 15-17 76 17 7 100 117 Current school Attending school 78 18 4 100 292 attendance Not attending school 80 11 9 100 127 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 91 7 2 100 92 High wealth 74 22 4 100 71 Medium wealth 74 14 11 100 81 Low wealth 79 13 8 100 86 Lowest wealth 73 21 6 100 89 Non-servant Total 81 13 6 100 928 child Area Urban 83 14 3 100 377 Rural 79 13 8 100 551 Gender Male 81 15 4 100 506 Female 80 11 9 100 422 Age 5-9 79 16 5 100 367 10-14 83 12 5 100 328 15-17 80 11 10 100 233 Current school Attending school 82 12 6 100 740 attendance Not attending school 76 16 8 100 188 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 87 8 5 100 206 High wealth 81 19 - 100 163 Medium wealth 80 12 8 100 198 Low wealth 81 13 5 100 182 Lowest wealth 74 14 12 100 179 n=All selected children aged 5-17 67 Chapter 3 Labour and domestic activities Main findings: Child domestic workers engage in a range of domestic activities. More than half of them are daily involved in collecting and transporting water, washing dishes, sweeping the compound, running errands and making fire in the morning. There are no activities that are carried out exclusively by domestic workers, but the child domestics do considerably more of everything. Male child domestics do more of the outdoors activities, such as carry firewood, tend animals and do agricultural activities. The female child domestics have more responsibility in the household sphere and typically prepare food products and meals, wash the dishes and sweep the compound. It stems from the definition that child domestic workers work longer hours than other children. It is nevertheless interesting to note that 43 percent of children not defined as domestics were reported to have spent less than one hour on domestic work last weekday, according to the household respondent. When asking the children themselves, 27 percent responded that they had not done any domestic work. Seventeen percent of the child domestic workers had worked for five hours of more vs. seven percent of other children. Child domestics living in rural areas and child domestics who are not enrolled in school are having the highest domestic workload. Forty-three percent of the child domestic workers always have to be on call. More female domestics and domestics in urban area report that they are always on duty. One-in-four of child domestic workers are involved in night work (after 8pm or before 6am). One-in-three child domestic workers always, often or sometimes experience body aches while they are conducting domestic work. There are only small differences between child domestics and other children in this regard. The most frequent pain the children are suffering from is headache. Three-in- five are often or sometimes experiencing headache when working, while one-in-ten are always experience headache. The second most frequent pain the children are experiencing while working is hip pain, followed by back pain and abdominal pain. Half of the child domestics have suffered from cuts inflicted during domestic work and one-in-four have suffered burns. Definitions: Domestic activities are defined as work in the household and agricultural activities for the household, as well as work children do on behalf of household members. For instance if a child begs money in the streets and give it to someone in the household, it is considered a domestic activity. If the child keeps all the money to itself, it is not considered a domestic activity. 68 3.1 Daily domestic activities Collect/ Collect/ Take care of Take care of people Sell household transport transport Prepare food Prepare Wash Sweep Dispose of Make fire in Run children or with illness, injuries or Agricultural Tend products/ petty Assist adults Other work in water fireword products meals dishes compound garbage the morning errands elderly disabilities activities animals trade in work household None Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 68 32 47 39 65 60 34 52 57 21 2 6 25 8 43 41 6 100 727 servant Area Urban 46 11 51 38 69 69 25 50 56 12 2 5 8 41 39 11 100 228 Rural 79 44 45 39 63 55 38 54 58 25 2 10 35 7 43 42 3 100 499 Gender Male 70 46 25 24 45 40 24 39 56 9 2 13 47 4 36 32 8 100 297 Female 66 23 62 49 79 73 40 62 58 28 2 2 10 10 47 47 4 100 430 Age 5-9 69 38 42 22 54 41 40 41 51 12 4 4 33 4 47 48 4 100 148 10-14 66 33 45 37 69 59 30 56 57 15 1 8 24 11 41 37 8 100 378 15-17 70 28 53 52 67 72 35 54 61 34 3 6 21 5 42 44 4 100 201 Current school Attending school 63 33 38 32 60 53 29 47 55 13 1 6 26 9 38 37 7 100 518 attendance Not attending school 77 31 66 54 75 73 43 63 61 36 5 7 22 4 51 49 4 100 209 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 42 2 60 38 71 66 17 55 53 20 2 2 3 13 43 43 9 100 151 High wealth 47 11 33 30 58 55 18 40 56 10 1 9 3 29 32 11 100 113 Medium wealth 77 34 64 40 75 73 48 55 67 23 - 9 28 13 48 47 3 100 136 Low wealth 90 46 43 43 59 49 36 56 45 25 1 4 51 3 35 37 2 100 161 Lowest wealth 85 67 40 43 64 58 52 57 67 25 6 18 33 6 58 46 3 100 166 Non-servant child Total 45 20 24 18 35 32 20 23 40 15 1 4 18 5 27 24 26 100 2 777 Area Urban 35 4 20 14 27 28 14 14 43 10 2 1 4 6 22 20 35 100 1 016 Rural 50 29 26 20 40 34 22 28 39 18 1 6 26 5 29 25 21 100 1 761 Gender Male 44 23 15 10 21 19 14 17 39 9 1 7 27 4 25 20 28 100 1 439 Female 47 17 33 27 51 46 26 30 41 22 2 2 8 6 28 27 24 100 1 338 Age 5-9 34 15 15 7 26 20 15 12 31 9 1 2 11 2 21 16 41 100 1 118 10-14 49 22 28 22 40 37 23 28 44 17 2 5 22 6 28 27 19 100 1 006 15-17 59 26 32 30 43 45 23 35 50 24 2 8 24 9 33 31 11 100 653 Current school Attending school 44 18 22 17 34 31 18 22 41 14 1 4 18 5 25 22 25 100 2 092 attendance Not attending school 48 26 29 21 39 35 23 28 37 19 1 6 17 5 31 27 29 100 684 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 19 1 14 10 21 25 10 11 35 10 4 7 19 15 42 100 551 High wealth 31 1 18 10 24 24 10 11 42 6 1 - 1 4 25 25 34 100 458 Medium wealth 51 10 22 16 36 32 22 21 42 18 2 2 16 5 22 19 20 100 567 Low wealth 52 35 28 22 41 34 23 31 39 17 3 6 29 4 28 28 23 100 598 Lowest wealth 65 46 34 30 49 42 29 38 43 23 11 34 4 37 29 15 100 603 n=All children aged 5-17. More than one alternative can be recorded, total may add up to more than 100 69 3.2 Collect and/or transport water Daily Weekly Monthly or less Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 69 21 2 8 100 494 Area Urban 52 35 2 11 100 166 Rural 78 14 1 6 100 328 Gender Male 76 17 2 5 100 199 Female 64 24 1 10 100 295 Age 5-9 74 14 1 12 100 103 10-14 68 24 1 6 100 254 15-17 69 22 2 7 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 68 23 2 7 100 341 Not attending school 72 19 1 9 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 29 41 3 27 100 106 High wealth 62 34 2 2 100 82 Medium wealth 79 16 5 100 91 Low wealth 86 9 2 3 100 105 Lowest wealth 94 4 2 100 110 Non-servant child Total 54 23 4 19 100 1 102 Area Urban 40 24 6 30 100 457 Rural 61 22 3 14 100 645 Gender Male 49 28 4 19 100 585 Female 59 17 4 20 100 517 Age 5-9 44 16 5 35 100 446 10-14 59 28 4 8 100 388 15-17 60 26 2 12 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 52 25 5 18 100 843 Not attending school 60 14 2 24 100 259 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 32 15 10 43 100 233 High wealth 37 35 1 27 100 200 Medium wealth 52 24 7 17 100 232 Low wealth 63 27 1 9 100 219 Lowest wealth 74 15 3 8 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 70 3.3 Collect and/or transport firewood Daily Weekly Monthly or less Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 35 15 2 48 100 494 Area Urban 19 4 1 76 100 166 Rural 43 21 3 33 100 328 Gender Male 42 25 4 30 100 199 Female 30 8 1 61 100 295 Age 5-9 42 18 5 35 100 103 10-14 36 12 2 50 100 254 15-17 28 18 1 53 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 35 20 2 44 100 341 Not attending school 35 5 4 57 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 15 1 84 100 106 High wealth 9 25 2 63 100 82 Medium wealth 39 11 50 100 91 Low wealth 51 19 6 24 100 105 Lowest wealth 65 16 3 17 100 110 Non-servant child Total 25 18 4 54 100 1 103 Area Urban 4 5 2 89 100 457 Rural 37 25 5 34 100 646 Gender Male 30 16 4 50 100 585 Female 19 19 3 58 100 518 Age 5-9 27 13 3 57 100 446 10-14 24 20 3 54 100 389 15-17 23 22 7 47 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 23 18 4 55 100 843 Not attending school 31 16 4 49 100 260 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 4 3 2 90 100 234 High wealth 2 6 3 89 100 200 Medium wealth 13 20 6 61 100 232 Low wealth 39 36 5 20 100 219 Lowest wealth 55 18 3 24 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 71 3.4 Prepare food products Daily Weekly Monthly or less Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 51 33 5 11 100 494 Area Urban 53 23 8 16 100 166 Rural 50 38 4 8 100 328 Gender Male 36 38 11 15 100 199 Female 62 29 1 8 100 295 Age 5-9 50 30 2 19 100 103 10-14 51 32 8 9 100 254 15-17 52 35 3 9 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 42 39 7 12 100 341 Not attending school 71 20 1 9 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 60 28 3 8 100 106 High wealth 29 44 12 16 100 82 Medium wealth 65 22 6 7 100 91 Low wealth 50 37 4 10 100 105 Lowest wealth 59 29 1 12 100 110 Non-servant child Total 31 35 10 23 100 1 103 Area Urban 25 34 13 28 100 457 Rural 35 36 8 21 100 646 Gender Male 20 35 14 31 100 585 Female 44 35 5 15 100 518 Age 5-9 24 29 7 40 100 446 10-14 32 43 11 14 100 389 15-17 42 34 12 12 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 29 39 10 22 100 843 Not attending school 38 25 9 28 100 260 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 19 46 11 23 100 234 High wealth 25 32 16 27 100 200 Medium wealth 32 32 10 26 100 232 Low wealth 36 37 9 18 100 219 Lowest wealth 41 31 5 23 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 72 3.5 Prepare meals Daily Weekly Monthly or less Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 37 42 8 13 100 494 Area Urban 32 45 11 12 100 166 Rural 39 40 7 14 100 328 Gender Male 23 43 15 19 100 199 Female 47 41 3 9 100 295 Age 5-9 20 34 7 39 100 103 10-14 31 48 12 9 100 254 15-17 56 36 4 4 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 32 46 9 12 100 341 Not attending school 47 32 6 15 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 22 58 8 12 100 106 High wealth 26 50 14 9 100 82 Medium wealth 45 33 7 15 100 91 Low wealth 44 30 9 18 100 105 Lowest wealth 50 33 3 14 100 110 Non-servant child Total 23 32 13 32 100 1 103 Area Urban 16 31 15 38 100 457 Rural 27 32 12 29 100 646 Gender Male 15 29 17 39 100 585 Female 33 35 8 23 100 518 Age 5-9 12 16 8 63 100 446 10-14 27 44 14 15 100 389 15-17 37 38 18 7 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 21 36 13 30 100 843 Not attending school 30 19 12 39 100 260 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 10 37 13 39 100 234 High wealth 11 34 20 35 100 200 Medium wealth 25 24 14 37 100 232 Low wealth 29 32 14 25 100 219 Lowest wealth 35 33 6 26 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 73 3.6 Wash dishes Daily Weekly Monthly or less Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 62 28 4 7 100 494 Area Urban 65 23 2 10 100 166 Rural 60 30 4 5 100 328 Gender Male 42 37 5 15 100 199 Female 76 21 2 100 295 Age 5-9 60 25 6 10 100 103 10-14 61 30 3 6 100 254 15-17 66 27 3 5 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 58 32 4 7 100 341 Not attending school 72 19 3 6 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 65 31 4 - 100 106 High wealth 49 37 1 13 100 82 Medium wealth 62 25 9 4 100 91 Low wealth 66 25 4 6 100 105 Lowest wealth 71 18 3 8 100 110 Non-servant child Total 43 30 9 18 100 1 103 Area Urban 30 35 13 22 100 457 Rural 50 27 7 16 100 646 Gender Male 30 32 11 27 100 585 Female 58 28 6 8 100 518 Age 5-9 37 23 8 31 100 446 10-14 48 35 8 9 100 389 15-17 45 35 11 9 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 41 33 10 17 100 843 Not attending school 50 22 6 22 100 260 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 30 35 11 24 100 234 High wealth 30 36 15 19 100 200 Medium wealth 42 27 6 25 100 232 Low wealth 49 30 7 14 100 219 Lowest wealth 59 25 7 9 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 74 3.7 Do laundry Daily Weekly Monthly or less Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 5 74 4 16 100 494 Area Urban 10 80 2 8 100 166 Rural 2 72 5 21 100 328 Gender Male 1 62 7 30 100 199 Female 8 83 2 7 100 295 Age 5-9 7 48 4 40 100 103 10-14 4 74 5 17 100 254 15-17 4 90 4 1 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 2 78 5 15 100 341 Not attending school 11 67 3 19 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 2 84 5 9 100 106 High wealth 4 86 2 9 100 82 Medium wealth 8 69 8 15 100 91 Low wealth 7 62 3 29 100 105 Lowest wealth 5 66 6 23 100 110 Non-servant child Total 1 46 9 43 100 1 103 Area Urban 1 42 11 46 100 457 Rural 1 48 9 42 100 646 Gender Male 27 12 61 100 585 Female 2 68 7 23 100 518 Age 5-9 1 22 4 73 100 446 10-14 2 50 14 34 100 389 15-17 1 78 13 9 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 2 47 10 42 100 843 Not attending school 1 43 9 48 100 260 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 2 47 7 43 100 234 High wealth 36 14 51 100 200 Medium wealth 3 41 10 47 100 232 Low wealth 48 13 39 100 219 Lowest wealth 1 54 5 40 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 75 3.8 Sweep compound Daily Weekly Monthly or less Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 62 28 3 7 100 494 Area Urban 70 21 8 100 166 Rural 57 32 5 6 100 328 Gender Male 46 33 5 16 100 199 Female 73 24 2 1 100 295 Age 5-9 42 42 3 14 100 103 10-14 64 24 4 8 100 254 15-17 71 25 2 2 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 55 34 4 7 100 341 Not attending school 77 15 2 6 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 57 39 2 3 100 106 High wealth 56 32 1 11 100 82 Medium wealth 70 22 5 3 100 91 Low wealth 61 25 6 8 100 105 Lowest wealth 70 19 2 9 100 110 Non-servant child Total 42 29 9 20 100 1 103 Area Urban 33 30 13 25 100 457 Rural 47 29 7 18 100 646 Gender Male 28 32 12 28 100 585 Female 58 26 5 11 100 518 Age 5-9 31 21 9 40 100 446 10-14 44 37 9 10 100 389 15-17 56 32 8 4 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 41 32 8 18 100 843 Not attending school 43 19 9 28 100 260 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 30 37 13 20 100 234 High wealth 30 34 12 23 100 200 Medium wealth 47 17 6 30 100 232 Low wealth 42 32 11 14 100 219 Lowest wealth 54 27 3 16 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 76 3.9 Dispose of garbage Daily Weekly Monthly or less Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 31 36 5 28 100 494 Area Urban 25 49 5 21 100 166 Rural 34 29 5 32 100 328 Gender Male 22 30 5 43 100 199 Female 37 40 6 17 100 295 Age 5-9 35 23 10 33 100 103 10-14 29 38 5 27 100 254 15-17 32 40 2 26 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 24 38 7 31 100 341 Not attending school 46 32 2 21 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 13 62 4 21 100 106 High wealth 22 49 1 28 100 82 Medium wealth 37 28 13 22 100 91 Low wealth 41 24 4 31 100 105 Lowest wealth 46 12 6 37 100 110 Non-servant child Total 27 22 6 45 100 1 103 Area Urban 20 23 7 51 100 457 Rural 30 22 5 42 100 646 Gender Male 24 23 8 45 100 585 Female 30 21 3 46 100 518 Age 5-9 21 13 6 60 100 446 10-14 30 30 4 36 100 389 15-17 30 24 10 37 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 25 24 6 44 100 843 Not attending school 31 14 4 51 100 260 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 12 21 5 62 100 234 High wealth 19 32 5 44 100 200 Medium wealth 37 19 9 36 100 232 Low wealth 22 23 5 50 100 219 Lowest wealth 39 18 5 38 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 77 3.10 Clean toilets/latrines Daily Weekly Monthly or less Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 8 16 1 74 100 493 Area Urban 16 20 1 62 100 166 Rural 4 14 2 81 100 327 Gender Male 4 7 2 87 100 199 Female 12 22 1 65 100 294 Age 5-9 16 5 - 80 100 103 10-14 7 21 2 71 100 253 15-17 6 16 2 77 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 11 14 1 74 100 340 Not attending school 4 21 2 74 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 22 41 3 35 100 106 High wealth 6 12 1 80 100 81 Medium wealth 5 20 4 71 100 91 Low wealth 7 6 87 100 105 Lowest wealth 2 3 - 95 100 110 Non-servant child Total 3 7 3 87 100 1 102 Area Urban 1 11 3 85 100 456 Rural 4 5 3 87 100 646 Gender Male 3 5 2 90 100 584 Female 3 10 4 82 100 518 Age 5-9 2 3 1 93 100 446 10-14 2 11 2 85 100 389 15-17 6 8 8 78 100 267 Current school attendance Attending school 2 9 4 85 100 842 Not attending school 6 1 1 91 100 260 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 12 6 82 100 233 High wealth 1 13 2 83 100 200 Medium wealth 5 7 4 84 100 232 Low wealth 5 5 3 87 100 219 Lowest wealth 3 2 1 94 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 78 3.11 Make fire in the morning Daily Weekly Monthly or less Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 58 25 2 14 100 494 Area Urban 56 25 1 19 100 166 Rural 59 26 3 12 100 328 Gender Male 50 23 3 24 100 199 Female 64 28 1 7 100 295 Age 5-9 38 32 5 25 100 103 10-14 59 26 1 14 100 254 15-17 69 21 2 9 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 51 30 2 17 100 341 Not attending school 74 16 2 8 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 48 37 2 13 100 106 High wealth 52 22 1 25 100 82 Medium wealth 58 29 2 11 100 91 Low wealth 65 23 4 8 100 105 Lowest wealth 68 18 3 12 100 110 Non-servant child Total 32 28 7 33 100 1 103 Area Urban 18 27 11 45 100 457 Rural 40 29 5 27 100 646 Gender Male 25 29 9 37 100 585 Female 40 27 4 29 100 518 Age 5-9 22 21 5 52 100 446 10-14 35 36 10 20 100 389 15-17 44 26 6 23 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 30 30 8 32 100 843 Not attending school 40 22 2 36 100 260 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 21 26 9 45 100 234 High wealth 12 34 10 44 100 200 Medium wealth 32 18 9 41 100 232 Low wealth 39 35 5 22 100 219 Lowest wealth 49 28 3 20 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 79 3.12 Run errands Daily Weekly Monthly or less Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 60 27 3 10 100 494 Area Urban 63 25 2 10 100 166 Rural 59 28 4 10 100 328 Gender Male 57 30 4 9 100 199 Female 62 24 2 11 100 295 Age 5-9 60 21 6 13 100 103 10-14 55 30 2 12 100 254 15-17 68 24 2 6 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 58 30 3 9 100 341 Not attending school 65 19 3 13 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 47 27 4 22 100 106 High wealth 60 32 3 6 100 82 Medium wealth 72 17 2 9 100 91 Low wealth 58 29 4 9 100 105 Lowest wealth 68 25 1 6 100 110 Non-servant child Total 46 31 6 17 100 1 103 Area Urban 44 32 8 16 100 457 Rural 47 31 6 17 100 646 Gender Male 45 31 8 17 100 585 Female 48 31 4 16 100 518 Age 5-9 44 21 6 29 100 446 10-14 50 35 5 11 100 389 15-17 45 40 10 5 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 46 33 6 14 100 843 Not attending school 45 24 6 24 100 260 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 37 32 4 27 100 234 High wealth 41 39 9 11 100 200 Medium wealth 51 25 5 19 100 232 Low wealth 46 33 6 15 100 219 Lowest wealth 53 27 7 13 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 80 3.13 Take care of children and/or elderly Daily Weekly Monthly or less Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 20 15 3 62 100 494 Area Urban 18 5 3 73 100 166 Rural 21 20 3 56 100 328 Gender Male 9 15 5 70 100 199 Female 28 14 1 57 100 295 Age 5-9 18 11 4 67 100 103 10-14 18 15 4 64 100 254 15-17 26 17 1 56 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 18 17 3 62 100 341 Not attending school 26 10 3 61 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 24 10 3 64 100 106 High wealth 9 26 2 63 100 82 Medium wealth 24 12 4 60 100 91 Low wealth 25 12 4 59 100 105 Lowest wealth 23 11 2 65 100 110 Non-servant child Total 18 13 4 65 100 1 101 Area Urban 14 8 6 73 100 455 Rural 20 16 2 61 100 646 Gender Male 13 13 6 69 100 583 Female 24 14 1 61 100 518 Age 5-9 14 9 2 74 100 445 10-14 21 15 3 61 100 388 15-17 19 17 7 57 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 16 14 4 66 100 842 Not attending school 24 10 3 63 100 259 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 19 8 3 70 100 233 High wealth 8 10 3 79 100 199 Medium wealth 18 12 4 66 100 232 Low wealth 16 17 6 60 100 219 Lowest wealth 26 17 2 55 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 81 3.14 Take care of people with injuries and/or disabilities Daily Weekly Monthly or less Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 1 1 97 100 494 Area Urban 1 1 98 100 166 Rural 2 1 97 100 328 Gender Male 1 1 97 100 199 Female 1 1 97 100 295 Age 5-9 1 - - 99 100 103 10-14 2 97 100 254 15-17 3 1 1 96 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 1 1 98 100 341 Not attending school 3 1 96 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 1 - 99 100 106 High wealth 1 1 98 100 82 Medium wealth - 2 - 98 100 91 Low wealth 1 - 99 100 105 Lowest wealth 4 3 - 93 100 110 Non-servant child Total 2 1 1 96 100 1 103 Area Urban 2 1 2 95 100 457 Rural 2 1 96 100 646 Gender Male 2 2 1 95 100 585 Female 2 2 97 100 518 Age 5-9 1 2 97 100 446 10-14 3 1 2 94 100 389 15-17 1 2 97 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 2 1 1 96 100 843 Not attending school 1 2 1 96 100 260 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 1 1 1 97 100 234 High wealth 2 1 96 100 200 Medium wealth 3 2 95 100 232 Low wealth 3 2 1 94 100 219 Lowest wealth 2 2 1 96 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 82 3.15 Agricultural activities Daily Weekly Monthly or less Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 3 7 14 76 100 494 Area Urban 3 5 91 100 166 Rural 5 9 18 68 100 328 Gender Male 7 13 16 64 100 199 Female 1 3 12 84 100 295 Age 5-9 3 3 14 81 100 103 10-14 3 7 13 77 100 254 15-17 5 10 15 71 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 3 8 15 74 100 341 Not attending school 5 4 11 80 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 5 95 100 106 High wealth - 1 8 91 100 82 Medium wealth 1 10 11 78 100 91 Low wealth 3 13 19 66 100 105 Lowest wealth 13 13 26 48 100 110 Non-servant child Total 4 9 10 78 100 1 103 Area Urban 1 1 1 96 100 457 Rural 5 12 15 67 100 646 Gender Male 4 11 13 72 100 585 Female 3 6 7 85 100 518 Age 5-9 4 3 6 87 100 446 10-14 4 12 11 74 100 389 15-17 2 12 16 69 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 2 10 11 77 100 843 Not attending school 8 5 7 80 100 260 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 2 98 100 234 High wealth - 3 4 94 100 200 Medium wealth 7 8 85 100 232 Low wealth 7 14 19 60 100 219 Lowest wealth 9 15 15 60 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 83 3.16 Tend animals Daily Weekly Monthly or less Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 27 6 3 65 100 494 Area Urban 6 1 4 89 100 166 Rural 38 8 2 51 100 328 Gender Male 44 7 5 43 100 199 Female 14 4 1 80 100 295 Age 5-9 30 11 2 57 100 103 10-14 23 6 5 66 100 254 15-17 31 2 1 66 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 27 7 3 63 100 341 Not attending school 27 2 1 69 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 2 1 - 97 100 106 High wealth 15 2 5 78 100 82 Medium wealth 20 10 - 71 100 91 Low wealth 56 3 5 36 100 105 Lowest wealth 43 14 2 40 100 110 Non-servant child Total 22 7 1 70 100 1 102 Area Urban 6 2 1 92 100 456 Rural 31 11 2 57 100 646 Gender Male 32 8 1 59 100 585 Female 10 7 2 82 100 517 Age 5-9 17 5 78 100 445 10-14 24 9 2 66 100 389 15-17 26 9 2 62 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 22 7 1 69 100 842 Not attending school 19 7 73 100 260 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 4 2 94 100 233 High wealth 3 1 95 100 200 Medium wealth 18 3 2 76 100 232 Low wealth 36 11 1 52 100 219 Lowest wealth 39 16 2 43 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 84 3.17 Carry products to the market Daily Weekly Monthly or less Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 4 14 2 80 100 494 Area Urban 3 9 87 100 166 Rural 4 17 3 77 100 328 Gender Male 2 11 2 84 100 199 Female 5 16 2 78 100 295 Age 5-9 1 13 1 86 100 103 10-14 6 13 1 80 100 254 15-17 2 17 3 78 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 4 10 3 83 100 341 Not attending school 3 22 1 74 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - - - 100 100 106 High wealth 5 8 - 88 100 82 Medium wealth 7 13 7 74 100 91 Low wealth 5 21 3 72 100 105 Lowest wealth 3 29 2 66 100 110 Non-servant child Total 2 12 6 81 100 1 103 Area Urban 3 6 3 89 100 457 Rural 1 16 7 76 100 646 Gender Male 1 9 5 84 100 585 Female 2 15 6 77 100 518 Age 5-9 1 4 1 94 100 446 10-14 2 15 6 77 100 389 15-17 2 20 12 65 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 14 5 80 100 843 Not attending school 6 5 7 81 100 260 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 1 5 94 100 234 High wealth 2 6 7 85 100 200 Medium wealth 8 4 88 100 232 Low wealth 5 13 11 72 100 219 Lowest wealth 25 6 69 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 85 3.18 Sell household products/petty trade Daily Weekly Monthly or less Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 8 8 1 83 100 493 Area Urban 7 2 1 91 100 166 Rural 9 11 1 79 100 327 Gender Male 5 3 91 100 199 Female 10 11 2 77 100 294 Age 5-9 7 3 1 89 100 103 10-14 12 8 1 79 100 254 15-17 3 10 2 86 100 136 Current school attendance Attending school 9 5 1 84 100 340 Not attending school 5 13 81 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 8 3 - 89 100 106 High wealth 5 3 1 91 100 82 Medium wealth 10 10 4 76 100 91 Low wealth 10 5 - 85 100 105 Lowest wealth 9 17 1 73 100 109 Non-servant child Total 8 7 5 80 100 1 103 Area Urban 12 3 4 81 100 457 Rural 6 10 5 79 100 646 Gender Male 5 5 4 86 100 585 Female 12 10 5 73 100 518 Age 5-9 3 4 1 92 100 446 10-14 10 10 6 73 100 389 15-17 13 9 9 69 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 8 8 4 79 100 843 Not attending school 7 4 6 83 100 260 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 17 7 2 74 100 234 High wealth 5 3 4 87 100 200 Medium wealth 9 6 5 80 100 232 Low wealth 6 8 9 77 100 219 Lowest wealth 4 11 4 80 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 86 3.19 Assist other adults in their work Daily Weekly Monthly or less Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 41 14 4 41 100 494 Area Urban 29 13 5 53 100 166 Rural 48 15 4 34 100 328 Gender Male 36 15 2 47 100 199 Female 44 14 5 36 100 295 Age 5-9 33 12 3 53 100 103 10-14 41 18 3 38 100 254 15-17 46 10 6 38 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 34 16 2 47 100 341 Not attending school 56 10 8 27 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 24 17 7 51 100 106 High wealth 25 12 3 59 100 82 Medium wealth 53 12 3 32 100 91 Low wealth 43 17 2 37 100 105 Lowest wealth 66 13 4 17 100 110 Non-servant child Total 30 22 9 38 100 1 102 Area Urban 22 25 13 39 100 457 Rural 34 21 7 38 100 645 Gender Male 28 22 11 39 100 585 Female 32 23 8 37 100 517 Age 5-9 22 17 7 54 100 445 10-14 35 26 8 32 100 389 15-17 34 26 16 24 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 28 24 11 37 100 843 Not attending school 36 18 3 43 100 259 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 15 25 16 44 100 234 High wealth 27 27 11 35 100 200 Medium wealth 29 19 7 45 100 232 Low wealth 33 27 5 35 100 219 Lowest wealth 41 16 9 34 100 217 n=All selected children aged 5-17 87 3.20 Other work in the household Daily Weekly Monthly or less Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 44 23 5 29 100 493 Area Urban 36 23 1 39 100 165 Rural 48 22 7 23 100 328 Gender Male 35 17 10 38 100 199 Female 50 27 1 22 100 294 Age 5-9 36 30 7 27 100 102 10-14 42 23 1 34 100 254 15-17 51 18 9 21 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 38 24 5 32 100 340 Not attending school 55 19 5 21 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 38 26 - 37 100 105 High wealth 30 23 11 35 100 82 Medium wealth 59 12 1 28 100 91 Low wealth 47 27 7 20 100 105 Lowest wealth 51 24 3 22 100 110 Non-servant child Total 27 26 6 42 100 1 102 Area Urban 23 22 9 45 100 456 Rural 28 28 4 40 100 646 Gender Male 25 23 7 46 100 585 Female 29 30 4 37 100 517 Age 5-9 15 21 4 60 100 446 10-14 33 28 6 32 100 388 15-17 35 31 8 26 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 27 27 6 40 100 842 Not attending school 26 23 5 46 100 260 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 21 28 6 46 100 233 High wealth 24 26 9 41 100 200 Medium wealth 29 21 6 43 100 232 Low wealth 29 33 4 34 100 219 Lowest wealth 29 22 4 45 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 88 3.21 Hours spent on domestic tasks last weekday, household respondent None 1-2 hours 3-4 hours 5-6 hours 7+ hours Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 44 39 14 3 100 727 Area Urban 46 41 10 2 100 228 Rural 1 42 38 15 4 100 499 Gender Male 44 39 14 3 100 297 Female 43 40 13 3 100 430 Age 5-9 1 69 27 2 1 100 148 10-14 40 39 17 4 100 378 15-17 34 47 14 4 100 201 Current school attendance Attending school 44 42 12 2 100 518 Not attending school 44 34 17 5 100 209 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 40 46 13 1 100 151 High wealth - 56 35 7 2 100 113 Medium wealth 44 36 15 4 100 136 Low wealth 40 47 13 100 161 Lowest wealth 1 38 33 20 8 100 166 Non-servant child Total 43 37 14 5 2 100 2 742 Area Urban 54 34 9 2 1 100 1 001 Rural 36 39 16 6 3 100 1 741 Gender Male 47 37 11 4 2 100 1 427 Female 38 38 16 5 2 100 1 315 Age 5-9 61 31 8 100 1 104 10-14 30 46 16 5 2 100 993 15-17 30 35 20 10 4 100 645 Current school attendance Attending school 43 38 15 4 1 100 2 067 Not attending school 43 36 10 7 5 100 674 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 55 36 7 2 100 547 High wealth 59 30 8 2 100 451 Medium wealth 43 40 14 3 1 100 555 Low wealth 35 38 20 6 1 100 592 Lowest wealth 27 41 17 9 6 100 597 n=All children aged 5-17 89 3.22 Hours spent on domestic tasks last Saturday, household respondent None 1-2 hours 3-4 hours 5-6 hours 7+ hours Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 6 22 40 23 9 100 727 Area Urban 4 10 58 20 7 100 228 Rural 7 28 31 25 10 100 499 Gender Male 7 28 41 17 6 100 297 Female 5 17 40 27 11 100 430 Age 5-9 7 48 37 6 2 100 148 10-14 5 19 37 29 11 100 378 15-17 7 11 48 25 9 100 201 Current school attendance Attending school 6 21 43 22 9 100 518 Not attending school 6 22 35 27 10 100 209 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 5 16 49 24 6 100 151 High wealth 8 16 56 16 4 100 113 Medium wealth 5 19 37 20 19 100 136 Low wealth 3 26 36 27 8 100 161 Lowest wealth 8 31 24 29 9 100 166 Non-servant child Total 36 34 15 11 4 100 2 739 Area Urban 48 31 15 5 1 100 1 003 Rural 30 35 15 13 6 100 1 736 Gender Male 42 36 11 7 3 100 1 422 Female 30 31 19 14 6 100 1 317 Age 5-9 52 35 10 2 1 100 1 104 10-14 26 36 18 15 4 100 994 15-17 27 28 19 17 10 100 641 Current school attendance Attending school 35 34 16 11 4 100 2 067 Not attending school 39 34 11 9 7 100 671 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 43 38 13 6 100 544 High wealth 53 31 13 3 100 453 Medium wealth 40 33 14 10 3 100 557 Low wealth 28 35 13 19 5 100 591 Lowest wealth 22 32 22 13 11 100 594 n=All children aged 5-17 90 3.23 Hours spent on domestic tasks last Sunday, household respondent None 1-2 hours 3-4 hours 5-6 hours 7+ hours Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 10 45 30 12 3 100 727 Area Urban 8 48 31 11 2 100 228 Rural 12 42 29 13 3 100 499 Gender Male 14 46 33 5 2 100 297 Female 8 43 28 17 4 100 430 Age 5-9 20 66 9 4 1 100 148 10-14 9 43 34 13 2 100 378 15-17 7 34 37 16 5 100 201 Current school attendance Attending school 11 45 31 11 2 100 518 Not attending school 9 43 28 15 4 100 209 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 5 43 34 11 7 100 151 High wealth 14 52 26 8 100 113 Medium wealth 17 35 31 15 2 100 136 Low wealth 4 47 36 12 1 100 161 Lowest wealth 13 45 24 15 3 100 166 Non-servant child Total 45 38 13 4 1 100 2 753 Area Urban 53 34 10 3 100 1 003 Rural 40 40 14 5 1 100 1 750 Gender Male 50 36 10 3 100 1 427 Female 38 40 16 5 1 100 1 326 Age 5-9 63 30 5 1 100 1 106 10-14 32 44 17 6 1 100 999 15-17 32 41 19 7 1 100 648 Current school attendance Attending school 43 39 13 5 1 100 2 076 Not attending school 49 35 12 3 1 100 676 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 51 37 8 3 1 100 547 High wealth 60 28 10 3 100 453 Medium wealth 47 37 12 3 100 562 Low wealth 39 42 14 5 100 594 Lowest wealth 30 43 18 7 2 100 597 n=All children aged 5-17 91 3.24 Hours spent on domestic tasks last weekday, child respondent Less than 4 From 4 to 6 From 6 up to More than 8 Did not hours hours 8 hours hours work Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 52 29 9 3 6 100 494 Area Urban 58 24 5 2 12 100 166 Rural 49 32 12 3 4 100 328 Gender Male 47 29 11 1 12 100 199 Female 56 29 8 4 2 100 295 Age 5-9 85 7 1 7 100 103 10-14 43 33 14 3 7 100 254 15-17 47 36 7 4 6 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 53 29 9 1 8 100 341 Not attending school 50 29 11 8 3 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 70 18 6 3 3 100 106 High wealth 41 30 11 17 100 82 Medium wealth 54 35 7 2 1 100 91 Low wealth 53 30 10 2 5 100 105 Lowest wealth 45 33 12 8 2 100 110 Non-servant child Total 59 10 3 1 27 100 1 061 Area Urban 49 3 3 1 44 100 426 Rural 63 14 3 1 19 100 635 Gender Male 55 8 2 1 34 100 553 Female 63 12 4 1 20 100 508 Age 5-9 61 6 1 32 100 411 10-14 56 14 5 1 24 100 382 15-17 59 10 4 2 25 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 57 9 3 1 30 100 816 Not attending school 63 14 3 2 18 100 245 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 59 3 - 38 100 218 High wealth 45 8 1 2 44 100 192 Medium wealth 66 2 4 1 26 100 224 Low wealth 59 15 3 1 22 100 215 Lowest wealth 61 18 4 2 14 100 212 n=All selected children aged 5-17 92 3.25 Hours spent on domestic tasks last Saturday, child respondent Less than 4 From 4 to 6 From 6 up to More than 8 Did not hours hours 8 hours hours work Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 44 28 17 7 4 100 492 Area Urban 50 28 12 4 5 100 164 Rural 40 28 20 9 3 100 328 Gender Male 46 30 12 8 5 100 199 Female 42 27 22 7 3 100 293 Age 5-9 87 7 2 4 100 103 10-14 41 24 24 9 2 100 254 15-17 20 48 17 8 6 100 135 Current school attendance Attending school 42 30 18 7 4 100 340 Not attending school 49 25 17 7 2 100 152 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 59 21 14 4 1 100 105 High wealth 39 38 6 11 6 100 81 Medium wealth 36 25 29 6 3 100 91 Low wealth 45 29 17 5 4 100 105 Lowest wealth 40 24 25 9 2 100 110 Non-servant child Total 50 15 10 2 23 100 1 062 Area Urban 48 9 6 1 35 100 430 Rural 51 18 12 3 17 100 632 Gender Male 56 12 6 1 25 100 553 Female 44 18 14 3 21 100 509 Age 5-9 64 5 2 - 29 100 411 10-14 40 24 12 3 21 100 384 15-17 44 15 18 5 18 100 267 Current school attendance Attending school 51 15 9 2 22 100 818 Not attending school 46 13 13 1 26 100 244 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 56 12 3 1 28 100 219 High wealth 45 10 10 2 32 100 192 Medium wealth 51 11 10 3 26 100 226 Low wealth 43 26 11 1 19 100 215 Lowest wealth 55 12 15 4 15 100 210 n=All selected children aged 5-17 93 3.26 Hours spent on domestic tasks last Sunday, child respondent Less than 4 From 4 to 6 From 6 up to More than 8 Did not hours hours 8 hours hours work Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 56 24 6 2 12 100 494 Area Urban 54 22 5 1 17 100 166 Rural 57 25 6 2 10 100 328 Gender Male 57 19 4 1 19 100 199 Female 55 28 7 2 8 100 295 Age 5-9 75 6 2 17 100 103 10-14 46 33 7 1 13 100 254 15-17 60 21 5 4 9 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 58 23 6 1 12 100 341 Not attending school 52 27 5 4 13 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 52 27 10 2 9 100 106 High wealth 58 17 2 - 23 100 82 Medium wealth 52 29 10 2 7 100 91 Low wealth 55 27 6 1 12 100 105 Lowest wealth 61 24 2 5 7 100 110 Non-servant child Total 50 12 2 35 100 1 061 Area Urban 40 12 1 47 100 428 Rural 56 12 3 30 100 633 Gender Male 47 8 1 44 100 553 Female 54 17 3 26 100 508 Age 5-9 50 5 - 45 100 411 10-14 52 13 2 33 100 382 15-17 48 21 5 1 26 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 50 11 2 37 100 817 Not attending school 51 14 3 - 32 100 244 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 46 15 - 39 100 217 High wealth 35 10 3 52 100 192 Medium wealth 53 5 3 39 100 226 Low wealth 61 11 28 100 216 Lowest wealth 53 19 3 25 100 210 n=All selected children aged 5-17 94 3.27 Hours for rest and play last weekday, 10 years and above Less than 4 From 4 to 6 From 6 up to More than 8 No time hours hours 8 hours hours for rest Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 42 19 25 7 6 100 391 Area Urban 28 16 35 12 9 100 141 Rural 50 21 19 5 4 100 250 Gender Male 42 16 35 3 5 100 153 Female 43 22 18 11 6 100 238 Age 10-14 43 21 26 8 2 100 254 15-17 42 17 24 6 11 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 49 16 25 3 6 100 284 Not attending school 25 28 25 18 4 100 107 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 43 17 14 22 5 100 92 High wealth 44 13 32 1 9 100 69 Medium wealth 41 18 26 14 2 100 77 Low wealth 43 21 32 1 3 100 83 Lowest wealth 41 32 19 1 7 100 70 Non-servant child Total 42 20 23 10 5 100 645 Area Urban 40 21 19 13 7 100 292 Rural 44 20 25 8 4 100 353 Gender Male 41 23 20 12 4 100 345 Female 43 18 25 8 6 100 300 Age 10-14 41 19 24 11 4 100 377 15-17 44 22 20 9 6 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 46 20 20 9 6 100 526 Not attending school 27 23 34 16 100 119 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 36 22 25 11 5 100 157 High wealth 40 24 11 19 6 100 124 Medium wealth 49 20 15 8 8 100 136 Low wealth 39 18 31 8 4 100 117 Lowest wealth 45 19 30 5 1 100 111 n=All selected children aged 10-17 95 3.28 Hours for rest and play last Saturday, 10 years and above Less than 4 From 4 to 6 From 6 up to More than 8 No time hours hours 8 hours hours for rest Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 34 30 23 10 3 100 384 Area Urban 30 22 22 23 3 100 138 Rural 36 33 24 3 3 100 246 Gender Male 27 35 25 11 2 100 150 Female 39 25 22 10 4 100 234 Age 10-14 35 30 24 10 2 100 249 15-17 32 30 23 11 4 100 135 Current school attendance Attending school 37 32 19 10 2 100 281 Not attending school 26 22 35 13 4 100 103 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 41 20 14 22 4 100 90 High wealth 26 42 16 14 1 100 68 Medium wealth 40 18 31 7 3 100 77 Low wealth 33 22 37 5 3 100 79 Lowest wealth 32 38 24 2 5 100 70 Non-servant child Total 36 19 24 14 8 100 642 Area Urban 26 18 21 19 16 100 289 Rural 41 19 26 10 3 100 353 Gender Male 31 20 24 18 7 100 342 Female 41 18 24 9 8 100 300 Age 10-14 30 21 28 14 8 100 374 15-17 45 15 18 13 8 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 36 19 23 13 9 100 523 Not attending school 33 17 29 16 4 100 119 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 24 15 31 17 12 100 153 High wealth 30 18 13 20 19 100 123 Medium wealth 33 21 23 16 7 100 137 Low wealth 47 15 28 8 1 100 118 Lowest wealth 40 25 24 8 3 100 111 n=All selected children aged 10-17 96 3.29 Hours for rest and play last Sunday, 10 years and above Less than 4 From 4 to 6 From 6 up to More than 8 No time hours hours 8 hours hours for rest Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 31 23 28 17 2 100 382 Child domestic servant 31 23 28 17 2 100 382 Area Urban 32 14 23 30 1 100 138 Rural 30 29 30 10 2 100 244 Gender Male 30 21 31 16 1 100 151 Female 31 25 25 18 2 100 231 Age 10-14 31 22 31 14 1 100 247 15-17 30 25 22 21 2 100 135 Current school attendance Attending school 36 25 25 12 2 100 280 Not attending school 16 20 35 29 1 100 102 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 26 22 13 37 2 100 91 High wealth 41 24 19 15 1 100 66 Medium wealth 33 23 25 17 2 100 77 Low wealth 25 13 52 6 3 100 81 Lowest wealth 23 35 34 8 - 100 67 Non-servant child Total 25 19 29 18 8 100 640 Non-servant child 25 19 29 18 8 100 640 Area Urban 19 19 27 22 13 100 288 Rural 29 19 31 16 6 100 352 Gender Male 24 16 27 27 6 100 341 Female 27 21 32 8 11 100 299 Age 10-14 18 21 32 21 8 100 374 15-17 38 15 25 14 9 100 266 Current school attendance Attending school 27 17 28 18 10 100 523 Not attending school 19 26 35 19 1 100 117 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 27 14 27 20 12 100 152 High wealth 17 22 17 28 16 100 123 Medium wealth 27 22 25 18 8 100 137 Low wealth 23 19 33 17 8 100 116 Lowest wealth 31 17 42 9 100 112 n=All selected children aged 10-17 97 3.30 Time for rest and play, 5-9 years of age More than enough Just enough Less than enough Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 48 50 2 100 103 Area Urban 25 73 1 100 25 Rural 59 39 2 100 78 Gender Male 75 24 1 100 46 Female 32 66 2 100 57 Age 5-9 48 50 2 100 103 Current school attendance Attending school 38 60 2 100 57 Not attending school 62 36 2 100 46 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 27 73 - 100 14 High wealth 40 60 - 100 13 Medium wealth 61 31 8 100 14 Low wealth 55 45 - 100 22 Lowest wealth 56 42 3 100 40 Non-servant child Total 72 20 8 100 414 Area Urban 75 20 5 100 133 Rural 70 20 9 100 281 Gender Male 76 21 3 100 207 Female 67 19 14 100 207 Age 5-9 72 20 8 100 414 Current school attendance Attending school 69 24 7 100 288 Not attending school 79 10 11 100 126 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 74 12 14 100 61 High wealth 79 17 5 100 66 Medium wealth 60 38 3 100 89 Low wealth 81 8 12 100 98 Lowest wealth 68 24 8 100 100 n=All selected children aged 5-9 98 3.31 Need to be available or on call Always Most of the time Sometimes Rarely Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 43 16 13 10 19 100 493 Area Urban 50 11 10 7 23 100 166 Rural 39 18 14 12 16 100 327 Gender Male 32 17 17 10 24 100 199 Female 51 14 10 10 15 100 294 Age 5-9 48 16 14 14 9 100 102 10-14 45 17 12 7 19 100 254 15-17 38 13 12 12 24 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 39 16 15 9 21 100 341 Not attending school 52 14 7 13 14 100 152 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 61 19 8 5 7 100 106 High wealth 41 11 8 9 31 100 82 Medium wealth 29 17 15 16 22 100 91 Low wealth 32 20 15 8 24 100 105 Lowest wealth 48 12 18 15 8 100 109 Non-servant child Total 32 16 20 15 17 100 1 063 Area Urban 31 15 22 19 13 100 429 Rural 33 16 18 14 19 100 634 Gender Male 29 17 23 14 18 100 556 Female 36 15 16 17 16 100 507 Age 5-9 31 11 21 17 20 100 410 10-14 36 18 20 12 15 100 385 15-17 29 20 18 19 15 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 29 16 21 15 18 100 820 Not attending school 43 14 14 15 14 100 243 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 29 12 17 24 18 100 220 High wealth 31 23 20 17 9 100 192 Medium wealth 33 10 20 12 25 100 223 Low wealth 29 11 23 16 20 100 216 Lowest wealth 39 21 18 10 13 100 212 n=All selected children aged 5-17 99 3.32 Evening or night work (after 8pm or before 6am) Always Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 3 24 73 100 494 servant Area Urban 2 25 73 100 166 Rural 3 23 74 100 328 Gender Male 3 18 79 100 199 Female 2 28 70 100 295 Age 5-9 4 30 66 100 103 10-14 1 20 79 100 254 15-17 4 26 70 100 137 Current school Attending school 2 27 71 100 341 attendance Not attending school 4 18 78 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 2 26 72 100 106 High wealth 2 25 73 100 82 Medium wealth 3 27 70 100 91 Low wealth 4 13 83 100 105 Lowest wealth 2 29 69 100 110 Non-servant Total 1 12 87 100 1 103 child Area Urban 1 14 85 100 457 Rural 1 11 88 100 646 Gender Male 1 10 90 100 585 Female 1 15 84 100 518 Age 5-9 7 93 100 446 10-14 1 14 85 100 389 15-17 2 19 79 100 268 Current school Attending school 1 11 88 100 843 attendance Not attending school 1 15 85 100 260 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 4 6 90 100 234 High wealth - 20 80 100 200 Medium wealth 8 92 100 232 Low wealth 13 87 100 219 Lowest wealth 1 14 86 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 100 3.33 Work with hot stoves or open fire Yes No Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 93 7 100 494 servant Area Urban 92 8 100 166 Rural 93 7 100 328 Gender Male 93 7 100 199 Female 93 7 100 295 Age 5-9 81 19 100 103 10-14 96 4 100 254 15-17 94 6 100 137 Current school Attending school 93 7 100 341 attendance Not attending school 92 8 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 95 5 100 106 High wealth 91 9 100 82 Medium wealth 98 2 100 91 Low wealth 93 7 100 105 Lowest wealth 88 12 100 110 Non-servant child Total 82 18 100 1 067 Area Urban 77 23 100 429 Rural 84 16 100 638 Gender Male 78 22 100 557 Female 86 14 100 510 Age 5-9 65 35 100 414 10-14 89 11 100 385 15-17 96 4 100 268 Current school Attending school 83 17 100 822 attendance Not attending school 78 22 100 245 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 72 28 100 218 High wealth 77 23 100 191 Medium wealth 79 21 100 227 Low wealth 89 11 100 216 Lowest wealth 87 13 100 215 n=All selected children aged 5-17 101 3.34 Work with sharp objects Yes No Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 95 5 100 494 servant Area Urban 97 3 100 166 Rural 94 6 100 328 Gender Male 95 5 100 199 Female 96 4 100 295 Age 5-9 84 16 100 103 10-14 98 2 100 254 15-17 98 2 100 137 Current school Attending school 96 4 100 341 attendance Not attending school 94 6 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 97 3 100 106 High wealth 98 2 100 82 Medium wealth 95 5 100 91 Low wealth 95 5 100 105 Lowest wealth 91 9 100 110 Non-servant child Total 83 17 100 1 068 Area Urban 73 27 100 430 Rural 88 12 100 638 Gender Male 79 21 100 558 Female 86 14 100 510 Age 5-9 66 34 100 415 10-14 89 11 100 385 15-17 99 1 100 268 Current school Attending school 83 17 100 823 attendance Not attending school 82 18 100 245 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 81 19 100 218 High wealth 72 28 100 192 Medium wealth 75 25 100 227 Low wealth 90 10 100 216 Lowest wealth 92 8 100 215 n=All selected children aged 5-17 102 3.35 Work with pesticides/fertilizers Yes No Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 10 90 100 494 servant Area Urban 5 95 100 166 Rural 12 88 100 328 Gender Male 13 87 100 199 Female 7 93 100 295 Age 5-9 11 89 100 103 10-14 9 91 100 254 15-17 9 91 100 137 Current school Attending school 10 90 100 341 attendance Not attending school 9 91 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 5 95 100 106 High wealth 3 97 100 82 Medium wealth 9 91 100 91 Low wealth 12 88 100 105 Lowest wealth 20 80 100 110 Non-servant child Total 9 91 100 1 068 Area Urban 5 95 100 429 Rural 12 88 100 639 Gender Male 9 91 100 558 Female 9 91 100 510 Age 5-9 7 93 100 415 10-14 10 90 100 386 15-17 12 88 100 267 Current school Attending school 9 91 100 822 attendance Not attending school 11 89 100 246 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 3 97 100 219 High wealth 3 97 100 191 Medium wealth 9 91 100 227 Low wealth 14 86 100 216 Lowest wealth 14 86 100 215 n=All selected children aged 5-17 103 3.36 Work with household chemicals Yes No Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 77 23 100 494 servant Area Urban 83 17 100 166 Rural 73 27 100 328 Gender Male 66 34 100 199 Female 84 16 100 295 Age 5-9 61 39 100 103 10-14 73 27 100 254 15-17 93 7 100 137 Current school Attending school 77 23 100 341 attendance Not attending school 75 25 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 85 15 100 106 High wealth 79 21 100 82 Medium wealth 81 19 100 91 Low wealth 78 22 100 105 Lowest wealth 61 39 100 110 Non-servant child Total 65 35 100 1 069 Area Urban 68 32 100 430 Rural 64 36 100 639 Gender Male 55 45 100 558 Female 77 23 100 511 Age 5-9 41 59 100 415 10-14 72 28 100 386 15-17 91 9 100 268 Current school Attending school 68 32 100 823 attendance Not attending school 56 44 100 246 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 67 33 100 219 High wealth 68 32 100 192 Medium wealth 65 35 100 227 Low wealth 71 29 100 216 Lowest wealth 56 44 100 215 n=All selected children aged 5-17 104 3.37 Body aches while working Always Often Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 5 9 22 64 100 494 Area Urban 5 6 21 68 100 166 Rural 4 11 23 62 100 328 Gender Male 4 7 19 70 100 199 Female 5 10 25 60 100 295 Age 5-9 - 7 11 83 100 103 10-14 3 10 23 64 100 254 15-17 9 9 29 53 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 4 10 22 64 100 341 Not attending school 6 6 22 65 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 4 5 20 71 100 106 High wealth 4 7 20 69 100 82 Medium wealth 5 10 39 46 100 91 Low wealth 1 12 26 61 100 105 Lowest wealth 9 11 12 68 100 110 Non-servant child Total 3 7 29 61 100 1 066 Area Urban 2 11 23 64 100 427 Rural 4 5 32 60 100 639 Gender Male 3 8 22 67 100 557 Female 3 6 36 55 100 509 Age 5-9 1 5 18 76 100 413 10-14 4 5 29 61 100 386 15-17 5 13 45 37 100 267 Current school attendance Attending school 3 6 29 62 100 820 Not attending school 5 10 27 57 100 246 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 4 7 24 66 100 218 High wealth 2 13 22 63 100 191 Medium wealth 1 8 25 66 100 226 Low wealth 4 4 37 55 100 216 Lowest wealth 4 6 33 57 100 215 n=All selected children aged 5-17 105 3.38 Headache while doing domestic work Always Often Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 11 14 45 30 100 217 Area Urban 7 17 46 30 100 83 Rural 13 13 44 30 100 134 Gender Male 4 23 32 40 100 78 Female 15 9 51 25 100 139 Age 5-9 - 16 54 30 100 18 10-14 2 14 55 29 100 116 15-17 24 14 30 31 100 83 Current school attendance Attending school 7 16 49 28 100 139 Not attending school 20 11 33 36 100 78 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 2 28 57 14 100 49 High wealth 8 6 41 45 100 36 Medium wealth 22 5 29 44 100 46 Low wealth 7 24 46 23 100 47 Lowest wealth 14 13 54 19 100 39 Non-servant child Total 4 19 43 34 100 396 Area Urban 3 19 42 37 100 156 Rural 4 19 44 33 100 240 Gender Male 3 17 40 41 100 192 Female 4 21 46 29 100 204 Age 5-9 1 17 25 57 100 101 10-14 5 19 47 30 100 138 15-17 5 20 51 24 100 157 Current school attendance Attending school 3 19 46 32 100 305 Not attending school 5 19 35 41 100 91 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 4 10 59 27 100 78 High wealth 1 24 36 40 100 74 Medium wealth 4 18 29 49 100 71 Low wealth 7 19 42 32 100 86 Lowest wealth 3 21 50 26 100 87 n=All selected children aged 5-17, who experience body aches while working 106 3.39 Eye pain while doing domestic work Always Often Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 4 3 17 75 100 217 Area Urban 3 3 12 83 100 83 Rural 5 4 20 71 100 134 Gender Male 2 3 20 75 100 78 Female 6 4 16 74 100 139 Age 5-9 - - 5 95 100 18 10-14 1 6 21 72 100 116 15-17 9 2 16 73 100 83 Current school attendance Attending school 3 2 15 81 100 139 Not attending school 9 7 22 62 100 78 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 5 5 18 73 100 49 High wealth 4 1 12 84 100 36 Medium wealth 2 8 17 73 100 46 Low wealth 3 - 17 80 100 47 Lowest wealth 9 3 24 63 100 39 Non-servant child Total 1 6 16 77 100 395 Area Urban 2 7 21 70 100 156 Rural 6 14 80 100 239 Gender Male 2 4 12 83 100 191 Female 9 20 71 100 204 Age 5-9 1 4 17 79 100 101 10-14 1 5 17 77 100 138 15-17 1 9 15 75 100 156 Current school attendance Attending school 1 3 18 78 100 304 Not attending school 1 17 11 71 100 91 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 2 10 19 69 100 78 High wealth 1 4 15 81 100 74 Medium wealth 1 5 28 67 100 71 Low wealth 1 7 7 85 100 86 Lowest wealth 7 16 77 100 86 n=All selected children aged 5-17, who experience body aches while working 107 3.40 Ear pain while doing domestic work Always Often Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 1 4 15 81 100 217 Area Urban 1 3 15 82 100 83 Rural 1 4 14 81 100 134 Gender Male 3 14 83 100 78 Female 1 4 15 80 100 139 Age 5-9 - 5 5 89 100 18 10-14 1 3 19 77 100 116 15-17 4 12 83 100 83 Current school attendance Attending school 1 2 15 83 100 139 Not attending school 1 8 15 77 100 78 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 1 4 22 74 100 49 High wealth - - 12 88 100 36 Medium wealth 3 1 9 88 100 46 Low wealth - 2 14 83 100 47 Lowest wealth - 12 20 68 100 39 Non-servant child Total 12 87 100 396 Area Urban 1 13 86 100 156 Rural 12 88 100 240 Gender Male 1 12 87 100 192 Female - 13 87 100 204 Age 5-9 - 1 15 84 100 101 10-14 - 1 9 90 100 138 15-17 14 86 100 157 Current school attendance Attending school 12 87 100 305 Not attending school - 1 13 87 100 91 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 23 77 100 78 High wealth - 18 81 100 74 Medium wealth 1 2 13 84 100 71 Low wealth - - 7 93 100 86 Lowest wealth - - 6 94 100 87 n=All selected children aged 5-17, who experience body aches while working 108 3.41 Chest/throat pain while doing domestic work Always Often Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 5 12 24 59 100 217 Area Urban 1 8 32 60 100 83 Rural 7 14 20 59 100 134 Gender Male 5 17 15 63 100 78 Female 6 9 29 57 100 139 Age 5-9 - 5 7 88 100 18 10-14 2 15 30 52 100 116 15-17 11 9 20 60 100 83 Current school attendance Attending school 4 11 23 62 100 139 Not attending school 8 14 26 52 100 78 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 7 40 52 100 49 High wealth 4 7 21 67 100 36 Medium wealth 3 18 24 55 100 46 Low wealth 4 12 29 56 100 47 Lowest wealth 16 13 7 64 100 39 Non-servant child Total 2 7 27 64 100 396 Area Urban 3 18 79 100 156 Rural 3 9 31 57 100 240 Gender Male 3 7 28 63 100 192 Female 2 7 26 65 100 204 Age 5-9 2 32 65 100 101 10-14 3 8 19 70 100 138 15-17 4 9 31 57 100 157 Current school attendance Attending school 2 8 29 61 100 305 Not attending school 4 6 18 72 100 91 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 11 21 67 100 78 High wealth 1 2 27 70 100 74 Medium wealth - 2 27 71 100 71 Low wealth 9 6 23 62 100 86 Lowest wealth 12 33 54 100 87 n=All selected children aged 5-17, who experience body aches while working 109 3.42 Shoulder pain while doing domestic work Always Often Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 3 11 25 61 100 217 Area Urban 2 13 27 57 100 83 Rural 4 10 23 63 100 134 Gender Male 1 6 38 55 100 78 Female 4 13 17 65 100 139 Age 5-9 - 3 20 77 100 18 10-14 2 11 26 61 100 116 15-17 6 13 23 58 100 83 Current school attendance Attending school 3 9 24 64 100 139 Not attending school 4 16 25 55 100 78 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 3 15 28 55 100 49 High wealth 5 8 23 63 100 36 Medium wealth 1 7 20 73 100 46 Low wealth 7 7 24 63 100 47 Lowest wealth 1 19 30 49 100 39 Non-servant child Total 4 8 21 67 100 396 Area Urban 9 26 64 100 156 Rural 5 7 18 69 100 240 Gender Male 2 11 20 67 100 192 Female 6 5 22 68 100 204 Age 5-9 1 12 87 100 101 10-14 6 15 23 55 100 138 15-17 3 5 24 68 100 157 Current school attendance Attending school 3 6 20 71 100 305 Not attending school 7 15 24 55 100 91 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 3 25 72 100 78 High wealth 1 16 16 67 100 74 Medium wealth 2 26 72 100 71 Low wealth 9 10 17 64 100 86 Lowest wealth 5 8 22 66 100 87 n=All selected children aged 5-17, who experience body aches while working 110 3.43 Arm pain while doing domestic work Always Often Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 4 11 27 59 100 217 Area Urban 2 14 21 63 100 83 Rural 5 9 29 57 100 134 Gender Male 5 8 19 68 100 78 Female 3 12 31 54 100 139 Age 5-9 - - 49 51 100 18 10-14 6 11 25 58 100 116 15-17 3 13 23 61 100 83 Current school attendance Attending school 5 9 26 61 100 139 Not attending school 2 15 29 55 100 78 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 1 18 29 52 100 49 High wealth 2 6 15 78 100 36 Medium wealth 3 11 23 64 100 46 Low wealth 13 1 20 66 100 47 Lowest wealth - 21 50 29 100 39 Non-servant child Total 11 25 64 100 395 Area Urban 10 33 57 100 156 Rural 11 21 68 100 239 Gender Male 1 11 24 64 100 192 Female 11 25 64 100 203 Age 5-9 1 4 16 80 100 101 10-14 21 21 58 100 138 15-17 6 34 60 100 156 Current school attendance Attending school 10 22 68 100 305 Not attending school 15 33 51 100 90 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 5 32 63 100 78 High wealth 1 20 25 55 100 74 Medium wealth 5 40 54 100 71 Low wealth 1 10 13 76 100 86 Lowest wealth - 14 20 66 100 86 n=All selected children aged 5-17, who experience body aches while working 111 3.44 Hand pain while doing domestic work Always Often Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 4 12 35 49 100 217 Area Urban 3 16 28 53 100 83 Rural 4 10 38 47 100 134 Gender Male 2 8 27 63 100 78 Female 5 15 39 41 100 139 Age 5-9 - - 57 43 100 18 10-14 3 13 31 53 100 116 15-17 5 15 35 46 100 83 Current school attendance Attending school 4 11 37 49 100 139 Not attending school 3 16 31 50 100 78 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 19 24 57 100 49 High wealth 3 10 26 62 100 36 Medium wealth 5 19 25 51 100 46 Low wealth 6 7 39 47 100 47 Lowest wealth 3 6 63 28 100 39 Non-servant child Total 2 10 31 56 100 396 Area Urban 5 8 39 48 100 156 Rural 1 11 28 60 100 240 Gender Male 11 31 57 100 192 Female 4 10 32 55 100 204 Age 5-9 1 5 27 67 100 101 10-14 2 17 28 54 100 138 15-17 4 6 38 51 100 157 Current school attendance Attending school 1 8 32 59 100 305 Not attending school 6 17 31 46 100 91 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 6 31 63 100 78 High wealth 6 15 36 43 100 74 Medium wealth 3 3 52 42 100 71 Low wealth 1 8 23 68 100 86 Lowest wealth 2 17 24 58 100 87 n=All selected children aged 5-17, who experience body aches while working 112 3.45 Back pain while doing domestic work Always Often Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 4 16 37 43 100 217 Area Urban 2 17 48 33 100 83 Rural 5 15 32 47 100 134 Gender Male 3 8 42 46 100 78 Female 4 20 35 41 100 139 Age 5-9 - 2 22 76 100 18 10-14 3 21 32 45 100 116 15-17 7 13 48 32 100 83 Current school attendance Attending school 5 17 34 44 100 139 Not attending school 2 13 46 39 100 78 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 1 17 36 46 100 49 High wealth 6 18 47 28 100 36 Medium wealth 2 6 49 43 100 46 Low wealth 11 13 22 55 100 47 Lowest wealth - 28 30 42 100 39 Non-servant child Total 3 13 28 55 100 396 Area Urban 1 13 33 53 100 156 Rural 5 13 26 56 100 240 Gender Male 1 11 31 57 100 192 Female 6 15 26 53 100 204 Age 5-9 - 4 25 71 100 101 10-14 3 17 31 50 100 138 15-17 6 15 27 51 100 157 Current school attendance Attending school 1 11 30 58 100 305 Not attending school 10 21 22 47 100 91 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 12 45 42 100 78 High wealth - 11 31 57 100 74 Medium wealth 7 5 20 68 100 71 Low wealth 5 7 23 65 100 86 Lowest wealth 4 26 27 43 100 87 n=All selected children aged 5-17, who experience body aches while working 113 3.46 Hip pain while doing domestic work Always Often Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 7 19 36 38 100 217 Area Urban 3 23 38 36 100 83 Rural 9 18 35 39 100 134 Gender Male 4 17 32 47 100 78 Female 8 20 38 33 100 139 Age 5-9 - - 20 80 100 18 10-14 2 25 30 43 100 116 15-17 14 17 46 23 100 83 Current school attendance Attending school 6 22 30 42 100 139 Not attending school 7 14 48 30 100 78 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 2 23 39 35 100 49 High wealth 6 26 38 30 100 36 Medium wealth 3 20 40 37 100 46 Low wealth 8 13 32 47 100 47 Lowest wealth 14 15 29 42 100 39 Non-servant child Total 3 13 44 40 100 396 Area Urban 2 7 41 49 100 156 Rural 3 16 45 36 100 240 Gender Male 1 12 41 46 100 192 Female 4 14 46 36 100 204 Age 5-9 1 5 28 67 100 101 10-14 4 14 41 41 100 138 15-17 3 18 56 24 100 157 Current school attendance Attending school 3 13 44 40 100 305 Not attending school 2 13 42 42 100 91 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 3 9 57 31 100 78 High wealth 2 14 32 53 100 74 Medium wealth 6 17 40 37 100 71 Low wealth 1 9 47 43 100 86 Lowest wealth 2 17 43 38 100 87 n=All selected children aged 5-17, who experience body aches while working 114 3.47 Abdominal pain while doing domestic work Always Often Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 5 13 35 47 100 217 Area Urban 1 17 37 45 100 83 Rural 7 12 34 47 100 134 Gender Male 4 15 24 57 100 78 Female 6 13 41 41 100 139 Age 5-9 - 11 54 35 100 18 10-14 2 19 32 47 100 116 15-17 10 7 34 49 100 83 Current school attendance Attending school 4 13 36 47 100 139 Not attending school 7 15 32 46 100 78 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 2 28 36 35 100 49 High wealth - 6 42 52 100 36 Medium wealth 3 9 25 62 100 46 Low wealth 4 16 31 49 100 47 Lowest wealth 18 11 43 27 100 39 Non-servant child Total 2 9 36 53 100 396 Area Urban 2 11 37 51 100 156 Rural 2 8 36 54 100 240 Gender Male 1 6 38 56 100 192 Female 3 11 35 51 100 204 Age 5-9 1 9 25 65 100 101 10-14 1 11 43 44 100 138 15-17 4 6 36 55 100 157 Current school attendance Attending school 1 9 41 48 100 305 Not attending school 5 7 22 67 100 91 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 3 5 39 54 100 78 High wealth 18 27 54 100 74 Medium wealth 4 31 66 100 71 Low wealth 1 10 36 53 100 86 Lowest wealth 5 7 45 43 100 87 n=All selected children aged 5-17, who experience body aches while working 115 3.48 Pain in private parts while doing domestic work Always Often Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 3 3 10 84 100 217 Area Urban 1 - 8 91 100 83 Rural 4 5 10 81 100 134 Gender Male 4 4 15 78 100 78 Female 2 3 7 88 100 139 Age 5-9 - - 6 94 100 18 10-14 2 3 14 82 100 116 15-17 4 5 6 85 100 83 Current school attendance Attending school 4 2 9 85 100 139 Not attending school - 7 12 81 100 78 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - - 7 93 100 49 High wealth 4 - 6 90 100 36 Medium wealth 1 5 15 79 100 46 Low wealth 3 - 12 85 100 47 Lowest wealth 7 10 9 74 100 39 Non-servant child Total 2 12 86 100 396 Area Urban 1 2 97 100 156 Rural 3 16 81 100 240 Gender Male 1 12 87 100 192 Female 4 11 85 100 204 Age 5-9 - 11 88 100 101 10-14 - 2 16 81 100 138 15-17 3 7 90 100 157 Current school attendance Attending school 3 11 86 100 305 Not attending school 1 12 87 100 91 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 8 92 100 78 High wealth - - 8 92 100 74 Medium wealth 7 8 85 100 71 Low wealth - 1 11 88 100 86 Lowest wealth 3 19 78 100 87 n=All selected children aged 5-17, who experience body aches while working 116 3.49 Leg pain while doing domestic work Always Often Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 1 6 22 71 100 217 Area Urban - 5 12 82 100 83 Rural 2 6 26 66 100 134 Gender Male 2 7 22 70 100 78 Female 1 5 22 72 100 139 Age 5-9 - - 67 33 100 18 10-14 - 9 16 75 100 116 15-17 3 3 18 76 100 83 Current school attendance Attending school 2 5 21 72 100 139 Not attending school - 8 23 69 100 78 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 9 11 79 100 49 High wealth - 1 19 80 100 36 Medium wealth 1 6 19 74 100 46 Low wealth 5 5 20 70 100 47 Lowest wealth - 9 40 51 100 39 Non-servant child Total 1 6 15 79 100 396 Area Urban 7 10 82 100 156 Rural 2 5 17 77 100 240 Gender Male 1 9 17 74 100 192 Female 2 3 13 83 100 204 Age 5-9 - 3 13 84 100 101 10-14 3 6 13 77 100 138 15-17 6 17 77 100 157 Current school attendance Attending school 5 15 80 100 305 Not attending school 4 6 15 75 100 91 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 4 10 86 100 78 High wealth - 13 10 77 100 74 Medium wealth 5 22 72 100 71 Low wealth 4 3 12 81 100 86 Lowest wealth 1 5 17 77 100 87 n=All selected children aged 5-17, who experience body aches while working 117 3.50 Knee pain while doing domestic work Always Often Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 1 8 24 67 100 217 Area Urban 1 4 30 65 100 83 Rural 1 10 22 67 100 134 Gender Male 2 8 28 61 100 78 Female 1 7 22 70 100 139 Age 5-9 - - 23 77 100 18 10-14 1 10 29 60 100 116 15-17 3 6 19 72 100 83 Current school attendance Attending school 2 6 28 65 100 139 Not attending school 1 12 16 71 100 78 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - - 33 67 100 49 High wealth 1 3 30 66 100 36 Medium wealth 1 13 17 70 100 46 Low wealth 3 9 20 68 100 47 Lowest wealth 2 13 24 62 100 39 Non-servant child Total 2 7 22 70 100 396 Area Urban 2 5 16 77 100 156 Rural 2 7 24 67 100 240 Gender Male 2 8 17 73 100 192 Female 1 6 25 68 100 204 Age 5-9 1 22 76 100 101 10-14 2 13 16 69 100 138 15-17 1 3 28 68 100 157 Current school attendance Attending school 1 6 22 70 100 305 Not attending school 2 8 20 70 100 91 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 4 3 29 64 100 78 High wealth 8 11 81 100 74 Medium wealth 6 26 68 100 71 Low wealth 2 9 14 75 100 86 Lowest wealth 1 6 29 64 100 87 n=All selected children aged 5-17, who experience body aches while working 118 3.51 Foot pain while doing domestic work Always Often Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 5 4 23 68 100 217 Area Urban 1 3 26 69 100 83 Rural 7 5 21 67 100 134 Gender Male 6 6 18 70 100 78 Female 5 4 25 66 100 139 Age 5-9 - - 7 93 100 18 10-14 1 7 26 65 100 116 15-17 12 2 22 65 100 83 Current school attendance Attending school 2 4 25 69 100 139 Not attending school 12 6 18 64 100 78 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 1 5 29 65 100 49 High wealth 1 3 24 72 100 36 Medium wealth 1 4 13 82 100 46 Low wealth 6 - 28 67 100 47 Lowest wealth 19 11 23 47 100 39 Non-servant child Total 2 7 28 62 100 396 Area Urban 10 32 58 100 156 Rural 3 6 27 64 100 240 Gender Male 8 29 63 100 192 Female 4 7 28 61 100 204 Age 5-9 4 28 68 100 101 10-14 5 11 22 62 100 138 15-17 5 35 59 100 157 Current school attendance Attending school 1 8 29 62 100 305 Not attending school 5 5 26 64 100 91 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 1 35 63 100 78 High wealth 13 23 63 100 74 Medium wealth 1 13 38 49 100 71 Low wealth 8 4 17 72 100 86 Lowest wealth 7 32 61 100 87 n=All selected children aged 5-17, who experience body aches while working 119 3.52 Injuries from domestic work Cuts Burns Other None Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 50 28 3 43 100 494 Area Urban 35 20 1 57 100 166 Rural 59 33 4 36 100 328 Gender Male 50 22 5 44 100 199 Female 50 33 1 43 100 295 Age 5-9 27 17 - 70 100 103 10-14 53 31 5 40 100 254 15-17 60 30 2 33 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 50 29 3 43 100 341 Not attending school 52 27 2 44 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 40 15 1 56 100 106 High wealth 45 24 1 50 100 82 Medium wealth 64 33 6 27 100 91 Low wealth 53 37 5 38 100 105 Lowest wealth 55 34 3 41 100 110 Non-servant child Total 40 25 1 50 100 1 063 Area Urban 36 22 57 100 426 Rural 43 27 1 46 100 637 Gender Male 43 22 51 100 553 Female 38 29 1 49 100 510 Age 5-9 27 16 64 100 413 10-14 49 33 1 41 100 383 15-17 48 27 1 43 100 267 Current school attendance Attending school 39 28 1 50 100 820 Not attending school 46 17 49 100 243 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 40 25 49 100 216 High wealth 36 17 58 100 190 Medium wealth 39 26 51 100 226 Low wealth 46 22 1 48 100 216 Lowest wealth 40 33 1 45 100 215 n=All selected children aged 5-17.More than one alternative can be recorded, total may add up to more than 100 120 3.53 Accident or illness related to housework past 12 months, household respondent Yes No Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 4 96 100 727 servant Area Urban 5 95 100 228 Rural 4 96 100 499 Gender Male 4 96 100 297 Female 4 96 100 430 Age 5-9 3 97 100 148 10-14 5 95 100 378 15-17 4 96 100 201 Current school Attending school 4 96 100 518 attendance Not attending school 5 95 100 209 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 5 95 100 151 High wealth 2 98 100 113 Medium wealth 3 97 100 136 Low wealth 2 98 100 161 Lowest wealth 8 92 100 166 Non-servant child Total 6 94 100 2 766 Area Urban 4 96 100 1 016 Rural 7 93 100 1 750 Gender Male 7 93 100 1 434 Female 5 95 100 1 332 Age 5-9 3 97 100 1 113 10-14 10 90 100 1 002 15-17 6 94 100 651 Current school Attending school 7 93 100 2 083 attendance Not attending school 4 96 100 682 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 5 95 100 547 High wealth 2 98 100 458 Medium wealth 5 95 100 564 Low wealth 7 93 100 597 Lowest wealth 11 89 100 600 n=All children aged 5-17 121 3.54 Payment for domestic work Yes No Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 3 97 100 494 servant Area Urban 4 96 100 166 Rural 3 97 100 328 Gender Male 4 96 100 199 Female 3 97 100 295 Age 5-9 4 96 100 103 10-14 3 97 100 254 15-17 4 96 100 137 Current school Attending school 3 97 100 341 attendance Not attending school 5 95 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 5 95 100 106 High wealth 2 98 100 82 Medium wealth 6 94 100 91 Low wealth 3 97 100 105 Lowest wealth 1 99 100 110 Non-servant child Total 4 96 100 1 100 Area Urban 3 97 100 456 Rural 4 96 100 644 Gender Male 3 97 100 583 Female 4 96 100 517 Age 5-9 3 97 100 444 10-14 6 94 100 388 15-17 1 99 100 268 Current school Attending school 3 97 100 843 attendance Not attending school 5 95 100 257 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 2 98 100 233 High wealth 4 96 100 200 Medium wealth 5 95 100 232 Low wealth 3 97 100 219 Lowest wealth 4 96 100 216 n=All selected children aged 5-17 122 3.55 Activities last two hours before going to bed Domestic Leisure activities in Leisure activities work School work house outside of house Eat Other Total Total Sample size Child domestic Total 6 22 77 21 37 3 100 727 servant Area Urban 4 27 88 19 28 2 100 228 Rural 7 19 70 22 41 4 100 499 Gender Male 3 24 78 22 39 3 100 297 Female 7 21 76 20 35 4 100 430 Age 5-9 1 5 87 20 39 2 100 148 10-14 6 22 77 19 35 3 100 378 15-17 8 32 70 24 37 5 100 201 Current school Attending school 5 32 80 19 32 3 100 518 attendance Not attending school 8 2 70 25 46 4 100 209 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 14 27 87 18 27 1 100 151 High wealth 1 24 88 23 30 2 100 113 Medium wealth 4 24 79 29 31 1 100 136 Low wealth 3 25 63 24 40 4 100 161 Lowest wealth 6 12 66 12 54 7 100 166 Non-servant child Total 3 31 77 20 30 6 100 2 777 Area Urban 3 30 78 21 28 4 100 1 016 Rural 3 32 76 19 31 7 100 1 761 Gender Male 2 34 78 23 30 6 100 1 439 Female 4 28 76 17 30 6 100 1 338 Age 5-9 1 20 81 15 32 5 100 1 118 10-14 4 39 75 21 29 7 100 1 006 15-17 5 37 72 26 29 6 100 653 Current school Attending school 3 40 77 19 29 6 100 2 092 attendance Not attending school 4 3 76 22 35 7 100 684 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 4 46 81 14 34 3 100 551 High wealth 1 25 82 26 24 1 100 458 Medium wealth 3 33 80 22 22 6 100 567 Low wealth 3 35 70 17 34 8 100 598 Lowest wealth 3 19 72 21 36 9 100 603 n=All children aged 5-17. More than one alternative can be recorded, total may add up to more than 100 123 3.56 Current workload vs. expected workload if living with parents Same amount of More work Less work work Total Total Sample size Child domestic servant Total 18 42 39 100 450 Area Urban 12 34 54 100 153 Rural 22 47 31 100 297 Gender Male 20 39 41 100 176 Female 17 45 38 100 274 Age 5-9 22 27 51 100 86 10-14 17 40 43 100 237 15-17 19 55 26 100 127 Current school attendance Attending school 20 42 38 100 307 Not attending school 15 43 41 100 143 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 10 39 51 100 99 High wealth 24 41 34 100 75 Medium wealth 8 44 48 100 86 Low wealth 26 44 30 100 97 Lowest wealth 21 44 35 100 93 Non-servant child Total 21 33 45 100 372 Area Urban 18 36 46 100 191 Rural 25 31 44 100 181 Gender Male 24 33 43 100 205 Female 17 34 49 100 167 Age 5-9 20 28 52 100 133 10-14 22 33 45 100 127 15-17 22 39 39 100 112 Current school attendance Attending school 23 31 45 100 297 Not attending school 14 41 45 100 75 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 13 34 54 100 110 High wealth 13 38 49 100 85 Medium wealth 42 32 26 100 83 Low wealth 20 29 52 100 62 Lowest wealth 20 31 50 100 32 n=All selected, separated children aged 5-17 124 Chapter 4 Education Main findings: As is to be expected from the definition, child domestic workers are less educated and less likely to be enrolled in school than other children. While non-domestic children are increasingly more likely to complete education with increasing wealth in the household where they live, this is not the case for children in domesticity. It is also interesting to note that more non-domestic girls (49 percent) than boys (37 percent) complete primary before the age of 17, while the opposite is true for child domestic workers (35 percent boys vs. 27 percent girls). Non-domestic children are almost twice as likely to complete primary if they live in an urban as in a rural household (61 percent vs. 32 percent), while for child domestic workers the location of their household is of less importance (36 percent vs. 26 percent). Child domestic workers have lower level of enrollment than other children, although the differences might be less than expected. What is important to note, however, is that girl domestics are twice as likely not to be enrolled in school as boy domestics (40 percent vs. 22 percent). The child domestic workers, who are enrolled in school, typically are enrolled in schools with lower or no school fees. Twenty-one percent of enrolled child servants in urban areas and 37 percent in rural areas have their school fees paid by the state or by an organization. One-in-five enrolled child domestic workers are often or sometimes late for class because of domestic duties and equally many are always or often too tired to follow instructions. Access to school books and other school material is also a bigger problem for child domestic workers than for other children. However, the lack of time for homework is not reported as problem and child domestics do not have significantly more absence from school because of work in the household than other children. Definitions: Literacy in this chapter is the response to a single question posed to the randomly selected children whether they consider themselves as literate, partly literate or non-literate. Primary completion rate is the ratio of the total number of students successfully completing (or graduating from) the last year of primary school in a given year to the total number of children of official graduation age in the population. This survey reports on the primary completion rate for children aged 12 to 17 year olds. Highest completed education, see definition and figure chapter 1. 125 4.1 Primary completion rate (MDG) Not Completed completed Total Sample Total size Total 40 60 100 1 737 Child domestic Child domestic servant 30 70 100 438 servant Area Urban 36 64 100 162 Rural 26 74 100 276 Gender Male 35 65 100 166 Female 27 73 100 272 Age 10-14 15 85 100 237 15-17 45 55 100 201 Highest level completed No education 28 72 100 163 of household head Incomplete primary 17 83 100 93 Primary 28 72 100 57 First cycle secondary 42 58 100 60 Rheto/Philo/University 44 56 100 47 Vocational 32 68 100 10 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 36 64 100 110 High wealth 36 64 100 78 Medium wealth 30 70 100 87 Low wealth 33 67 100 89 Lowest wealth 6 94 100 74 Non-servant child Non-servant child 43 57 100 1 284 Area Urban 61 39 100 516 Rural 32 68 100 768 Gender Male 37 63 100 675 Female 49 51 100 609 Age 10-14 30 70 100 632 15-17 55 45 100 652 Highest level completed No education 25 75 100 444 of household head Incomplete primary 35 65 100 329 Primary 51 49 100 147 First cycle secondary 65 35 100 177 Rheto/Philo/University 81 19 100 140 Vocational 35 65 100 19 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 72 28 100 293 High wealth 61 39 100 239 Medium wealth 39 61 100 240 Low wealth 21 79 100 257 Lowest wealth 23 77 100 255 n=All children aged 12-17 126 4.2 Highest level of completed education Incomplete Lower Philo/ No education primary Primary secondary Rheto University Total Total Sample size Total 22 57 16 4 100 3 530 Child domestic Child domestic servant 14 67 20 - - - 100 727 servant Area Urban 5 67 28 - - - 100 228 Rural 19 66 15 - - - 100 499 Gender Male 14 63 23 - - - 100 297 Female 14 69 17 - - - 100 430 Age 5-9 46 54 - - - - 100 148 10-14 9 81 10 - - - 100 378 15-17 3 53 45 - - - 100 201 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 10 63 27 - - - 100 151 High wealth 2 69 28 - - - 100 113 Medium wealth 8 71 21 - - - 100 136 Low wealth 16 65 20 - - - 100 161 Lowest wealth 32 66 2 - - - 100 166 Non-servant child Non-servant child 24 56 16 4 100 2 775 Area Urban 18 51 23 8 100 1 016 Rural 27 59 12 2 - 100 1 759 Gender Male 22 59 14 5 - 100 1 438 Female 25 53 18 4 100 1 337 Age 5-9 52 48 - - - 100 1 117 10-14 7 73 19 1 - - 100 1 006 15-17 1 43 37 17 1 100 652 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 16 46 27 11 - 100 551 High wealth 18 49 25 7 1 1 100 458 Medium wealth 24 59 15 3 - - 100 567 Low wealth 21 69 8 2 - - 100 597 Lowest wealth 36 54 9 1 - - 100 602 n=All children aged 5-17 127 4.3 Literacy Partly Literate literate Illiterate Total Total Sample size Total 62 24 14 100 1 616 Child domestic Area Urban 81 15 4 100 166 servant Rural 51 34 15 100 328 Gender Male 61 28 12 100 199 Female 62 27 11 100 295 Age 5-9 41 32 26 100 103 10-14 58 31 11 100 254 15-17 79 18 3 100 137 Current school Attending school 66 30 4 100 341 attendance Not attending school 51 21 28 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 87 11 2 100 106 High wealth 78 17 5 100 82 Medium wealth 58 31 11 100 91 Low wealth 52 36 12 100 105 Lowest wealth 27 44 29 100 110 Non-servant Area Urban 73 19 9 100 457 child Rural 56 26 18 100 646 Gender Male 60 26 15 100 585 Female 65 20 15 100 518 Age 5-9 40 34 26 100 446 10-14 70 22 8 100 389 15-17 85 8 7 100 268 Current school Attending school 70 23 8 100 843 attendance Not attending school 36 26 38 100 260 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 76 18 5 100 234 High wealth 73 17 11 100 200 Medium wealth 67 19 14 100 232 Low wealth 60 25 15 100 219 Lowest wealth 41 34 25 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 128 4.4 Current level of enrolment Not enrolled 1st AF 2nd AF 3rd AF 4th AF 5th AF 6th AF 7th AF 8th AF 9th AF 3rd Sec 2nd Sec Rheto Philo Total Total Sample size Total 26 12 11 11 11 7 6 5 5 4 2 1 1 100 3 531 Child domestic Child domestic servant 33 5 8 14 11 6 7 7 4 5 - - - - 100 727 servant Area Urban 30 1 7 13 6 10 9 12 5 7 - - - - 100 228 Rural 34 6 9 15 14 5 6 5 3 3 - - - - 100 499 Gender Male 22 5 9 16 15 6 5 9 7 6 - - - - 100 297 Female 40 4 8 12 9 6 8 6 2 4 - - - - 100 430 Age 5-9 45 19 21 15 - - - - - - - - - - 100 148 10-14 27 2 8 20 18 8 8 6 2 - - - - - 100 378 15-17 34 - 5 8 8 10 14 8 14 - - - - 100 201 Wealth Highest wealth 28 4 9 21 7 9 3 12 3 5 - - - - 100 151 quintiles High wealth 17 - 5 10 10 10 20 11 7 10 - - - - 100 113 Medium wealth 36 1 7 14 14 5 5 7 2 8 - - - - 100 136 Low wealth 36 9 11 10 12 6 3 4 7 - - - - 100 161 Lowest wealth 46 9 9 15 13 2 4 2 - - - - 100 166 Non-servant child Non-servant child 25 13 11 11 10 7 5 5 5 4 2 1 1 100 2 776 Area Urban 23 10 7 9 9 8 7 5 7 9 4 2 2 100 1 016 Rural 25 14 13 11 11 7 5 5 4 2 1 1 100 1 760 Gender Male 22 12 12 12 12 8 6 3 4 5 2 1 1 100 1 439 Female 27 14 10 9 9 7 5 6 6 4 2 1 100 1 337 Age 5-9 33 28 18 12 6 2 - - - - - - 100 1 117 10-14 15 4 9 13 17 14 10 7 7 4 1 - - 100 1 006 15-17 26 2 5 8 5 8 9 10 12 7 4 3 100 653 Wealth Highest wealth 14 9 7 11 12 6 6 6 10 8 5 3 3 100 551 quintiles High wealth 25 12 8 10 4 9 6 6 6 10 3 2 - 100 458 Medium wealth 21 14 14 9 13 7 7 5 4 4 1 1 - 100 567 Low wealth 30 9 12 13 13 9 6 2 3 1 1 1 - - 100 597 Lowest wealth 31 20 13 10 9 6 2 5 2 2 - - - 100 603 n=All children aged 5-17 129 4.5 Age of first enrolment in primary school 5 years 6 years 7 years 8 years 9+ years Total Total Sample size Total 11 52 17 9 10 100 3 146 Child domestic servant Child domestic servant 1 43 20 17 19 100 658 Area Urban 48 14 16 22 100 216 Rural 1 40 24 17 18 100 442 Gender Male 1 48 21 13 17 100 262 Female 1 39 20 19 21 100 396 Age 5-9 2 56 27 15 1 100 107 10-14 1 41 19 18 21 100 353 15-17 39 20 16 25 100 198 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 1 30 22 24 23 100 144 High wealth - 53 18 7 21 100 108 Medium wealth - 55 12 14 19 100 130 Low wealth 2 52 17 9 19 100 148 Lowest wealth 1 22 32 30 15 100 128 Non-servant child Non-servant child 13 54 17 8 8 100 2 462 Area Urban 19 60 12 4 4 100 920 Rural 9 50 20 10 11 100 1 542 Gender Male 15 50 18 9 8 100 1 279 Female 10 58 16 7 9 100 1 183 Age 5-9 20 61 15 3 1 100 843 10-14 8 52 18 9 13 100 976 15-17 10 47 17 14 12 100 643 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 23 62 7 4 4 100 515 High wealth 16 64 15 3 3 100 415 Medium wealth 14 54 18 9 6 100 510 Low wealth 6 55 19 9 10 100 521 Lowest wealth 6 36 24 16 18 100 501 n=All children aged 5-17 ever enrolled 130 4.6 Type of school Catholic Protestant Community Private Public school school school school school Other Total Total Sample size Total 29 17 15 13 26 100 2 622 Child domestic Child domestic servant 34 9 10 22 25 100 515 servant Area Urban 39 3 6 18 33 100 160 Rural 31 13 12 25 20 - 100 355 Gender Male 35 5 9 23 28 - 100 213 Female 34 12 10 22 22 100 302 Age 5-9 19 7 11 46 18 - 100 81 10-14 35 11 12 23 18 - 100 282 15-17 39 6 5 10 39 100 152 Current level of enrollment Primary 31 10 12 29 19 100 420 Secondary 43 7 4 3 44 - 100 95 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 38 4 12 26 21 - 100 117 High wealth 34 4 9 10 43 100 85 Medium wealth 30 9 9 28 24 - 100 102 Low wealth 40 13 9 19 20 - 100 112 Lowest wealth 27 18 11 36 8 - 100 99 Non-servant child Non-servant child 29 18 15 11 26 100 2 088 Area Urban 25 19 9 6 40 1 100 771 Rural 31 17 18 14 19 - 100 1 317 Gender Male 29 16 15 11 28 100 1 086 Female 28 21 15 12 24 100 1 002 Age 5-9 16 25 16 15 29 100 752 10-14 32 16 15 11 26 100 845 15-17 43 10 14 9 24 - 100 491 Current level of enrollment Primary 26 20 16 15 24 100 1 574 Secondary 39 11 14 2 34 - 100 490 Rheto/Philo 31 24 - - 45 - 100 24 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 18 25 10 5 43 100 471 High wealth 26 22 7 6 39 - 100 333 Medium wealth 30 18 20 5 26 1 100 443 Low wealth 35 10 18 22 15 - 100 425 Lowest wealth 34 16 19 20 11 - 100 416 n= All enrolled children aged 5-17 131 4.7 Attending morning, day or evening school Morning Day Evening Total Total Sample size Total 92 8 100 2 629 Child domestic Child domestic servant 85 15 - 100 518 servant Area Urban 72 28 - 100 162 Rural 93 7 - 100 356 Gender Male 90 10 - 100 215 Female 81 20 - 100 303 Age 5-9 88 12 - 100 83 10-14 88 12 - 100 282 15-17 80 21 - 100 153 Current level of Primary 88 12 - 100 423 enrollment Secondary 75 26 - 100 95 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 60 40 - 100 119 High wealth 93 8 - 100 85 Medium wealth 91 9 - 100 102 Low wealth 89 11 - 100 112 Lowest wealth 97 3 - 100 100 Non-servant child Non-servant child 93 7 100 2 092 Area Urban 93 7 100 774 Rural 92 8 - 100 1 318 Gender Male 92 8 100 1 087 Female 94 7 - 100 1 005 Age 5-9 99 1 - 100 753 10-14 95 5 - 100 845 15-17 78 22 100 494 Current level of Primary 97 3 100 1 575 enrollment Secondary 77 23 - 100 493 Rheto/Philo 97 3 - 100 24 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 93 7 100 473 High wealth 93 7 - 100 333 Medium wealth 91 9 - 100 444 Low wealth 93 7 - 100 426 Lowest wealth 93 7 - 100 416 n= All enrolled children aged 5-17. More than one alternative can be recorded, total may add up to more than 100 132 4.8 Primary language of instruction Creole and French Creole French equally important Other Total Total Sample size Total 19 19 62 100 2 598 Child domestic servant Area Urban 18 20 62 - 100 158 Rural 22 15 63 - 100 354 Gender Male 21 19 60 - 100 213 Female 20 16 64 - 100 299 Age 5-9 29 9 62 - 100 82 10-14 21 15 63 - 100 280 15-17 15 24 61 - 100 150 Current level of enrollment Primary 25 13 62 - 100 418 Secondary 6 30 63 - 100 94 Rheto/Philo - - - - - - Type of school Public school 27 9 64 - 100 204 Catholic school 32 29 40 - 100 62 Protestant school 13 18 69 - 100 63 Private school 20 24 56 - 100 100 Other school 12 16 72 - 100 81 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 14 15 72 - 100 115 High wealth 21 22 57 - 100 84 Medium wealth 14 12 74 - 100 101 Low wealth 28 20 51 - 100 112 Lowest wealth 26 15 59 - 100 100 Non-servant child Area Urban 13 23 63 1 100 764 Rural 22 17 62 100 1 305 Gender Male 23 17 60 100 1 075 Female 14 21 65 1 100 994 Age 5-9 20 22 58 100 744 10-14 21 16 62 100 837 15-17 13 18 69 100 488 Current level of enrollment Primary 22 17 61 100 1 556 Secondary 8 24 67 1 100 489 Rheto/Philo 1 40 59 - 100 24 Type of school Public school 26 6 68 100 541 Catholic school 16 35 49 100 371 Protestant school 13 24 63 100 304 Private school 14 18 67 1 100 636 Other school 22 24 54 - 100 215 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 7 32 59 2 100 464 High wealth 21 21 58 - 100 333 Medium wealth 14 18 67 100 441 Low wealth 21 13 66 100 417 Lowest wealth 31 10 59 - 100 414 n=All enrolled children aged 5-17 133 4.9 School fees per month No school Less than HTG 501- HTG 2001- More than fees HTG 100 HTG 100-500 2000 5000 HTG 5000 Total Total Sample size Total 24 19 30 23 3 100 2 568 Child domestic servant Area Urban 17 19 39 25 - 100 153 Rural 36 25 29 9 1 - 100 353 Gender Male 33 22 28 16 1 - 100 210 Female 25 24 37 14 - 100 296 Age 5-9 35 24 33 5 2 - 100 81 10-14 34 25 33 8 - 100 276 15-17 18 19 32 31 - - 100 149 Current level of enrollment Primary 35 23 35 6 1 - 100 411 Secondary 11 21 25 42 - 100 95 Rheto/Philo - - - - - - - - Type of school Public school 46 31 22 1 - 100 205 Catholic school 19 8 56 15 2 - 100 60 Protestant school 15 12 51 21 - - 100 64 Private school 5 11 38 45 1 - 100 97 Other school 39 35 24 2 - 100 79 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 18 22 41 19 - 100 113 High wealth 21 9 44 26 - - 100 80 Medium wealth 26 32 25 15 2 - 100 101 Low wealth 51 26 15 7 1 - 100 112 Lowest wealth 32 33 33 2 - - 100 100 Non-servant child Area Urban 10 12 28 43 6 1 100 749 Rural 30 23 31 14 1 100 1 295 Gender Male 22 19 30 25 3 100 1 064 Female 24 18 30 24 3 1 100 980 Age 5-9 21 16 34 24 4 1 100 740 10-14 26 18 29 25 2 100 822 15-17 21 26 25 23 4 100 482 Current level of enrollment Primary 28 18 32 20 2 100 1 541 Secondary 9 23 25 36 6 1 100 480 Rheto/Philo 3 14 8 49 20 6 100 23 Type of school Public school 45 34 19 2 - 100 534 Catholic school 13 10 39 29 9 100 368 Protestant school 14 14 40 28 3 100 302 Private school 1 9 33 52 4 2 100 625 Other school 46 26 25 4 - - 100 214 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 9 9 25 45 10 2 100 449 High wealth 9 19 31 37 4 100 327 Medium wealth 22 15 35 27 1 100 440 Low wealth 37 29 27 5 2 - 100 422 Lowest wealth 35 22 32 10 1 - 100 406 n=All enrolled children aged 5-17 134 4.10 Main supporter of school fees Head of Head of Parent in household household (not household (not Parent outside State or (parent) parent) head) of household organization Other Total Total Sample size Total 42 10 8 12 26 3 100 2 620 Child domestic servant Area Urban - 39 2 30 21 8 100 153 Rural - 31 3 18 37 11 100 356 Gender Male - 20 1 30 35 13 100 212 Female - 45 4 16 29 7 100 297 Age 5-9 - 25 9 20 37 10 100 83 10-14 - 37 1 17 37 7 100 277 15-17 - 31 2 32 20 15 100 149 Current level of enrollment Primary - 36 3 15 36 10 100 418 Secondary - 25 2 47 15 11 100 91 Rheto/Philo - - - - - - - - Type of school Public school - 18 2 26 49 6 100 202 Catholic school - 46 2 27 24 1 100 62 Protestant school - 55 2 18 17 7 100 62 Private school - 40 3 34 7 17 100 99 Other school - 35 5 6 40 14 100 81 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 54 3 13 21 9 100 113 High wealth - 31 1 41 24 4 100 83 Medium wealth - 28 2 18 32 20 100 101 Low wealth - 14 - 18 54 14 100 112 Lowest wealth - 40 8 16 31 6 100 100 Non-servant child Area Urban 50 11 10 13 13 2 100 774 Rural 45 5 8 9 31 1 100 1 318 Gender Male 47 8 9 10 24 2 100 1 087 Female 47 5 9 12 26 1 100 1 005 Age 5-9 47 5 11 12 23 2 100 753 10-14 46 7 9 10 27 1 100 845 15-17 50 8 6 11 22 3 100 494 Current level of enrollment Primary 44 6 9 10 29 2 100 1 575 Secondary 57 8 9 11 12 2 100 493 Rheto/Philo 38 18 16 25 3 1 100 24 Type of school Public school 32 8 3 10 47 100 549 Catholic school 62 2 10 9 16 100 377 Protestant school 59 4 10 10 14 3 100 309 Private school 53 11 15 16 2 3 100 637 Other school 32 7 8 3 49 1 100 216 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 47 16 13 13 9 2 100 473 High wealth 54 8 10 12 14 3 100 333 Medium wealth 43 5 10 18 22 2 100 444 Low wealth 38 4 8 9 41 1 100 426 Lowest wealth 55 1 3 2 37 2 100 416 n=All enrolled children aged 5-17 135 4.11 Lack of time for homework because of domestic work Often Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Total 1 7 92 100 1 195 Child domestic Area Urban 1 2 97 100 112 servant Rural 1 18 82 100 229 Gender Male 1 13 87 100 144 Female 1 12 87 100 197 Age 5-9 - 8 92 100 57 10-14 2 16 83 100 181 15-17 1 9 91 100 103 Wealth Highest wealth 1 11 89 100 79 quintiles High wealth 1 12 87 100 66 Medium wealth 2 18 81 100 65 Low wealth 1 10 89 100 69 Lowest wealth 2 11 87 100 62 Non-servant child Area Urban 1 4 95 100 346 Rural 1 7 92 100 497 Gender Male 1 5 94 100 444 Female 8 92 100 399 Age 5-9 5 95 100 307 10-14 2 5 94 100 335 15-17 1 10 89 100 201 Wealth Highest wealth 3 4 93 100 198 quintiles High wealth 1 7 92 100 148 Medium wealth 6 94 100 180 Low wealth 7 92 100 161 Lowest wealth 1 6 93 100 156 n=All selected, enrolled children aged 5-17 136 4.12 Late for class because of domestic work Often Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Total 2 16 83 100 1 194 Child domestic Area Urban 2 11 87 100 112 servant Rural 5 29 66 100 229 Gender Male 2 24 74 100 144 Female 6 21 73 100 197 Age 5-9 - 9 91 100 57 10-14 5 23 71 100 181 15-17 4 28 68 100 103 Wealth Highest wealth 5 14 81 100 79 quintiles High wealth 1 31 67 100 66 Medium wealth 5 27 69 100 65 Low wealth 8 15 77 100 69 Lowest wealth 3 20 77 100 62 Non-servant child Area Urban 8 91 100 345 Rural 2 18 80 100 497 Gender Male 1 11 87 100 443 Female 2 19 80 100 399 Age 5-9 11 89 100 307 10-14 2 17 81 100 334 15-17 3 16 82 100 201 Wealth Highest wealth 3 8 89 100 197 quintiles High wealth 7 93 100 148 Medium wealth 1 8 92 100 180 Low wealth 27 73 100 161 Lowest wealth 3 22 75 100 156 n=All selected, enrolled children aged 5-17 137 4.13 Too tired to follow instructions in class Always Often Sometimes Total Total Sample size Total 2 19 79 100 1 193 Child domestic Area Urban 2 18 80 100 112 servant Rural 4 20 77 100 229 Gender Male 1 16 83 100 144 Female 5 22 73 100 197 Age 5-9 - 20 80 100 57 10-14 5 15 80 100 181 15-17 2 25 73 100 103 Wealth Highest wealth 6 14 80 100 79 quintiles High wealth 18 81 100 66 Medium wealth 5 19 76 100 65 Low wealth 5 18 77 100 69 Lowest wealth - 29 71 100 62 Non-servant child Area Urban 1 22 77 100 346 Rural 3 17 80 100 496 Gender Male 2 17 81 100 444 Female 3 20 77 100 398 Age 5-9 2 10 88 100 307 10-14 1 22 77 100 334 15-17 5 27 68 100 201 Wealth Highest wealth 4 16 81 100 198 quintiles High wealth 1 25 74 100 148 Medium wealth 1 19 81 100 180 Low wealth 6 13 81 100 161 Lowest wealth 1 21 78 100 155 n=All selected, enrolled children aged 5-17 138 4.14 Access to text books Access to Access to Not access all books some books to books Total Total Sample size Total 28 59 13 100 1 194 Child domestic Area Urban 29 66 5 100 112 servant Rural 24 61 15 100 229 Gender Male 23 68 9 100 144 Female 29 58 13 100 197 Age 5-9 24 62 15 100 57 10-14 28 63 9 100 181 15-17 25 63 13 100 103 Wealth Highest wealth 25 64 10 100 79 quintiles High wealth 25 70 5 100 66 Medium wealth 32 56 12 100 65 Low wealth 29 55 16 100 69 Lowest wealth 21 61 18 100 62 Non-servant child Area Urban 37 49 14 100 346 Rural 23 64 13 100 496 Gender Male 27 58 15 100 444 Female 29 59 12 100 398 Age 5-9 38 47 15 100 306 10-14 23 65 12 100 335 15-17 21 64 15 100 201 Wealth Highest wealth 54 38 8 100 198 quintiles High wealth 28 58 14 100 148 Medium wealth 23 62 16 100 180 Low wealth 26 60 14 100 160 Lowest wealth 12 71 17 100 156 n=All selected, enrolled children aged 5-17 139 4.15 Access to other school material School Notebooks Pencils Pens Eraser School bag uniform Shoes None Total Total Sample size Total 91 75 73 55 78 92 87 2 100 1 195 Child domestic Area Urban 93 88 75 72 86 89 89 - 100 112 servant Rural 88 73 81 50 75 93 80 1 100 229 Gender Male 93 82 84 60 78 92 81 100 144 Female 87 75 73 56 80 91 85 1 100 197 Age 5-9 81 88 32 59 80 93 73 2 100 57 10-14 96 79 85 57 79 96 85 - 100 181 15-17 86 74 93 58 78 84 85 1 100 103 Wealth Highest wealth 95 84 69 69 92 97 99 - 100 79 quintiles High wealth 90 78 86 66 81 88 88 - 100 66 Medium wealth 95 76 87 51 75 91 83 1 100 65 Low wealth 91 78 82 43 71 93 83 - 100 69 Lowest wealth 79 77 64 49 71 91 56 2 100 62 Non-servant child Area Urban 95 81 79 67 88 95 95 100 346 Rural 90 70 69 47 72 91 83 3 100 497 Gender Male 95 73 72 54 79 94 92 100 444 Female 87 76 73 55 78 91 82 3 100 399 Age 5-9 94 84 50 62 79 92 88 100 307 10-14 87 69 83 51 77 91 84 4 100 335 15-17 96 67 88 50 79 96 91 1 100 201 Wealth Highest wealth 96 81 87 73 93 97 99 100 198 quintiles High wealth 91 79 78 64 89 95 96 100 148 Medium wealth 87 74 63 53 81 93 92 3 100 180 Low wealth 95 67 75 43 74 95 87 100 161 Lowest wealth 89 70 62 43 58 84 66 5 100 156 n=All selected, enrolled children aged 5-17 140 4.16 Absence from school last 12 months because of domestic duties Often Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Total 2 8 90 100 2 619 Child domestic Area Urban 1 8 92 100 162 servant Rural 11 88 100 355 Gender Male 8 92 100 215 Female 1 12 87 100 302 Age 5-9 - 9 91 100 83 10-14 1 9 91 100 282 15-17 1 12 87 100 152 Current level of Primary 10 89 100 422 enrollment Secondary 9 90 100 95 Rheto/Philo - - - - - Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 1 13 86 100 119 High wealth 6 93 100 84 Medium wealth 1 11 88 100 102 Low wealth - 12 88 100 112 Lowest wealth - 9 91 100 100 Non-servant child Area Urban 1 7 92 100 770 Rural 4 8 88 100 1 314 Gender Male 2 8 90 100 1 082 Female 3 7 89 100 1 002 Age 5-9 2 5 92 100 751 10-14 2 8 89 100 842 15-17 4 10 86 100 491 Current level of Primary 3 8 89 100 1 570 enrollment Secondary 1 7 92 100 490 Rheto/Philo - - 100 100 24 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 1 6 93 100 467 High wealth 7 93 100 331 Medium wealth 2 7 91 100 444 Low wealth 2 10 88 100 426 Lowest wealth 8 8 84 100 416 n=All enrolled children aged 5-17 141 4.17 Days of absence last week School closed One day Two days Three days Four days Five days Not absent last week Total Total Sample size Total 2 2 1 17 74 4 100 2 625 Child domestic servant Area Urban 5 1 1 12 73 8 100 160 Rural 2 1 1 18 77 1 100 356 Gender Male 2 1 13 84 100 214 Female 4 1 1 1 19 69 6 100 302 Age 5-9 - 2 1 - 9 88 1 100 83 10-14 5 1 1 1 16 74 3 100 280 15-17 1 1 20 72 6 100 153 Current level of Primary 3 1 1 1 16 75 3 100 422 enrollment Secondary 1 - - 18 77 3 100 94 Rheto/Philo - - - - - - - - - Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 7 2 17 68 6 100 119 High wealth 1 - 1 1 8 84 6 100 83 Medium wealth 2 2 1 1 19 74 1 100 102 Low wealth 2 2 - 13 82 - 100 112 Lowest wealth 2 - - - 27 70 1 100 100 Non-servant child Area Urban 3 3 1 16 70 7 100 773 Rural 2 2 1 17 76 2 100 1 318 Gender Male 2 2 1 18 72 4 100 1 086 Female 3 2 1 15 75 3 100 1 005 Age 5-9 2 2 1 17 75 3 100 753 10-14 3 2 1 16 75 3 100 844 15-17 1 2 2 1 18 70 6 100 494 Current level of Primary 2 2 1 19 72 3 100 1 575 enrollment Secondary 2 2 1 10 78 7 100 492 Rheto/Philo 4 - - - 2 91 2 100 24 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 2 1 1 9 82 5 100 473 High wealth 2 1 1 24 62 9 100 332 Medium wealth 2 4 26 67 1 100 444 Low wealth 2 1 10 85 2 100 426 Lowest wealth 4 4 2 1 14 71 4 100 416 n=All enrolled children aged 5-17 142 4.18 Main reason for absence last week Economic Health Domestic School closed/ reasons reasons duties Teacher absent Other reason Total Total Sample size Total 63 8 1 20 7 100 730 Child domestic servant Area Urban 53 4 2 18 23 100 59 Rural 63 7 8 11 11 100 84 Gender Male 78 2 - 8 12 100 49 Female 49 7 8 17 19 100 94 Age 5-9 59 5 - 14 22 100 17 10-14 54 7 8 15 16 100 81 15-17 66 3 2 12 17 100 45 Current level of enrollment Primary 52 6 7 14 21 100 119 Secondary 79 4 - 14 3 100 24 Rheto/Philo - - - - - - - Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 39 7 1 28 25 100 47 High wealth 68 3 2 9 17 100 20 Medium wealth 67 7 - 13 13 100 27 Low wealth 72 8 - 5 15 100 19 Lowest wealth 57 3 23 9 8 100 30 Non-servant child Area Urban 62 6 - 30 2 100 256 Rural 65 11 15 9 100 329 Gender Male 63 9 22 6 100 320 Female 65 9 19 7 100 265 Age 5-9 67 9 21 3 100 192 10-14 60 9 22 9 100 235 15-17 66 9 - 19 6 100 158 Current level of enrollment Primary 66 10 18 6 100 434 Secondary 56 4 - 32 8 100 145 Rheto/Philo 28 29 - 25 18 100 6 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 63 8 - 28 2 100 131 High wealth 67 4 - 27 3 100 110 Medium wealth 80 7 - 9 5 100 126 Low wealth 61 14 - 14 11 100 95 Lowest wealth 43 16 1 29 12 100 123 n=All enrolled children aged 5-17 143 4.19 Main reason for currently not attending school Not Lack of School fees Needed at interested in Parents not money for Not ready School year too high home Illness school committed Pregnancy additional for school not started Other Total Sample Total size Total 38 1 1 7 1 3 21 16 7 6 100 516 Child domestic Area Urban 27 11 - 2 3 - 39 12 3 3 100 53 servant Rural 31 1 5 3 7 17 22 11 4 100 86 Gender Male 27 3 - 3 9 - 46 7 4 2 100 47 Female 31 5 1 4 1 6 18 22 9 4 100 92 Age 5-9 10 2 - - 3 - 14 41 26 6 100 24 10-14 40 8 1 2 3 - 19 15 9 3 100 70 15-17 27 3 - 6 4 9 34 14 3 100 45 Wealth Highest wealth 22 9 - 2 - - 55 - 11 2 100 24 quintiles High wealth 23 2 - 3 5 - 47 4 17 - 100 23 Medium wealth 53 12 - 1 2 - 13 13 1 5 100 28 Low wealth 35 1 2 1 1 - 15 40 - 5 100 36 Lowest wealth 9 - - 11 8 19 14 20 15 3 100 28 Non-servant Area Urban 42 1 5 - 5 26 12 2 7 100 146 child Rural 38 2 10 1 16 17 10 7 100 224 Gender Male 37 1 12 - 24 14 7 4 100 192 Female 42 2 4 4 16 16 6 9 100 178 Age 5-9 38 1 2 - - 25 19 10 6 100 90 10-14 39 - 3 5 - 23 15 8 6 100 131 15-17 40 1 15 5 13 13 3 8 100 149 Wealth Highest wealth 13 - 1 1 - - 18 36 6 24 100 42 quintiles High wealth 32 - 13 - - 39 3 2 10 100 82 Medium wealth 57 1 3 6 1 11 6 7 3 7 100 66 Low wealth 49 - - 11 - 2 11 24 3 1 100 95 Lowest wealth 32 4 5 23 14 19 4 100 85 n=All previously enrolled children aged 5-17 144 4.20 Main reason for never attending school School fees Physical Parents not Too Mental too high illness Disability committed young illness Other Total Sample Total size Total 15 4 4 5 59 3 9 100 386 Child domestic Area Urban 47 - - 21 19 - 13 100 12 servant Rural 36 3 1 18 21 - 21 100 57 Gender Male 45 - - 30 16 - 8 100 35 Female 33 4 1 12 24 - 27 100 34 Age 5-9 37 - - 20 35 - 8 100 41 10-14 27 8 2 18 2 - 44 100 25 15-17 83 - - 11 - - 6 100 3 Wealth Highest wealth 49 - - 35 9 - 7 100 7 quintiles High wealth - - 10 45 45 - - 100 5 Medium wealth 56 21 - - 16 - 7 100 6 Low wealth 23 - - 11 22 - 44 100 13 Lowest wealth 38 - - 17 23 - 22 100 38 Non-servant child Area Urban 5 1 12 1 69 11 2 100 96 Rural 14 5 3 4 63 1 10 100 219 Gender Male 14 6 9 5 57 4 7 100 160 Female 10 3 1 2 72 3 9 100 155 Age 5-9 9 4 2 2 73 3 8 100 275 10-14 37 10 33 7 - 4 9 100 30 15-17 33 - 5 47 8 6 2 100 10 Wealth Highest wealth 1 1 13 1 83 1 1 100 36 quintiles High wealth 8 3 1 7 80 - 1 100 43 Medium wealth 3 1 7 2 54 7 26 100 57 Low wealth 14 7 8 1 63 5 3 100 77 Lowest wealth 21 6 6 60 2 5 100 102 n=All never enrolled children 145 Chapter 5 Domestic treatment Main findings: Child domestic workers receive less punishment than other children. According to household respondents, child domestics are considerably less likely to be hit with an object or whipped, which is the most common form of punishment of all children. Child domestics are, however, more likely to be verbally reprimanded than non-domestic children. This is in discordance with what parents who want to send their children to live with another household find acceptable. According to them, verbal reprimanding or insulting is unacceptable, while 81 percent accept that members of the new household whip their children (see chapter 7). Less child domestics report to have received injuries from punishment than non-domestic children. Among children who had been punished last week before the survey, child domestics were more likely to be punished for not performing their work well, disobedience or for showing disrespect than other children. One-in-four children are always or sometimes afraid of other members of the household. Children are most afraid in the rural areas and there are no big differences between child domestics and other children. Almost three-in-four children have someone to talk to about difficult experiences; most of them have someone in the household. Three-in-four children also report that they have friends of the same age in the community. Non-domestic children are slightly more likely to have friends, but there are no large differences. Boys are more likely to have friends than girls, and all children are more likely to have friends in rural than in urban areas. Child domestic workers are more frequently allowed to leave the house alone, both for duties and for own purposes, than other children. Much of the explanation for this is, however, that the non- domestic children on average are younger than the servant children. Female child domestic workers are much less likely to be allowed to leave the house for own purposes than male child domestic workers. Child domestic workers are also less likely to go to church with other family members, and when they go they are less likely to wear special clothes. While 72 percent of church-going non-domestic children have special clothes that they wear for church, this is the case for 63 percent of church- going child domestics. Child domestic workers are also less likely to have common food arrangements with the other members of the household. While 80 percent non-domestic children eat together with the household, this is the case for 69 percent of child domestics. Among child domestic workers in the urban areas, only 59 percent eat together with the rest of the household. The majority of child domestic workers feel that they are treated equal to other children in the household. Only 12 percent feel they are treated worse. Twenty-four percent live in households without other children. The youngest feel better treated than the oldest. For the child domestic workers who report on differential treatment, this is manifested in longer work hours and higher work load, more physical punishment and verbal reprimand, and less attention and care. 146 5.1 Sleeping facilities Bed with Mattress Mat on Lit de mattress without bed the floor fortune Other Total Total Sample size Total 44 21 20 16 100 3 533 Child domestic servant Area Urban 54 11 10 25 100 228 Rural 34 26 24 16 - 100 499 Gender Male 37 27 22 14 100 297 Female 44 16 17 22 100 430 Age 5-9 20 17 38 25 1 100 148 10-14 42 20 20 19 - 100 378 15-17 53 24 7 15 - 100 201 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 59 2 7 32 - 100 151 High wealth 57 16 6 20 - 100 113 Medium wealth 41 24 11 22 100 136 Low wealth 33 26 27 14 100 161 Lowest wealth 16 35 42 7 - 100 166 Non-servant child Area Urban 60 8 10 21 100 1 016 Rural 36 27 25 12 1 100 1 761 Gender Male 42 20 21 17 100 1 439 Female 46 21 19 14 1 100 1 338 Age 5-9 38 18 25 18 1 100 1 118 10-14 44 20 19 16 1 100 1 006 15-17 54 25 12 9 - 100 653 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 82 1 1 15 1 100 551 High wealth 49 8 10 32 1 100 458 Medium wealth 51 15 16 17 1 100 567 Low wealth 29 30 31 10 100 598 Lowest wealth 18 40 36 6 - 100 603 n=All children aged 5-17 147 5.2 Private or shared sleeping space Sometimes Always Sleep alone share share Total Total Sample size Total 27 7 66 100 3 531 Child domestic Area Urban 46 10 43 100 228 servant Rural 37 4 59 100 499 Gender Male 35 7 57 100 297 Female 44 6 51 100 430 Age 5-9 37 2 62 100 148 10-14 41 6 53 100 378 15-17 41 9 49 100 201 Wealth Highest wealth 62 6 32 100 151 quintiles High wealth 35 11 54 100 113 Medium wealth 39 2 59 100 136 Low wealth 34 9 57 100 161 Lowest wealth 32 2 66 100 166 Non-servant child Area Urban 27 11 62 100 1 015 Rural 24 5 71 100 1 760 Gender Male 25 7 67 100 1 437 Female 25 7 68 100 1 338 Age 5-9 18 6 77 100 1 118 10-14 26 7 67 100 1 005 15-17 37 10 53 100 652 Wealth Highest wealth 45 15 40 100 550 quintiles High wealth 21 7 72 100 458 Medium wealth 26 5 69 100 567 Low wealth 23 5 73 100 598 Lowest wealth 15 5 80 100 602 n=All children aged 5-17 148 5.3 Shared sleeping space with children or adults Child Adult Both Varies Total Total Sample size Total 61 31 7 1 100 991 Child domestic servant Area Urban 37 59 3 1 100 71 Rural 63 30 3 4 100 190 Gender Male 57 36 3 4 100 107 Female 55 40 3 2 100 154 Age 5-9 65 20 10 5 100 63 10-14 65 34 1 - 100 128 15-17 40 52 3 5 100 70 Current school attendance Attending school 57 39 3 1 100 174 Not attending school 54 36 4 6 100 87 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 64 34 2 - 100 39 High wealth 47 49 2 1 100 50 Medium wealth 64 31 3 2 100 37 Low wealth 50 43 3 5 100 62 Lowest wealth 59 30 6 5 100 73 Non-servant child Area Urban 43 41 14 2 100 288 Rural 71 24 4 1 100 428 Gender Male 59 33 7 1 100 366 Female 65 26 7 1 100 350 Age 5-9 61 32 5 2 100 340 10-14 61 28 9 1 100 251 15-17 65 27 8 100 125 Current school attendance Attending school 64 29 6 1 100 531 Not attending school 55 32 12 2 100 185 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 31 53 11 5 100 116 High wealth 54 36 10 - 100 132 Medium wealth 56 31 13 1 100 155 Low wealth 74 23 3 - 100 156 Lowest wealth 76 19 3 2 100 157 n=All selected children aged 5-17, who share sleeping arrangement 149 5.4 Shared sleeping space with male or female Male Female Both Varies Total Total Sample size Total 36 51 12 1 100 991 Child domestic servant Area Urban 54 38 7 2 100 71 Rural 37 53 7 2 100 190 Gender Male 69 24 6 2 100 107 Female 21 69 8 2 100 154 Age 5-9 28 51 15 5 100 63 10-14 42 52 5 1 100 128 15-17 49 44 6 1 100 70 Current school attendance Attending school 44 49 6 2 100 174 Not attending school 39 49 10 2 100 87 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 20 78 2 - 100 39 High wealth 57 34 6 3 100 50 Medium wealth 31 65 4 - 100 37 Low wealth 38 51 8 3 100 62 Lowest wealth 51 36 12 1 100 73 Non-servant child Area Urban 34 50 15 1 100 288 Rural 37 51 11 1 100 428 Gender Male 56 33 10 1 100 366 Female 13 72 14 1 100 350 Age 5-9 35 52 12 1 100 340 10-14 33 51 14 1 100 251 15-17 41 49 10 100 125 Current school attendance Attending school 37 51 11 1 100 531 Not attending school 33 51 17 100 185 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 19 63 12 6 100 116 High wealth 44 46 9 100 132 Medium wealth 27 57 15 1 100 155 Low wealth 45 46 9 100 156 Lowest wealth 37 48 15 100 157 n=All selected children aged 5-17, who share sleeping arrangement 150 5.5 Hours of sleep per night 3-5 hours 6-8 hours 9-11 hours 12+ hours Total Total Sample size Total 26 69 4 100 3 446 Child domestic servant Area Urban 1 37 61 2 100 217 Rural 23 72 6 100 492 Gender Male 22 76 2 100 291 Female 1 31 62 6 100 418 Age 5-9 7 87 6 100 145 10-14 1 27 68 5 100 368 15-17 41 56 3 100 196 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 2 53 45 100 145 High wealth - 22 76 2 100 108 Medium wealth - 30 68 3 100 133 Low wealth - 16 80 4 100 158 Lowest wealth - 16 72 12 100 165 Non-servant child Area Urban 38 59 3 100 973 Rural 20 74 5 100 1 735 Gender Male 25 71 4 100 1 402 Female 28 67 5 100 1 306 Age 5-9 12 81 7 100 1 096 10-14 31 66 2 100 983 15-17 42 55 3 100 629 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 1 44 54 2 100 531 High wealth 32 63 5 100 439 Medium wealth 26 72 2 100 559 Low wealth - 13 81 6 100 591 Lowest wealth - 21 72 7 100 588 n=All children aged 5-17 151 5.6 Types of punishment when misbehaving, household respondent Imposed Asked to Hit with Verbally Cursed or restriction on stand on object/ Given extra reprimanded insulted activities knees Slapped Spanked whipped Denied food Denied sleep work Other None Total Total Sample size Total 40 6 7 54 16 6 68 1 2 10 100 3 533 Child domestic Area Urban 51 5 6 37 13 4 49 - 2 21 100 228 servant Rural 42 6 5 54 11 4 57 1 1 2 13 100 499 Gender Male 49 5 5 54 12 5 55 1 13 100 297 Female 43 5 5 43 12 3 54 2 2 17 100 430 Age 5-9 33 3 6 52 14 5 66 - - 14 100 148 10-14 44 5 7 59 13 4 66 2 9 100 378 15-17 53 7 2 29 8 3 31 1 3 26 100 201 Wealth Highest wealth 51 5 9 37 15 7 56 - 4 - 17 100 151 quintiles High wealth 50 4 2 50 9 52 - - - 14 100 113 Medium wealth 56 8 6 51 9 3 47 2 1 1 1 13 100 136 Low wealth 39 5 6 41 11 3 57 - - - 5 18 100 161 Lowest wealth 31 5 3 61 14 7 58 1 - 1 1 17 100 166 Non-servant child Area Urban 37 7 9 54 17 5 69 1 2 8 100 1 016 Rural 41 6 7 56 17 8 70 1 2 9 100 1 761 Gender Male 40 6 7 58 17 7 71 2 8 100 1 439 Female 39 6 7 53 17 7 69 1 2 9 100 1 338 Age 5-9 32 3 5 60 25 10 74 1 6 100 1 118 10-14 39 6 8 63 13 6 77 1 1 7 100 1 006 15-17 55 11 10 35 9 3 52 1 1 5 16 100 653 Wealth Highest wealth 35 4 10 45 18 5 62 1 2 14 100 551 quintiles High wealth 49 10 6 57 19 6 73 1 1 1 6 100 458 Medium wealth 34 5 11 58 14 8 72 - 1 8 100 567 Low wealth 41 6 4 56 16 7 74 1 2 10 100 598 Lowest wealth 40 6 7 59 17 8 68 - - 1 3 6 100 603 n=All children aged 5-17. More than one alternative can be recorded, total may add up to more than 100 152 5.7 Punishment last 7 days, household respondent Imposed Asked to Hit with Verbally Cursed or restriction on stand on object/ Given extra reprimanded insulted activities knees Slapped Spanked whipped Denied food Denied sleep work Other None Total Total Sample size Total 13 2 2 11 4 2 19 63 100 3 175 Child domestic Area Urban 20 2 2 8 3 1 24 - - - - 62 100 200 servant Rural 20 2 14 5 1 19 - - 57 100 438 Gender Male 20 1 - 12 2 1 25 - - - 58 100 265 Female 19 4 1 12 6 18 - - - 60 100 373 Age 5-9 21 1 - 15 5 1 31 - - - - 52 100 134 10-14 19 1 1 14 6 1 23 1 - - 56 100 345 15-17 21 6 6 9 - - - - 69 100 159 Wealth Highest wealth 21 1 2 9 2 1 28 - - - - 54 100 133 quintiles High wealth 20 2 1 11 22 - - - - 64 100 98 Medium wealth 20 7 - 11 4 15 2 - - - 63 100 120 Low wealth 21 1 - 10 3 1 27 - - - - 53 100 144 Lowest wealth 17 1 - 19 11 11 - - - 61 100 143 Non-servant child Area Urban 13 3 2 12 5 1 23 - - 62 100 908 Rural 12 2 2 10 3 2 17 - 65 100 1 603 Gender Male 13 2 2 12 3 2 22 - 61 100 1 313 Female 12 2 1 9 4 2 16 - - 67 100 1 198 Age 5-9 12 1 2 14 7 3 22 - - - 58 100 1 041 10-14 10 1 2 11 2 1 21 - 66 100 923 15-17 16 6 2 4 1 9 - - - 1 72 100 547 Wealth Highest wealth 10 2 1 14 5 2 18 - - 63 100 481 quintiles High wealth 20 5 1 12 6 1 26 - - - 1 54 100 417 Medium wealth 9 1 2 6 2 3 19 - - - 69 100 508 Low wealth 10 1 2 13 3 1 18 - - - 67 100 550 Lowest wealth 13 1 2 10 3 2 16 - - - 65 100 555 n=All children aged 5-17, who are punished when misbehaving. More than one alternative can be recorded, total may add up to more than 100 153 5.8 Punished by members of the household, child respondent Often Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Total 10 63 27 100 1 613 Child domestic Area Urban 5 59 36 100 166 servant Rural 12 53 35 100 328 Gender Male 8 56 35 100 199 Female 10 54 35 100 295 Age 5-9 8 54 38 100 103 10-14 10 65 25 100 254 15-17 10 41 50 100 137 Current school Attending school 8 56 36 100 341 attendance Not attending school 13 54 33 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 4 62 34 100 106 High wealth 5 58 37 100 82 Medium wealth 23 39 39 100 91 Low wealth 10 54 36 100 105 Lowest wealth 11 58 31 100 110 Non-servant Area Urban 11 63 26 100 456 child Rural 10 64 25 100 645 Gender Male 11 65 23 100 584 Female 9 62 28 100 517 Age 5-9 15 64 22 100 445 10-14 11 68 21 100 388 15-17 2 58 39 100 268 Current school Attending school 10 66 24 100 843 attendance Not attending school 12 58 29 100 258 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 7 65 28 100 232 High wealth 20 59 22 100 200 Medium wealth 8 65 27 100 232 Low wealth 9 64 27 100 219 Lowest wealth 9 67 24 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 154 5.9 Types of punishment last 30 days, child respondent Imposed Asked to Hit with Verbally Cursed or restriction on stand on the object/ Given extra reprimanded insulted activities knees Slapped Spanked whipped Denied food Denied sleep work None Total Total Sample size Total 44 15 19 55 4 38 59 8 8 4 15 100 1 156 Child domestic Area Urban 45 18 14 65 7 53 65 3 3 8 16 100 121 servant Rural 43 16 17 58 7 39 67 13 12 6 11 100 223 Gender Male 37 13 13 63 3 38 67 6 7 5 12 100 138 Female 48 19 18 59 10 48 65 11 10 8 13 100 206 Age 5-9 29 7 13 73 5 56 80 5 5 6 14 100 79 10-14 45 15 13 66 7 49 75 6 5 6 8 100 190 15-17 51 26 26 39 8 20 36 20 21 11 23 100 75 Current school Attending school 37 14 11 59 7 42 65 5 6 7 16 100 232 attendance Not attending school 57 21 27 63 7 46 68 17 15 7 7 100 112 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 67 19 17 52 11 59 69 4 7 8 10 100 80 High wealth 32 12 8 54 6 35 64 2 1 8 23 100 54 Medium wealth 48 31 22 57 6 36 53 12 10 6 14 100 55 Low wealth 47 10 28 62 3 42 66 18 17 3 6 100 78 Lowest wealth 29 14 10 77 8 44 75 12 12 8 9 100 77 Non-servant child Area Urban 49 15 20 52 4 35 60 9 7 3 14 100 329 Rural 42 14 19 55 4 38 57 8 8 4 15 100 470 Gender Male 42 13 20 58 3 34 62 6 6 4 16 100 432 Female 48 17 19 49 4 40 54 10 9 4 14 100 367 Age 5-9 41 10 14 69 5 41 70 12 10 3 10 100 339 10-14 45 14 24 53 3 38 59 5 6 3 14 100 293 15-17 51 27 20 22 2 23 32 6 6 6 28 100 167 Current school Attending school 39 13 21 54 3 35 58 8 7 3 17 100 618 attendance Not attending school 64 20 15 55 6 43 59 8 8 6 7 100 181 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 49 22 20 54 2 30 54 6 6 5 12 100 159 High wealth 59 21 27 54 8 36 58 10 8 1 13 100 144 Medium wealth 37 10 15 51 3 41 61 6 6 1 14 100 174 Low wealth 36 8 15 55 3 37 58 10 8 5 18 100 158 Lowest wealth 44 14 21 54 3 38 59 8 9 5 17 100 164 n=All selected children aged 5-17, who are punished by members of the household 155 5.10 Punished by whom, household respondent Head of Head of Other adult Other adult Siblings/ child Non-relatives household household relatives in non-relatives relatives in outside of (parent) (non-parent) household in household household household Total Total Sample size Total 50 18 38 5 5 2 100 1 217 Child domestic Area Urban - 60 36 5 2 100 86 servant Rural - 69 19 17 7 5 100 181 Gender Male - 63 28 10 4 6 100 117 Female - 69 22 15 6 3 100 150 Age 5-9 - 74 13 13 2 8 100 72 10-14 - 60 32 9 4 4 100 138 15-17 - 74 17 24 13 1 100 57 Wealth Highest wealth - 56 34 14 1 - 100 56 quintiles High wealth - 66 35 3 - 4 100 38 Medium wealth - 73 16 7 21 5 100 50 Low wealth - 66 24 25 6 4 100 58 Lowest wealth - 73 13 14 - 8 100 65 Non-servant child Area Urban 54 11 38 6 4 1 100 328 Rural 60 11 41 3 5 1 100 611 Gender Male 57 11 40 4 5 1 100 523 Female 59 12 39 5 5 2 100 416 Age 5-9 50 13 45 5 5 1 100 476 10-14 63 9 34 3 4 2 100 312 15-17 67 10 37 4 7 1 100 151 Wealth Highest wealth 42 21 45 6 3 1 100 167 quintiles High wealth 58 8 39 7 11 4 100 170 Medium wealth 59 17 35 6 2 1 100 181 Low wealth 54 9 43 1 3 100 211 Lowest wealth 71 4 38 1 4 100 210 n=All children aged 5-17, who have been punished the last 7 days. More than one alternative can be recorded, total may add up to more than 100 156 5.11 Reason for punishment, household respondent Do not do what he/ Do not do Show To grow up she is told work well disrespect Misbehave well Other reason No reason Total Total Sample size Total 30 13 19 60 23 2 100 1 234 Child domestic Area Urban 25 22 23 66 22 1 - 100 97 servant Rural 32 18 25 51 21 1 100 186 Gender Male 33 21 26 59 12 1 1 100 121 Female 28 18 23 53 28 1 - 100 162 Age 5-9 39 11 23 58 18 1 1 100 75 10-14 23 24 24 62 20 1 - 100 148 15-17 39 16 29 39 28 - - 100 60 Wealth Highest wealth 34 33 20 69 31 1 - 100 64 quintiles High wealth 15 9 26 67 13 - - 100 41 Medium wealth 30 13 37 47 27 1 - 100 51 Low wealth 49 16 20 42 13 1 - 100 60 Lowest wealth 19 21 23 53 23 2 1 100 67 Non-servant child Area Urban 32 13 20 62 20 1 - 100 329 Rural 29 10 17 59 26 3 - 100 611 Gender Male 28 10 17 62 22 1 - 100 523 Female 34 14 18 58 25 3 - 100 417 Age 5-9 24 8 18 66 23 2 - 100 477 10-14 34 18 13 55 26 1 - 100 312 15-17 41 10 28 54 19 5 - 100 151 Wealth Highest wealth 37 18 19 52 13 1 - 100 168 quintiles High wealth 28 11 20 68 25 1 - 100 170 Medium wealth 19 7 18 68 23 4 - 100 181 Low wealth 36 7 10 56 29 4 - 100 211 Lowest wealth 31 15 21 55 25 - 100 210 n=All children aged 5-17, who have been punished the last 7 days. More than one alternative can be recorded, total may add up to more than 100 157 5.12 Reason for punishment, child respondent I don't do what I don't I show To grow Unjust I'm told work well disrespect I misbehave up well accusations Other reason No reason Total Total Sample size Total 26 11 11 57 26 4 2 3 100 1 147 Child domestic Area Urban 26 19 20 58 32 5 1 1 100 121 servant Rural 33 14 14 45 26 9 5 2 100 221 Gender Male 27 7 13 51 44 9 2 2 100 136 Female 33 22 18 49 16 6 5 1 100 206 Age 5-9 32 7 11 52 38 4 3 1 100 78 10-14 25 21 16 52 26 7 3 2 100 189 15-17 41 10 18 43 25 10 5 1 100 75 Current school Attending school 30 12 19 50 31 6 3 2 100 232 attendance Not attending school 31 25 9 50 22 10 5 1 100 110 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 30 40 12 57 15 3 1 - 100 80 High wealth 28 1 20 52 34 8 4 1 100 54 Medium wealth 30 15 29 37 16 13 3 5 100 55 Low wealth 43 8 12 43 31 6 3 1 100 78 Lowest wealth 22 17 8 55 38 8 7 2 100 75 Non-servant child Area Urban 26 12 9 62 28 5 1 2 100 328 Rural 24 10 11 56 25 4 3 4 100 465 Gender Male 24 8 11 62 28 4 3 3 100 430 Female 26 14 9 52 23 5 1 3 100 363 Age 5-9 19 5 9 67 24 5 2 4 100 335 10-14 28 15 11 55 29 3 4 1 100 291 15-17 32 16 10 44 23 6 1 5 100 167 Current school Attending school 25 9 9 57 27 5 2 3 100 615 attendance Not attending school 24 18 15 61 23 2 2 4 100 178 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 22 16 14 65 24 2 2 100 159 High wealth 34 9 9 61 24 8 1 100 144 Medium wealth 16 6 8 57 28 4 2 2 100 172 Low wealth 24 9 7 52 37 8 4 100 158 Lowest wealth 28 15 13 56 17 6 5 100 160 n=All selected children aged 5-17, who are punished by members of the household 158 5.13 Injuries from punishment, child respondent Cuts or Other Never been Bruises Head ache wounds Body ache injury injured Total Total Sample size Total 9 13 12 4 2 73 100 1 155 Child domestic Area Urban 4 7 8 4 2 83 100 121 servant Rural 10 19 11 4 4 75 100 223 Gender Male 6 9 9 2 3 83 100 138 Female 10 19 11 5 3 74 100 206 Age 5-9 1 19 7 1 1 75 100 79 10-14 11 13 11 3 4 77 100 190 15-17 7 16 10 7 2 80 100 75 Current school Attending school 8 16 9 3 3 77 100 232 attendance Not attending school 9 12 11 4 2 79 100 112 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 10 10 14 3 1 79 100 80 High wealth 3 10 5 3 3 83 100 54 Medium wealth 24 18 9 6 12 69 100 55 Low wealth 3 11 8 1 1 85 100 78 Lowest wealth 7 26 15 5 70 100 77 Non-servant child Area Urban 8 14 10 2 2 75 100 329 Rural 9 13 13 5 3 72 100 469 Gender Male 10 11 10 3 3 74 100 431 Female 7 16 14 5 2 72 100 367 Age 5-9 8 10 7 3 3 79 100 339 10-14 9 15 15 3 2 69 100 292 15-17 9 15 15 7 1 67 100 167 Current school Attending school 8 13 10 4 2 76 100 617 attendance Not attending school 11 15 19 2 3 62 100 181 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 9 15 6 8 2 69 100 159 High wealth 13 13 11 3 1 76 100 144 Medium wealth 9 13 15 5 2 71 100 174 Low wealth 8 13 17 3 1 75 100 157 Lowest wealth 6 12 11 1 5 73 100 164 n=All selected children aged 5-17, who are punished by members of the household 159 5.14 Fear of other household members Always Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Total 17 22 61 100 1 611 Child domestic Area Urban 13 25 62 100 166 servant Rural 22 21 58 100 328 Gender Male 18 21 61 100 199 Female 19 23 58 100 295 Age 5-9 20 29 51 100 103 10-14 17 24 60 100 254 15-17 21 15 64 100 137 Current school Attending school 19 25 56 100 341 attendance Not attending school 18 16 66 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 17 29 55 100 106 High wealth 24 22 54 100 82 Medium wealth 13 20 67 100 91 Low wealth 16 18 66 100 105 Lowest wealth 21 21 58 100 110 Non-servant child Area Urban 14 20 66 100 456 Rural 19 23 59 100 642 Gender Male 17 21 62 100 582 Female 17 23 60 100 516 Age 5-9 16 23 62 100 442 10-14 21 23 56 100 388 15-17 12 19 69 100 268 Current school Attending school 17 21 62 100 843 attendance Not attending school 18 23 59 100 255 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 12 23 65 100 233 High wealth 20 18 62 100 200 Medium wealth 16 24 60 100 231 Low wealth 13 22 65 100 219 Lowest wealth 23 22 55 100 215 n=All selected children aged 5-17 160 5.15 Get up in the morning relative to other household members At the Before same time After Total Total Sample size Total 24 33 43 100 1 613 Child domestic Area Urban 24 46 30 100 166 servant Rural 35 36 29 100 328 Gender Male 38 36 26 100 199 Female 26 43 31 100 295 Age 5-9 17 27 56 100 103 10-14 30 45 25 100 254 15-17 41 39 19 100 137 Current school Attending school 35 37 28 100 341 attendance Not attending school 22 46 32 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 24 42 34 100 106 High wealth 46 34 20 100 82 Medium wealth 30 52 18 100 91 Low wealth 26 42 32 100 105 Lowest wealth 25 34 41 100 110 Non-servant child Area Urban 14 31 55 100 454 Rural 28 32 40 100 646 Gender Male 24 27 49 100 582 Female 22 37 41 100 518 Age 5-9 14 29 57 100 443 10-14 22 36 42 100 389 15-17 39 29 31 100 268 Current school Attending school 22 34 44 100 843 attendance Not attending school 26 22 52 100 257 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 17 30 53 100 233 High wealth 13 29 58 100 200 Medium wealth 26 30 44 100 230 Low wealth 27 33 40 100 219 Lowest wealth 28 35 36 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 161 5.16 Someone to talk to about difficult experiences Yes, within the Yes, outside of Yes, both within and household household outside of household No Total Total Sample size Total 57 9 7 27 100 1 576 Child domestic servant Area Urban 59 13 6 22 100 166 Rural 50 15 9 27 100 317 Gender Male 51 22 6 20 100 195 Female 55 8 8 29 100 288 Age 5-9 63 6 2 29 100 96 10-14 55 15 6 23 100 250 15-17 44 17 12 26 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 53 17 7 24 100 337 Not attending school 54 8 9 29 100 146 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 63 12 2 23 100 106 High wealth 53 25 6 17 100 81 Medium wealth 56 12 6 26 100 89 Low wealth 54 9 17 20 100 105 Lowest wealth 40 9 8 43 100 102 Non-servant child Area Urban 52 12 4 32 100 445 Rural 61 6 9 24 100 629 Gender Male 60 7 6 27 100 571 Female 55 10 8 27 100 503 Age 5-9 64 5 4 28 100 422 10-14 60 8 7 25 100 384 15-17 45 14 12 29 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 58 9 6 27 100 830 Not attending school 57 7 10 26 100 244 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 47 15 5 33 100 228 High wealth 65 7 4 23 100 195 Medium wealth 51 12 10 27 100 229 Low wealth 64 4 11 21 100 216 Lowest wealth 60 5 4 31 100 206 n=All selected children aged 5-17 162 5.17 Friends of same age in the community Yes No Total Total Sample size Total 73 27 100 1 593 Child domestic Area Urban 56 44 100 163 servant Rural 74 26 100 324 Gender Male 80 20 100 198 Female 58 42 100 289 Age 5-9 49 51 100 101 10-14 71 29 100 253 15-17 73 27 100 133 Current school Attending school 71 29 100 335 attendance Not attending school 61 39 100 152 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 35 65 100 104 High wealth 73 27 100 80 Medium wealth 75 25 100 90 Low wealth 77 23 100 104 Lowest wealth 79 21 100 109 Non-servant child Area Urban 66 34 100 450 Rural 77 23 100 637 Gender Male 78 22 100 578 Female 68 32 100 509 Age 5-9 71 29 100 437 10-14 73 27 100 385 15-17 77 23 100 265 Current school Attending school 76 24 100 833 attendance Not attending school 63 37 100 254 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 70 30 100 231 High wealth 68 32 100 195 Medium wealth 78 22 100 230 Low wealth 80 20 100 216 Lowest wealth 69 31 100 215 n=All selected children aged 5-17 163 5.18 Allowed to play with friends outside Several days One day per Every day per week week or less Never Total Total Sample size Total 65 17 5 13 100 1 592 Child domestic servant Area Urban 44 19 9 28 100 165 Rural 72 13 5 10 100 324 Gender Male 76 14 6 4 100 198 Female 52 16 7 26 100 291 Age 5-9 59 14 2 25 100 102 10-14 63 14 6 16 100 250 15-17 62 18 9 11 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 64 14 6 15 100 338 Not attending school 57 18 6 19 100 151 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 28 14 5 52 100 103 High wealth 69 9 11 12 100 82 Medium wealth 55 29 6 10 100 91 Low wealth 75 18 3 4 100 104 Lowest wealth 78 11 6 5 100 109 Non-servant child Area Urban 55 20 7 18 100 450 Rural 72 15 4 9 100 634 Gender Male 75 13 3 9 100 575 Female 55 22 7 16 100 509 Age 5-9 69 15 3 13 100 436 10-14 67 18 2 13 100 383 15-17 60 19 12 9 100 265 Current school attendance Attending school 66 20 4 10 100 831 Not attending school 66 6 8 20 100 253 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 47 22 9 22 100 232 High wealth 58 20 6 16 100 195 Medium wealth 66 24 3 7 100 227 Low wealth 74 12 4 10 100 217 Lowest wealth 78 10 3 8 100 213 n=All selected children aged 5-17 164 5.19 Boyfriend or girlfriend, aged 12 and older Yes No Total Total Sample size Total 19 81 100 823 Child domestic Area Urban 19 81 100 119 servant Rural 21 79 100 188 Gender Male 22 78 100 119 Female 18 82 100 188 Age 5-9 - - - - 10-14 13 87 100 170 15-17 27 73 100 137 Current school Attending school 18 82 100 226 attendance Not attending school 26 74 100 81 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 6 94 100 77 High wealth 21 79 100 61 Medium wealth 10 90 100 61 Low wealth 32 68 100 58 Lowest wealth 34 66 100 50 Non-servant child Area Urban 19 81 100 228 Rural 19 81 100 277 Gender Male 12 88 100 268 Female 27 73 100 237 Age 5-9 - - - - 10-14 12 88 100 237 15-17 27 73 100 268 Current school Attending school 15 85 100 410 attendance Not attending school 34 66 100 95 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 25 75 100 123 High wealth 17 83 100 102 Medium wealth 19 81 100 97 Low wealth 14 86 100 91 Lowest wealth 22 78 100 92 n=All selected children aged 12-17 165 5.20 Boyfriend/girlfriend living in the household* Yes No Total Total Sample size Total 4 96 100 132 Child domestic Area Urban 3 97 100 15 servant Rural 5 95 100 30 Gender Male - 100 100 21 Female 9 91 100 24 Age 5-9 - - - - 10-14 10 90 100 13 15-17 1 99 100 32 Current school Attending school 2 98 100 31 attendance Not attending 9 91 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 17 83 100 7 High wealth - 100 100 8 Medium wealth - 100 100 10 Low wealth - 100 100 11 Lowest wealth 13 87 100 9 Non-servant child Area Urban 1 99 100 47 Rural 6 94 100 39 Gender Male 9 91 100 42 Female 1 99 100 44 Age 5-9 - - - - 10-14 9 91 100 25 15-17 1 99 100 61 Current school Attending school 5 95 100 57 attendance Not attending 1 99 100 29 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 100 100 25 High wealth 1 99 100 20 Medium wealth 1 99 100 17 Low wealth 18 82 100 9 Lowest wealth 3 97 100 15 n=All selected children aged 12-17, with boyfriend/girlfriend 166 5.21 Allowed to leave the house alone Also for own Only for duties purpose No Total Total Sample size Total 12 40 48 100 1 614 Child domestic servant Area Urban 23 37 40 100 166 Rural 16 47 37 100 328 Gender Male 9 60 31 100 199 Female 25 31 44 100 295 Age 5-9 36 26 38 100 103 10-14 14 43 43 100 254 15-17 14 56 31 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 19 45 37 100 341 Not attending school 17 40 42 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 33 16 51 100 106 High wealth 8 46 46 100 82 Medium wealth 8 49 42 100 91 Low wealth 24 48 28 100 105 Lowest wealth 17 59 24 100 110 Non-servant child Area Urban 13 38 49 100 456 Rural 10 40 50 100 645 Gender Male 12 46 42 100 584 Female 9 32 59 100 517 Age 5-9 4 33 63 100 445 10-14 18 37 45 100 388 15-17 11 52 36 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 12 39 49 100 843 Not attending school 8 40 53 100 258 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 10 31 59 100 232 High wealth 16 38 46 100 200 Medium wealth 8 36 56 100 232 Low wealth 11 49 39 100 219 Lowest wealth 10 39 50 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 167 5.22 Go to church with other household members On special Family does not Always Sometimes occasions Never go to church Total Total Sample size Total 41 33 4 18 4 100 1 614 Child domestic servant Area Urban 31 32 2 30 5 100 166 Rural 35 36 5 19 4 100 328 Gender Male 26 42 6 22 4 100 199 Female 40 30 3 24 4 100 295 Age 5-9 28 26 5 39 3 100 103 10-14 40 36 3 18 2 100 254 15-17 27 38 6 21 8 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 34 40 3 20 3 100 341 Not attending school 34 23 8 29 7 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 45 20 5 27 3 100 106 High wealth 30 47 1 16 5 100 82 Medium wealth 37 39 2 14 8 100 91 Low wealth 26 35 6 32 2 100 105 Lowest wealth 32 31 7 25 4 100 110 Non-servant child Area Urban 47 29 2 19 3 100 457 Rural 39 35 5 17 4 100 645 Gender Male 39 35 3 20 3 100 585 Female 45 31 5 15 4 100 517 Age 5-9 44 33 4 14 4 100 446 10-14 45 34 4 15 3 100 388 15-17 32 32 5 27 4 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 45 35 4 13 3 100 843 Not attending school 31 26 5 31 7 100 259 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 63 21 2 10 4 100 233 High wealth 39 36 2 21 3 100 200 Medium wealth 43 29 1 26 1 100 232 Low wealth 37 38 9 14 2 100 219 Lowest wealth 32 39 6 16 8 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 168 5.23 Wear special clothes for church Special Normal clothes clothes Total Total Sample size Total 71 29 100 1 229 Child domestic Area Urban 65 35 100 116 servant Rural 65 35 100 244 Gender Male 60 40 100 140 Female 69 31 100 220 Age 5-9 55 45 100 71 10-14 69 31 100 187 15-17 65 35 100 102 Current school Attending school 66 34 100 265 attendance Not attending school 63 37 100 95 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 86 14 100 79 High wealth 61 39 100 62 Medium wealth 70 30 100 70 Low wealth 78 22 100 75 Lowest wealth 37 63 100 74 Non-servant child Area Urban 78 22 100 359 Rural 67 33 100 499 Gender Male 75 25 100 436 Female 67 33 100 422 Age 5-9 69 31 100 356 10-14 72 28 100 317 15-17 73 27 100 185 Current school Attending school 73 27 100 685 attendance Not attending school 62 38 100 173 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 85 15 100 201 High wealth 80 20 100 147 Medium wealth 79 21 100 176 Low wealth 68 32 100 171 Lowest wealth 50 50 100 163 n=All selected children aged 5-17, who go to church with household members 169 5.24 Prepared meals eaten in the household yesterday 0 1 2 3 7 Total Total Sample size Total 1 21 50 28 100 1 613 Child domestic servant Area Urban - 18 30 51 - 100 166 Rural - 15 65 20 - 100 327 Gender Male - 18 52 30 - 100 198 Female - 14 53 33 - 100 295 Age 5-9 - 12 63 25 - 100 102 10-14 - 11 49 39 - 100 254 15-17 - 26 51 23 - 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school - 17 49 34 - 100 340 Not attending school - 14 60 26 - 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 9 37 54 - 100 106 High wealth - 24 38 38 - 100 82 Medium wealth - 22 53 26 - 100 91 Low wealth - 12 65 22 - 100 105 Lowest wealth - 13 73 13 - 100 109 Non-servant child Area Urban 2 25 46 27 100 456 Rural 1 19 52 28 - 100 645 Gender Male 1 21 50 28 100 585 Female 1 21 50 27 - 100 516 Age 5-9 1 23 48 28 100 445 10-14 1 16 56 27 - 100 388 15-17 1 26 44 28 100 268 Current school attendance Attending school 20 50 30 100 842 Not attending school 4 24 52 20 100 259 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 16 39 45 100 233 High wealth 2 24 51 23 100 200 Medium wealth - 24 48 28 100 232 Low wealth 1 25 51 23 - 100 219 Lowest wealth 2 17 60 22 - 100 217 n=All selected children aged 5-17 170 5.25 Common food arrangement with other household members Yes No Total Total Sample size Total 78 22 100 1 614 Child domestic Area Urban 59 41 100 166 servant Rural 73 27 100 328 Gender Male 73 27 100 199 Female 64 36 100 295 Age 5-9 59 41 100 103 10-14 71 29 100 254 15-17 68 32 100 137 Current school Attending school 71 29 100 341 attendance Not attending school 62 38 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 50 50 100 106 High wealth 73 27 100 82 Medium wealth 75 25 100 91 Low wealth 76 24 100 105 Lowest wealth 66 34 100 110 Non-servant child Area Urban 79 21 100 456 Rural 80 20 100 645 Gender Male 80 20 100 584 Female 79 21 100 517 Age 5-9 81 19 100 444 10-14 84 16 100 389 15-17 70 30 100 268 Current school Attending school 82 18 100 843 attendance Not attending school 73 27 100 258 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 82 18 100 234 High wealth 76 24 100 200 Medium wealth 76 24 100 231 Low wealth 77 23 100 219 Lowest wealth 86 14 100 217 n=All selected children aged 5-17 171 5.26 Access to radio Regularly Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Total 29 26 45 100 1 613 Child domestic Area Urban 35 32 34 100 166 servant Rural 21 34 46 100 328 Gender Male 23 34 43 100 199 Female 27 32 40 100 295 Age 5-9 7 29 64 100 103 10-14 29 34 36 100 254 15-17 31 33 36 100 137 Wealth Highest wealth 48 38 14 100 106 quintiles High wealth 30 41 29 100 82 Medium wealth 35 19 46 100 91 Low wealth 8 39 53 100 105 Lowest wealth 8 24 68 100 110 Non-servant child Area Urban 44 24 32 100 456 Rural 21 25 54 100 644 Gender Male 32 23 45 100 584 Female 26 27 47 100 516 Age 5-9 23 26 51 100 445 10-14 32 24 44 100 387 15-17 35 24 41 100 268 Wealth Highest wealth 58 26 15 100 231 quintiles High wealth 40 19 41 100 200 Medium wealth 33 25 42 100 232 Low wealth 20 34 47 100 219 Lowest wealth 6 19 75 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 172 5.27 Access to TV Regularly Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Total 26 14 60 100 1 613 Child domestic Area Urban 50 29 21 100 166 servant Rural 11 26 64 100 328 Gender Male 22 27 51 100 199 Female 26 27 47 100 295 Age 5-9 9 24 68 100 103 10-14 29 25 47 100 254 15-17 27 33 40 100 137 Wealth Highest wealth 59 36 5 100 106 quintiles High wealth 45 39 16 100 82 Medium wealth 7 37 56 100 91 Low wealth 2 17 81 100 105 Lowest wealth - 6 94 100 110 Non-servant child Area Urban 54 17 29 100 456 Rural 11 9 80 100 644 Gender Male 27 13 60 100 585 Female 25 11 64 100 515 Age 5-9 23 13 64 100 446 10-14 27 9 64 100 387 15-17 31 14 55 100 267 Wealth Highest wealth 74 16 10 100 232 quintiles High wealth 57 19 24 100 200 Medium wealth 16 15 70 100 232 Low wealth 1 11 88 100 218 Lowest wealth - 2 98 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 173 5.28 Access to telephone Regularly Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Total 23 33 45 100 1 615 Child domestic Area Urban 48 25 26 100 166 servant Rural 17 36 47 100 328 Gender Male 32 33 35 100 199 Female 25 32 43 100 295 Age 5-9 12 16 72 100 103 10-14 27 39 34 100 254 15-17 39 32 28 100 137 Wealth Highest wealth 28 32 39 100 106 quintiles High wealth 44 37 19 100 82 Medium wealth 42 30 28 100 91 Low wealth 21 36 43 100 105 Lowest wealth 6 25 69 100 110 Non-servant child Area Urban 30 34 36 100 456 Rural 17 32 51 100 646 Gender Male 23 34 43 100 585 Female 21 31 48 100 517 Age 5-9 10 30 59 100 446 10-14 22 40 39 100 388 15-17 42 26 32 100 268 Wealth Highest wealth 36 38 26 100 233 quintiles High wealth 26 39 36 100 200 Medium wealth 25 36 39 100 232 Low wealth 19 33 48 100 219 Lowest wealth 9 22 69 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 174 5.29 Access to internet Regularly Sometimes Never Total Total Sample size Total 1 5 93 100 1 596 Child domestic Area Urban 3 97 100 166 servant Rural 1 1 98 100 325 Gender Male 1 3 96 100 198 Female - 1 99 100 293 Age 5-9 - - 100 100 102 10-14 1 99 100 252 15-17 5 95 100 137 Wealth Highest wealth 4 96 100 105 quintiles High wealth - 3 97 100 82 Medium wealth 3 97 100 91 Low wealth - - 100 100 105 Lowest wealth - - 100 100 108 Non-servant child Area Urban 4 11 86 100 450 Rural 1 3 96 100 637 Gender Male 2 7 92 100 577 Female 1 5 94 100 510 Age 5-9 1 4 95 100 433 10-14 1 5 95 100 386 15-17 5 10 85 100 268 Wealth Highest wealth 5 19 76 100 232 quintiles High wealth 3 4 93 100 197 Medium wealth 1 3 96 100 229 Low wealth 1 3 96 100 217 Lowest wealth - 2 98 100 212 n=All selected children aged 5-17 175 5.30 Treatment relative to other children in the household No other children Better Same Worse in household Total Total Sample size Total 11 58 10 21 100 946 Child domestic servant Area Urban 4 56 12 29 100 164 Rural 7 60 12 21 100 324 Gender Male 5 56 12 28 100 198 Female 7 60 12 21 100 290 Age 5-9 10 72 2 16 100 99 10-14 8 59 17 16 100 252 15-17 1 50 9 40 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 7 62 11 21 100 337 Not attending school 4 52 14 30 100 151 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 10 61 18 11 100 105 High wealth 4 48 16 32 100 81 Medium wealth 2 64 9 24 100 90 Low wealth 8 66 5 21 100 105 Lowest wealth 5 56 10 29 100 107 Non-servant child Area Urban 21 47 9 22 100 216 Rural 13 67 7 13 100 223 Gender Male 18 58 8 16 100 245 Female 15 57 8 20 100 194 Age 5-9 20 60 4 16 100 182 10-14 17 59 8 16 100 140 15-17 13 52 13 22 100 117 Current school attendance Attending school 18 57 7 18 100 345 Not attending school 12 60 11 17 100 94 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 25 51 9 15 100 125 High wealth 20 46 9 24 100 98 Medium wealth 11 68 7 15 100 99 Low wealth 10 62 6 22 100 75 Lowest wealth 4 80 4 12 100 42 n=All selected, separated children aged 5-17 176 5.31 Types of differential treatment relative to other children in household More Inferior Less Less time to Higher Longer work physical More verbal Inferior clothes and attention and play/be with workload hours punishment reprimand nutrition shoes care friends None Total Total Sample size Total 84 82 74 69 33 47 74 65 4 100 105 Child domestic Area Urban 96 98 72 68 27 45 65 66 2 100 37 servant Rural 86 82 82 74 33 44 73 73 4 100 31 Gender Male 87 87 79 72 30 37 74 73 6 100 19 Female 91 88 78 72 31 50 68 70 1 100 49 Age 5-9 39 39 68 39 39 22 39 100 - 100 4 10-14 90 87 79 69 24 38 71 67 3 100 44 15-17 94 94 78 84 48 66 74 78 6 100 20 Current school Attending school 90 91 79 75 28 36 68 69 4 100 37 attendance Not attending 89 82 79 67 36 58 76 74 3 100 31 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 90 92 81 70 18 50 64 61 3 100 29 High wealth 100 100 89 83 19 16 81 83 - 100 12 Medium wealth 74 74 58 66 46 60 51 42 12 100 10 Low wealth 58 28 60 34 6 48 48 54 14 100 8 Lowest wealth 92 92 79 75 75 75 85 95 - 100 9 Non-servant child Area Urban 81 79 71 73 50 61 93 65 - 100 19 Rural 71 67 63 55 21 42 65 42 8 100 16 Gender Male 79 75 70 62 44 52 81 53 - 100 21 Female 72 71 63 70 24 54 80 58 10 100 14 Age 5-9 38 30 51 21 20 36 83 6 17 100 9 10-14 78 76 75 57 22 36 70 49 - 100 14 15-17 93 93 69 91 55 72 88 81 - 100 12 Current school Attending school 87 84 71 74 39 56 82 60 - 100 23 attendance Not attending 49 49 58 43 31 45 77 41 13 100 12 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 100 93 81 87 51 72 96 76 - 100 10 High wealth 50 56 56 68 25 49 81 51 14 100 9 Medium wealth 58 58 73 17 23 33 61 23 - 100 6 Low wealth 87 71 46 63 51 50 76 66 - 100 8 Lowest wealth 100 100 43 100 - - 43 - - 100 2 n=All selected, separated children aged 5-17, who feel treated worse than other children in the household. Be aware of small sample size for some categories. 177 Chapter 6 Health Main findings: Child domestic workers are not more exposed to illness and injuries. However, when it occurs they are less likely to receive medical treatment outside the household, particularly in the rural areas and in the poorest households. The most common reason given is that the condition is not perceived to be serious enough to necessitate treatment. In this tabulation report we have included some selected tables on mental health. The tables are a part of a larger set of questions that together make up a depression index. The depression index will be discussed in the forthcoming analytical report. What is evident from the individual tables is that there are no large differences in the reported moods and feelings the last two weeks before the survey between child domestic worker and other children. The factor that has the highest impact on the children’s well-being in the selected tables is whether the child is enrolled in school or not. Children who are not enrolled in school generally feel more lonely, unhappy and unloved than enrolled children, regardless of domesticity status. There is also a tendency that girls are more troubled with difficult moods and feelings than boys, and older children more than younger children. 178 6.1 Current health problems Coughing or respiratory Problems No health problems Headaches Back pain Body pain Chest pain Conjunctivities Rashes Wounds sleeping Diarrhea Fever Stomach ache Other problems Total Total Sample size Total 18 39 12 12 17 6 10 9 5 6 17 3 3 38 100 1 615 Child domestic Area Urban 20 40 9 15 13 3 5 5 1 3 15 1 1 42 100 166 servant Rural 18 40 14 11 20 6 13 11 6 4 19 2 2 39 100 328 Gender Male 24 38 9 10 16 4 8 14 6 7 25 3 3 38 100 199 Female 15 42 14 14 18 6 11 6 3 2 13 1 2 41 100 295 Age 5-9 18 30 6 5 9 4 14 10 4 8 17 5 - 49 100 103 10-14 20 36 11 14 18 4 7 11 4 4 14 2 2 37 100 254 15-17 17 53 17 14 21 6 12 6 4 1 24 - 3 38 100 137 Current school Attending school 16 34 11 13 17 3 6 10 4 3 20 1 2 44 100 341 attendance Not attending school 24 53 14 12 19 8 18 7 5 5 13 4 2 30 100 153 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 9 40 7 12 16 6 4 6 1 4 12 1 3 42 100 106 High wealth 19 37 9 10 15 3 5 3 1 1 22 1 39 100 82 Medium wealth 24 36 17 20 18 1 7 20 6 6 18 1 3 44 100 91 Low wealth 18 44 20 15 17 7 11 12 4 4 19 2 - 43 100 105 Lowest wealth 24 43 9 7 21 8 22 9 10 6 16 5 5 32 100 110 Non-servant child Area Urban 19 34 10 10 11 8 11 12 5 7 20 2 4 38 100 457 Rural 17 42 13 13 21 5 10 8 6 5 16 4 3 38 100 646 Gender Male 16 34 10 11 15 5 10 9 4 6 18 3 4 42 100 585 Female 21 45 15 13 20 8 10 10 7 6 16 3 2 33 100 518 Age 5-9 20 29 9 8 12 5 13 11 4 8 17 4 2 43 100 446 10-14 11 45 10 9 16 4 8 10 4 5 19 4 1 39 100 389 15-17 26 45 21 23 28 10 9 7 10 4 15 2 8 28 100 268 Current school Attending school 16 38 10 11 16 6 8 8 5 4 16 3 3 41 100 843 attendance Not attending school 24 40 19 14 22 6 17 13 8 12 20 4 2 29 100 260 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 23 34 12 12 19 12 14 10 8 8 15 1 2 40 100 234 High wealth 19 36 7 13 12 6 11 13 7 5 18 2 7 35 100 200 Medium wealth 7 32 7 8 8 3 7 8 3 3 14 7 5 43 100 232 Low wealth 24 48 13 13 25 3 7 7 4 6 26 4 1 34 100 219 Lowest wealth 17 41 19 13 23 6 12 10 6 7 13 2 2 37 100 218 n=All selected children aged 5-17 179 6.2 Medical treatment last 12 months General practitioner Specialist Nurse Healer Other None Total Total Sample size Total 12 4 6 78 100 1 612 Child domestic servant Area Urban 14 7 6 - 73 100 166 Rural 8 2 4 - 86 100 327 Gender Male 15 6 2 1 - 77 100 199 Female 7 2 7 - 84 100 294 Age 5-9 7 1 8 1 - 83 100 102 10-14 6 7 5 - 83 100 254 15-17 20 3 - 78 100 137 Current school Attending school 13 5 5 - 78 100 341 attendance Not attending school 4 2 5 - 89 100 152 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 8 2 3 - 87 100 106 High wealth 21 10 2 - - 66 100 82 Medium wealth 2 4 8 - 86 100 91 Low wealth 14 11 - - 76 100 105 Lowest wealth 3 1 1 1 - 95 100 109 Non-servant child Area Urban 13 6 6 - 75 100 456 Rural 12 3 6 79 100 644 Gender Male 13 4 5 - 78 100 583 Female 11 4 8 77 100 517 Age 5-9 14 3 11 72 100 443 10-14 11 4 3 - 82 100 389 15-17 12 6 4 - 78 100 268 Current school Attending school 12 4 5 - 79 100 842 attendance Not attending school 14 6 9 71 100 258 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 11 6 6 - 78 100 234 High wealth 15 9 5 70 100 200 Medium wealth 15 4 6 - - 76 100 231 Low wealth 9 2 7 - - 82 100 218 Lowest wealth 12 1 7 - 80 100 217 n=All selected children aged 5-17 180 6.3 Financier of health treatment Relative Non-relative Household outside of outside of Paid by Treatment member household household oneself free Other Total Total Sample size Total 81 13 1 5 100 360 Child domestic Area Urban 30 23 1 20 26 - 100 37 servant Rural 58 37 1 - 2 2 100 44 Gender Male 23 32 - 19 26 - 100 32 Female 66 28 3 - 1 2 100 49 Age 5-9 50 45 3 - 3 - 100 22 10-14 53 16 - - 30 - 100 34 15-17 29 40 2 26 - 3 100 25 Current school Attending school 44 26 2 12 16 - 100 60 attendance Not attending school 45 45 - - 5 6 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 93 7 - - - - 100 21 High wealth 14 41 - 14 31 - 100 16 Medium wealth 71 17 5 - 4 3 100 13 Low wealth 51 28 3 15 - 3 100 19 Lowest wealth 54 38 - - 8 - 100 12 Non-servant child Area Urban 77 17 - 6 - 100 122 Rural 91 7 2 - 100 151 Gender Male 84 12 - 4 - 100 138 Female 88 9 - 3 - 100 135 Age 5-9 89 8 - 3 - 100 123 10-14 89 8 - 2 - 100 85 15-17 75 20 - 5 - 100 65 Current school Attending school 87 9 - 3 - 100 207 attendance Not attending school 82 14 - 4 - 100 66 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 79 20 - - 2 - 100 64 High wealth 77 15 - - 9 - 100 54 Medium wealth 87 9 - 4 - 100 59 Low wealth 93 7 - - 100 51 Lowest wealth 95 4 - 1 - 100 45 n=All selected children aged 5-17 181 6.4 Acute illness or injury past 2 months Illness Injury No Total Total Sample size Total 20 1 79 100 3 529 Child domestic Area Urban 16 83 100 227 servant Rural 14 3 83 100 499 Gender Male 14 4 82 100 297 Female 16 1 84 100 429 Age 5-9 10 - 90 100 148 10-14 15 2 83 100 377 15-17 18 3 79 100 201 Wealth Highest wealth 13 1 87 100 150 quintiles High wealth 12 1 87 100 113 Medium wealth 19 1 80 100 136 Low wealth 12 4 84 100 161 Lowest wealth 18 4 78 100 166 Non-servant child Area Urban 24 1 74 100 1 015 Rural 19 1 80 100 1 759 Gender Male 22 2 76 100 1 439 Female 19 1 80 100 1 335 Age 5-9 21 1 78 100 1 118 10-14 21 1 78 100 1 004 15-17 20 2 78 100 652 Wealth Highest wealth 18 1 81 100 549 quintiles High wealth 28 3 69 100 458 Medium wealth 22 1 77 100 567 Low wealth 17 1 82 100 598 Lowest wealth 20 1 79 100 602 n=All children aged 5-17 182 6.5 Medical treatment outside the household for illness or injury past 2 months Yes No Total Total Sample size Total 44 56 100 742 Child domestic servant Area Urban 35 65 100 46 Rural 28 72 100 90 Gender Male 33 67 100 59 Female 28 72 100 77 Age 5-9 25 75 100 20 10-14 31 69 100 67 15-17 31 69 100 49 Wealth Highest wealth 20 80 100 21 quintiles High wealth 33 67 100 22 Medium wealth 24 76 100 34 Low wealth 54 46 100 27 Lowest wealth 24 76 100 32 Non-servant child Area Urban 44 56 100 226 Rural 46 54 100 375 Gender Male 45 55 100 332 Female 46 54 100 269 Age 5-9 44 56 100 257 10-14 49 51 100 201 15-17 43 57 100 143 Wealth Highest wealth 70 30 100 115 quintiles High wealth 39 61 100 102 Medium wealth 33 67 100 123 Low wealth 46 54 100 144 Lowest wealth 48 52 100 117 n=All children aged 5-17, who have been ill or injured past 2 months 183 6.6 Type of medical practitioner, first treatment Medsen Fèy/ General houngan/ practitioner Specialist Nurse mambo Other Total Total Sample size Total 50 19 21 9 2 100 319 Child domestic servant Area Urban 91 - - 2 7 100 15 Rural 34 13 48 5 - 100 31 Gender Male 74 7 14 4 - 100 24 Female 40 9 43 3 5 100 22 Age 5-9 75 - - 25 - 100 6 10-14 62 13 23 2 - 100 23 15-17 46 5 43 - 6 100 17 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 100 - - - - 100 4 High wealth 56 - 28 - 15 100 9 Medium wealth 40 43 18 - - 100 9 Low wealth 64 3 26 8 - 100 14 Lowest wealth 37 - 58 5 - 100 10 Non-servant child Area Urban 57 29 7 7 100 110 Rural 44 13 28 12 3 100 162 Gender Male 53 15 23 8 2 100 142 Female 44 25 16 12 2 100 130 Age 5-9 47 17 28 4 4 100 116 10-14 53 21 16 10 - 100 90 15-17 47 19 13 19 1 100 66 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 62 19 7 11 100 71 High wealth 55 31 8 6 - 100 41 Medium wealth 35 26 37 2 - 100 50 Low wealth 63 11 24 1 1 100 63 Lowest wealth 29 10 30 24 7 100 47 n=All children aged 5-17, who have received treatment outside the household past 2 months. Be aware of small sample size in some categories. 184 6.7 Main reason for not seeking treatment Treated in Treated in Condition not household with household serious Treatment traditional with modern enough too expensive methods medicines Other Total Total Sample size Total 14 22 24 38 3 100 422 Child domestic servant Area Urban 32 19 12 35 2 100 31 Rural 32 6 33 27 1 100 59 Gender Male 35 7 39 19 - 100 35 Female 30 13 18 37 2 100 55 Age 5-9 9 15 66 10 - 100 14 10-14 45 3 28 25 - 100 44 15-17 25 18 13 41 3 100 32 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 51 - 15 34 - 100 17 High wealth 15 43 10 31 - 100 13 Medium wealth 18 2 24 50 6 100 25 Low wealth 44 8 8 39 - 100 13 Lowest wealth 34 8 50 8 - 100 22 Non-servant child Area Urban 10 20 15 55 100 116 Rural 12 26 29 28 6 100 212 Gender Male 13 18 23 44 2 100 189 Female 8 31 23 32 5 100 139 Age 5-9 11 31 21 34 3 100 141 10-14 12 16 23 45 4 100 110 15-17 8 21 28 40 3 100 77 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 25 3 11 61 - 100 44 High wealth 3 21 18 58 1 100 61 Medium wealth 17 20 17 46 - 100 72 Low wealth 10 32 35 21 2 100 81 Lowest wealth 7 33 35 11 14 100 70 n=All ill or injured children aged 5-17, who have not received treatment outside the household past 2 months 185 6.8 Victim of physical or sexual violence during past 12 months Physical Sexual violence violence None Total Total Sample size Total 1 99 100 3 524 Child domestic servant Area Urban - 100 100 226 Rural 2 98 100 498 Gender Male 3 - 97 100 295 Female 100 100 429 Age 5-9 1 - 99 100 147 10-14 1 98 100 377 15-17 1 - 99 100 200 Current school attendance Attending school 1 99 100 517 Not attending school 2 - 98 100 207 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 100 100 151 High wealth - 100 100 112 Medium wealth 3 - 97 100 135 Low wealth 2 98 100 161 Lowest wealth 1 - 99 100 165 Non-servant child Area Urban 1 99 100 1 014 Rural 1 99 100 1 757 Gender Male 1 - 99 100 1 438 Female 1 99 100 1 333 Age 5-9 1 - 99 100 1 118 10-14 1 99 100 1 001 15-17 2 98 100 652 Current school attendance Attending school 1 99 100 2 087 Not attending school 2 97 100 683 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 100 100 548 High wealth 1 - 99 100 457 Medium wealth 3 97 100 567 Low wealth 2 - 98 100 598 Lowest wealth 1 99 100 601 n=All children aged 5-17 186 6.9 Moods and feelings last two weeks: I felt miserable or unhappy Sometimes True true Not true Total Sample Total size Total 18 14 68 100 1 306 Child domestic servant Area Urban 16 18 66 100 160 Rural 14 22 64 100 303 Gender Male 12 15 73 100 186 Female 16 24 59 100 277 Age 5-9 10 10 80 100 72 10-14 16 17 67 100 254 15-17 15 31 54 100 137 Current school Attending school 13 17 70 100 334 attendance Not attending school 17 29 54 100 129 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 9 24 67 100 105 High wealth 15 11 74 100 79 Medium wealth 21 20 59 100 87 Low wealth 16 27 57 100 98 Lowest wealth 13 23 64 100 94 Non-servant child Area Urban 21 16 63 100 357 Rural 18 10 72 100 470 Gender Male 17 11 72 100 446 Female 20 14 65 100 381 Age 5-9 14 9 77 100 171 10-14 17 12 71 100 388 15-17 26 15 59 100 268 Current school Attending school 17 11 72 100 675 attendance Not attending school 26 18 56 100 152 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 13 19 69 100 189 High wealth 22 16 62 100 154 Medium wealth 25 6 68 100 167 Low wealth 16 13 71 100 157 Lowest wealth 18 10 72 100 160 n=All selected children aged 8-17 187 6.10 Moods and feelings last two weeks: I felt I was no good anymore Sometimes True true Not true Total Sample Total size Total 10 8 82 100 1 302 Child domestic servant Area Urban 7 9 84 100 160 Rural 8 10 82 100 301 Gender Male 8 4 88 100 184 Female 7 14 79 100 277 Age 5-9 8 1 90 100 71 10-14 8 9 83 100 253 15-17 7 15 78 100 137 Current school Attending school 6 8 86 100 333 attendance Not attending school 11 13 75 100 128 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 4 9 88 100 105 High wealth 5 9 87 100 79 Medium wealth 12 6 82 100 87 Low wealth 10 16 74 100 97 Lowest wealth 9 9 81 100 93 Non-servant child Area Urban 9 8 82 100 355 Rural 11 8 81 100 470 Gender Male 9 8 83 100 444 Female 12 7 81 100 381 Age 5-9 14 1 86 100 170 10-14 8 9 83 100 387 15-17 12 11 77 100 268 Current school Attending school 8 8 84 100 673 attendance Not attending school 20 7 73 100 152 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 9 7 84 100 189 High wealth 10 8 82 100 154 Medium wealth 14 9 77 100 166 Low wealth 9 8 83 100 157 Lowest wealth 10 7 83 100 159 n=All selected children aged 8-17 188 6.11 Moods and feelings last two weeks: I cried a lot Sometimes True true Not true Total Sample Total size Total 11 9 80 100 1 306 Child domestic servant Area Urban 16 5 79 100 160 Rural 10 10 80 100 303 Gender Male 11 8 81 100 186 Female 13 8 79 100 277 Age 5-9 8 4 88 100 72 10-14 13 8 79 100 254 15-17 13 10 77 100 137 Current school Attending school 12 7 82 100 334 attendance Not attending school 13 12 75 100 129 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 12 11 77 100 105 High wealth 13 3 84 100 79 Medium wealth 19 6 75 100 87 Low wealth 10 8 82 100 98 Lowest wealth 8 13 79 100 94 Non-servant child Area Urban 7 12 81 100 356 Rural 13 8 79 100 471 Gender Male 9 6 85 100 446 Female 14 13 73 100 381 Age 5-9 10 9 80 100 171 10-14 9 12 79 100 388 15-17 14 5 81 100 268 Current school Attending school 9 9 82 100 675 attendance Not attending school 18 11 71 100 152 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 13 11 76 100 189 High wealth 8 15 77 100 154 Medium wealth 12 1 87 100 167 Low wealth 6 10 84 100 157 Lowest wealth 16 9 75 100 160 n=All selected children aged 8-17 189 6.12 Moods and feelings last two weeks: I felt lonely Sometimes True true Not true Total Sample Total size Total 19 11 71 100 1 305 Child domestic servant Area Urban 18 14 68 100 160 Rural 23 14 63 100 302 Gender Male 16 11 73 100 186 Female 25 16 59 100 276 Age 5-9 19 5 76 100 71 10-14 18 16 66 100 254 15-17 27 15 58 100 137 Current school Attending school 16 12 71 100 333 attendance Not attending school 33 18 50 100 129 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 9 20 71 100 105 High wealth 20 6 74 100 79 Medium wealth 31 17 52 100 87 Low wealth 18 17 65 100 98 Lowest wealth 32 11 57 100 93 Non-servant child Area Urban 21 11 68 100 356 Rural 17 10 74 100 471 Gender Male 15 9 76 100 446 Female 22 11 67 100 381 Age 5-9 19 6 74 100 171 10-14 12 13 75 100 388 15-17 28 8 64 100 268 Current school Attending school 17 10 73 100 675 attendance Not attending school 22 12 66 100 152 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 16 12 72 100 189 High wealth 16 10 75 100 154 Medium wealth 23 7 70 100 167 Low wealth 18 10 72 100 157 Lowest wealth 19 11 69 100 160 n=All selected children aged 8-17 190 6.13 Moods and feelings last two weeks: I thought nobody really loved me Sometimes True true Not true Total Sample Total size Total 15 8 77 100 1 303 Child domestic servant Area Urban 16 12 72 100 160 Rural 14 14 73 100 302 Gender Male 14 9 78 100 185 Female 16 16 69 100 277 Age 5-9 8 13 79 100 71 10-14 12 14 73 100 254 15-17 21 11 68 100 137 Current school attendance Attending school 11 10 79 100 333 Not attending school 24 21 56 100 129 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 6 15 79 100 105 High wealth 18 3 79 100 79 Medium wealth 18 8 74 100 87 Low wealth 13 22 65 100 98 Lowest wealth 19 18 63 100 93 Non-servant child Area Urban 18 9 73 100 354 Rural 14 6 81 100 471 Gender Male 16 6 78 100 444 Female 14 8 78 100 381 Age 5-9 13 6 81 100 170 10-14 16 7 77 100 388 15-17 15 7 78 100 267 Current school attendance Attending school 13 7 80 100 674 Not attending school 24 4 72 100 151 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 10 7 83 100 189 High wealth 17 7 75 100 152 Medium wealth 22 5 72 100 167 Low wealth 14 2 85 100 157 Lowest wealth 13 12 75 100 160 n=All selected children aged 8-17 191 6.14 Moods and feelings last two weeks: I thought I could never be as good as other kids Sometimes True true Not true Total Sample Total size Total 17 13 71 100 1 303 Child domestic servant Area Urban 16 9 75 100 160 Rural 20 16 64 100 303 Gender Male 15 15 71 100 186 Female 21 13 66 100 277 Age 5-9 10 7 83 100 72 10-14 17 13 70 100 254 15-17 25 18 58 100 137 Current school Attending school 15 14 71 100 334 attendance Not attending school 26 13 60 100 129 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 17 11 73 100 105 High wealth 10 16 74 100 79 Medium wealth 22 10 68 100 87 Low wealth 20 19 60 100 98 Lowest wealth 27 10 64 100 94 Non-servant child Area Urban 18 15 67 100 354 Rural 15 11 73 100 470 Gender Male 16 14 70 100 445 Female 17 11 72 100 379 Age 5-9 19 6 75 100 171 10-14 14 14 72 100 385 15-17 19 14 67 100 268 Current school Attending school 13 13 74 100 673 attendance Not attending school 31 11 58 100 151 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 15 9 76 100 188 High wealth 19 12 69 100 154 Medium wealth 20 10 70 100 165 Low wealth 18 14 69 100 157 Lowest wealth 12 16 72 100 160 n=All selected children aged 8-17 192 Chapter 7 Perceptions of child relocation Main findings: The majority of parents respond that they find it desirable to place their children in other households for certain purposes. The alternative that stands out as clearly most desirable is to relocate a child for the purpose of apprenticeship. Three out of four parents want this for their children. Around half of the parents respond that they would find it desirable to place their children in a household that is economically better off, in an urban household, to live a pension to go to school, to live with its godparents or to live with relatives. To live with relatives in the city is far more desirable than to live with relatives nearby. The alternatives that parents do not want for their children are to do domestic or agricultural work in another household. It makes less of a difference whether the work is paid or unpaid, or if the child is working for education. Putting a child up for adoption is also an option that is desired by few. It is interesting to note that there are no differences between what parents want for their sons and their daughters. Around one-in-five would encourage their sons and daughters under 18 to do agricultural or domestic work in another household for education. The acceptance of this is higher in rural, than in urban areas, and among household heads with little or no education. Parents who place a child with relatives expect the new household to feed and protect the child, and to help with the education and upbringing of the child. One-in-three also expects the new household to support them in a time of crisis. Less than one-in-five expects the new household to send them money. As was noted in Chapter 2, transfers of money and gifts from the sending to the receiving household are much more common, than the other way around. The majority of parents accepts that members of the child’s new household punish the child if he/she misbehaves. The most accepted forms of punishment are to ask the child to kneel down on its knees, to whip the child, or to hit him or her with an object. Around half the parents also accepts that the child gets spanked. The forms of punishments which are unacceptable to parents are that the child is verbally reprimanded, cursed or insulted. Parents neither accept that their children are denied food, sleep or given extra work as a form of punishment. Around one-in-four accepts that the new household imposes restrictions on the child’s activities, and the majority accepts that a misbehaving child is returned to its original household. For households that want to place one or more of their children in another household, the main reasons why they have not done so are that they lack contacts for facilitating, that they lack contacts for receiving the child and that the child is too young. 193 7.1 Placement in the home of relatives, children under 18 Yes Yes, with conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 10 36 54 100 2 074 CDS in household Area Urban 11 49 41 100 203 Rural 16 36 48 100 384 Age of household head 15-34 14 43 43 100 118 35-49 14 62 24 100 146 50-64 20 27 53 100 199 65+ 5 33 62 100 123 Highest level completed of household No education 16 32 52 100 238 head Incomplete primary 10 43 47 100 127 Primary 15 30 54 100 66 First cycle secondary 18 58 24 100 71 Rheto/Philo/University 12 51 37 100 60 Vocational training/Other 32 43 24 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 8 58 34 100 133 High wealth 13 47 39 100 99 Medium wealth 13 30 57 100 110 Low wealth 11 31 58 100 124 Lowest wealth 26 33 41 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 9 37 55 100 620 Rural 9 34 57 100 867 Age of household head 15-34 11 33 56 100 343 35-49 7 35 58 100 498 50-64 8 35 57 100 439 65+ 14 40 46 100 207 Highest level completed of household No education 9 37 54 100 525 head Incomplete primary 9 31 60 100 366 Primary 8 36 55 100 190 First cycle secondary 8 36 57 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 13 35 52 100 162 Vocational training/Other 7 37 56 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 9 36 55 100 293 High wealth 9 38 53 100 273 Medium wealth 7 34 59 100 321 Low wealth 7 36 57 100 292 Lowest wealth 13 32 55 100 308 n=All households 194 7.2 Placement in the home of relatives, children under 14 Yes Yes, with conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 8 32 60 100 2 074 CDS in household Area Urban 11 43 46 100 203 Rural 12 36 53 100 384 Age of household head 15-34 7 44 49 100 118 35-49 15 55 29 100 146 50-64 17 25 58 100 199 65+ 6 30 64 100 123 Highest level completed of No education 14 31 55 100 238 household head Incomplete primary 5 38 57 100 127 Primary 13 32 54 100 66 First cycle secondary 20 54 25 100 71 Rheto/Philo/University 4 47 49 100 60 Vocational training/Other 25 50 24 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 13 50 37 100 133 High wealth 9 44 47 100 99 Medium wealth 10 29 60 100 110 Low wealth 10 30 60 100 124 Lowest wealth 15 35 50 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 7 30 63 100 620 Rural 8 31 61 100 867 Age of household head 15-34 9 29 62 100 343 35-49 5 31 64 100 498 50-64 7 29 64 100 439 65+ 14 35 50 100 207 Highest level completed of No education 9 32 59 100 525 household head Incomplete primary 8 25 67 100 366 Primary 8 32 61 100 190 First cycle secondary 5 32 63 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 6 32 61 100 162 Vocational training/Other 7 35 59 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 8 31 62 100 293 High wealth 7 29 64 100 273 Medium wealth 6 30 64 100 321 Low wealth 6 32 62 100 292 Lowest wealth 11 31 58 100 308 n=All households 195 7.3 Placement in the home of godmother/godfather, children under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 14 32 53 100 2 077 CDS in household Area Urban 12 46 42 100 203 Rural 22 33 44 100 384 Age of household head 15-34 12 39 49 100 117 35-49 24 42 34 100 147 50-64 23 34 43 100 199 65+ 16 37 47 100 123 Highest level completed of household No education 23 37 39 100 238 head Incomplete primary 13 34 52 100 127 Primary 16 19 65 100 66 First cycle secondary 29 40 31 100 71 Rheto/Philo/University 1 52 47 100 60 Vocational training/Other 25 49 25 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 18 45 37 100 133 High wealth 8 40 51 100 98 Medium wealth 15 26 60 100 111 Low wealth 20 37 43 100 124 Lowest wealth 32 40 28 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 10 33 58 100 621 Rural 16 30 54 100 869 Age of household head 15-34 16 31 53 100 343 35-49 11 32 57 100 499 50-64 13 30 57 100 440 65+ 18 35 48 100 208 Highest level completed of household No education 16 31 53 100 528 head Incomplete primary 11 28 61 100 366 Primary 16 32 52 100 190 First cycle secondary 11 34 55 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 12 33 55 100 162 Vocational training/Other 3 59 37 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 6 42 51 100 293 High wealth 14 31 56 100 273 Medium wealth 9 28 63 100 321 Low wealth 16 30 53 100 295 Lowest wealth 21 27 52 100 308 n=All households 196 7.4 Placement in the home of godmother/godfather, children under 14 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 13 29 59 100 2 077 CDS in household Area Urban 12 38 50 100 203 Rural 20 32 48 100 384 Age of household head 15-34 11 35 54 100 117 35-49 21 43 36 100 147 50-64 20 29 50 100 199 65+ 16 31 53 100 123 Highest level completed of household No education 22 34 45 100 238 head Incomplete primary 12 34 54 100 127 Primary 16 19 65 100 66 First cycle secondary 29 40 31 100 71 Rheto/Philo/University 2 42 56 100 60 Vocational training/Other 25 43 31 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 17 45 39 100 133 High wealth 8 34 58 100 98 Medium wealth 13 24 63 100 111 Low wealth 17 32 51 100 124 Lowest wealth 32 35 33 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 8 28 64 100 621 Rural 14 27 58 100 869 Age of household head 15-34 13 26 61 100 343 35-49 10 29 62 100 499 50-64 13 25 62 100 440 65+ 16 33 52 100 208 Highest level completed of household No education 14 29 57 100 528 head Incomplete primary 9 23 67 100 366 Primary 16 27 57 100 190 First cycle secondary 10 31 59 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 11 27 62 100 162 Vocational training/Other 5 58 37 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 7 33 61 100 293 High wealth 11 30 59 100 273 Medium wealth 7 25 68 100 321 Low wealth 18 26 56 100 295 Lowest wealth 17 25 58 100 308 n=All households 197 7.5 Placement in an economically better off household, children under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 25 30 46 100 2 074 CDS in household Area Urban 23 33 45 100 202 Rural 27 30 44 100 383 Age of household head 15-34 21 30 49 100 117 35-49 35 32 33 100 147 50-64 26 25 49 100 198 65+ 18 39 43 100 122 Highest level completed of household No education 27 27 46 100 237 head Incomplete primary 20 29 52 100 126 Primary 21 47 32 100 66 First cycle secondary 32 31 37 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 20 40 40 100 59 Vocational training/Other 41 25 34 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 34 29 37 100 132 High wealth 14 44 42 100 98 Medium wealth 18 26 56 100 110 Low wealth 30 23 47 100 124 Lowest wealth 28 31 41 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 24 29 47 100 621 Rural 25 30 45 100 868 Age of household head 15-34 25 29 47 100 343 35-49 27 27 47 100 499 50-64 22 31 46 100 440 65+ 25 35 39 100 207 Highest level completed of household No education 25 30 45 100 527 head Incomplete primary 25 31 44 100 366 Primary 32 29 39 100 190 First cycle secondary 21 26 53 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 22 30 48 100 162 Vocational training/Other 37 30 32 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 17 28 55 100 293 High wealth 28 31 41 100 273 Medium wealth 24 27 50 100 320 Low wealth 29 29 42 100 295 Lowest wealth 26 32 42 100 308 n=All households 198 7.6 Placement in an economically better off household, children under 14 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 22 29 50 100 2 071 CDS in household Area Urban 21 32 47 100 200 Rural 24 30 46 100 383 Age of household head 15-34 18 32 51 100 116 35-49 32 31 37 100 147 50-64 23 25 52 100 197 65+ 18 37 45 100 122 Highest level completed of household No education 23 29 47 100 236 head Incomplete primary 17 30 53 100 126 Primary 23 40 36 100 66 First cycle secondary 32 29 39 100 71 Rheto/Philo/University 19 37 44 100 59 Vocational training/Other 19 20 61 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 33 26 41 100 130 High wealth 11 43 46 100 98 Medium wealth 18 23 59 100 110 Low wealth 26 26 48 100 124 Lowest wealth 26 32 42 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 21 27 52 100 621 Rural 22 30 49 100 867 Age of household head 15-34 19 28 52 100 343 35-49 24 27 49 100 499 50-64 20 29 51 100 440 65+ 21 35 44 100 206 Highest level completed of household No education 20 31 49 100 526 head Incomplete primary 21 30 49 100 366 Primary 29 27 45 100 190 First cycle secondary 19 23 58 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 19 29 51 100 162 Vocational training/Other 37 26 37 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 16 23 61 100 293 High wealth 26 31 43 100 273 Medium wealth 17 27 55 100 320 Low wealth 26 29 44 100 294 Lowest wealth 22 31 47 100 308 n=All households 199 7.7 Placement in an urban household, children under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 17 29 54 100 2 074 CDS in household Area Urban 18 39 44 100 204 Rural 23 31 45 100 384 Age of household head 15-34 15 37 48 100 118 35-49 27 40 33 100 147 50-64 21 30 50 100 199 65+ 23 30 47 100 123 Highest level completed of household No education 28 26 46 100 238 head Incomplete primary 18 36 46 100 127 Primary 17 32 51 100 66 First cycle secondary 21 38 41 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 11 54 34 100 60 Vocational training/Other 10 32 58 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 24 41 35 100 133 High wealth 14 35 50 100 99 Medium wealth 18 25 57 100 111 Low wealth 13 34 53 100 124 Lowest wealth 37 33 30 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 14 26 60 100 620 Rural 18 29 53 100 866 Age of household head 15-34 16 22 62 100 343 35-49 19 27 55 100 498 50-64 16 33 51 100 439 65+ 10 35 55 100 206 Highest level completed of household No education 17 30 54 100 524 head Incomplete primary 18 28 54 100 366 Primary 16 29 55 100 190 First cycle secondary 12 22 66 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 19 26 54 100 162 Vocational training/Other 11 38 50 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 12 28 60 100 293 High wealth 17 25 58 100 273 Medium wealth 13 27 60 100 320 Low wealth 17 32 51 100 293 Lowest wealth 23 27 50 100 307 n=All households 200 7.8 Placement in an urban household, children under 14 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 12 25 63 100 2 074 CDS in household Area Urban 14 31 55 100 204 Rural 16 31 53 100 384 Age of household head 15-34 12 32 56 100 118 35-49 16 37 47 100 147 50-64 18 27 55 100 199 65+ 16 29 56 100 123 Highest level completed of household No education 21 27 52 100 238 head Incomplete primary 9 37 54 100 127 Primary 15 25 60 100 66 First cycle secondary 20 37 43 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 9 28 63 100 60 Vocational training/Other 4 32 64 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 21 28 51 100 133 High wealth 8 33 59 100 99 Medium wealth 10 25 65 100 111 Low wealth 12 33 55 100 124 Lowest wealth 26 36 38 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 9 22 69 100 620 Rural 13 26 61 100 866 Age of household head 15-34 10 20 70 100 343 35-49 14 23 63 100 498 50-64 11 26 63 100 439 65+ 8 32 60 100 206 Highest level completed of household No education 12 25 63 100 524 head Incomplete primary 14 23 63 100 366 Primary 8 31 62 100 190 First cycle secondary 10 15 75 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 14 22 64 100 162 Vocational training/Other 10 37 53 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 8 23 69 100 293 High wealth 12 19 68 100 273 Medium wealth 9 23 68 100 320 Low wealth 12 30 58 100 293 Lowest wealth 17 25 59 100 307 n=All households 201 7.9 Placement in an apprenticeship, children under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 40 33 28 100 2 077 CDS in household Area Urban 25 41 33 100 204 Rural 42 31 27 100 384 Age of household head 15-34 25 41 34 100 118 35-49 37 33 30 100 147 50-64 40 35 25 100 199 65+ 44 27 29 100 123 Highest level completed of household No education 45 32 23 100 238 head Incomplete primary 31 35 34 100 127 Primary 32 48 20 100 66 First cycle secondary 34 35 31 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 25 37 37 100 60 Vocational training/Other 16 41 43 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 34 25 41 100 133 High wealth 25 49 26 100 99 Medium wealth 32 39 29 100 111 Low wealth 44 26 30 100 124 Lowest wealth 46 34 20 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 39 31 30 100 620 Rural 41 33 26 100 869 Age of household head 15-34 41 32 27 100 343 35-49 41 32 27 100 499 50-64 40 30 30 100 439 65+ 36 41 23 100 208 Highest level completed of household No education 41 33 26 100 528 head Incomplete primary 49 23 27 100 365 Primary 43 30 27 100 190 First cycle secondary 32 38 29 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 32 38 30 100 162 Vocational training/Other 15 58 26 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 28 35 37 100 293 High wealth 41 37 22 100 273 Medium wealth 44 29 27 100 320 Low wealth 46 27 27 100 295 Lowest wealth 42 32 25 100 308 n=All households 202 7.10 Placement in an apprenticeship, children under 14 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 22 29 49 100 2 076 CDS in household Area Urban 13 23 64 100 204 Rural 26 33 41 100 383 Age of household head 15-34 19 29 52 100 118 35-49 14 31 56 100 147 50-64 23 31 46 100 199 65+ 32 24 44 100 122 Highest level completed of household No education 30 31 39 100 237 head Incomplete primary 10 31 60 100 127 Primary 23 27 50 100 66 First cycle secondary 23 36 41 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 14 18 68 100 60 Vocational training/Other 9 32 59 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 17 22 61 100 133 High wealth 13 30 56 100 99 Medium wealth 16 27 57 100 111 Low wealth 25 35 40 100 124 Lowest wealth 35 33 32 100 120 No CDS in household Area Urban 18 29 53 100 620 Rural 26 29 45 100 869 Age of household head 15-34 24 23 54 100 343 35-49 25 29 47 100 499 50-64 22 31 47 100 439 65+ 15 39 45 100 208 Highest level completed of household No education 26 30 44 100 528 head Incomplete primary 30 25 45 100 365 Primary 26 31 43 100 190 First cycle secondary 12 29 59 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 11 26 63 100 162 Vocational training/Other 10 54 36 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 9 28 63 100 293 High wealth 22 28 50 100 273 Medium wealth 24 28 48 100 320 Low wealth 29 28 43 100 295 Lowest wealth 29 31 41 100 308 n=All households 203 7.11 Placement as a paid domestic worker, children under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 7 10 83 100 2 077 CDS in household Area Urban 2 5 93 100 204 Rural 8 11 81 100 383 Age of household head 15-34 5 3 92 100 118 35-49 6 8 85 100 147 50-64 5 10 85 100 198 65+ 8 13 78 100 123 Highest level completed of household No education 8 12 80 100 237 head Incomplete primary 7 12 81 100 127 Primary 6 6 88 100 66 First cycle secondary 4 4 92 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 2 2 96 100 60 Vocational training/Other - 7 93 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 1 2 97 100 133 High wealth 2 4 93 100 99 Medium wealth 5 6 89 100 110 Low wealth 2 15 82 100 124 Lowest wealth 20 15 64 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 4 8 89 100 621 Rural 9 13 78 100 869 Age of household head 15-34 7 11 82 100 343 35-49 5 7 88 100 499 50-64 7 14 79 100 440 65+ 10 15 74 100 208 Highest level completed of household No education 11 17 72 100 528 head Incomplete primary 8 12 79 100 366 Primary 3 3 94 100 190 First cycle secondary 4 6 89 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 2 5 93 100 162 Vocational training/Other - - 100 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 2 3 95 100 293 High wealth 3 8 88 100 273 Medium wealth 2 8 90 100 321 Low wealth 12 14 74 100 295 Lowest wealth 15 19 66 100 308 n=All households 204 7.12 Placement as a paid domestic worker, children under 14 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 3 6 91 100 2 077 CDS in household Area Urban 1 4 95 100 204 Rural 5 5 91 100 383 Age of household head 15-34 3 2 95 100 118 35-49 5 2 93 100 147 50-64 3 5 92 100 198 65+ 3 10 88 100 123 Highest level completed of household No education 4 7 89 100 237 head Incomplete primary 5 4 91 100 127 Primary 2 3 95 100 66 First cycle secondary 3 1 95 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 1 1 98 100 60 Vocational training/Other - - 100 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 1 2 98 100 133 High wealth 1 1 98 100 99 Medium wealth 3 2 95 100 110 Low wealth 2 9 89 100 124 Lowest wealth 11 8 81 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 2 4 95 100 621 Rural 4 8 87 100 869 Age of household head 15-34 4 5 91 100 343 35-49 3 4 93 100 499 50-64 3 10 87 100 440 65+ 3 9 89 100 208 Highest level completed of household No education 4 12 84 100 528 head Incomplete primary 6 8 86 100 366 Primary 2 1 97 100 190 First cycle secondary 1 98 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 3 97 100 162 Vocational training/Other - - 100 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 1 1 99 100 293 High wealth 5 95 100 273 Medium wealth 1 4 95 100 321 Low wealth 6 10 83 100 295 Lowest wealth 7 13 80 100 308 n=All households 205 7.13 Placement as an unpaid domestic worker, children under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 6 7 87 100 2 074 CDS in household Area Urban 5 7 88 100 204 Rural 5 9 86 100 383 Age of household head 15-34 6 4 90 100 118 35-49 9 11 80 100 147 50-64 4 11 85 100 198 65+ 2 4 93 100 123 Highest level completed of household No education 4 8 89 100 237 head Incomplete primary 5 9 85 100 127 Primary 9 7 84 100 66 First cycle secondary 11 13 76 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 3 2 95 100 60 Vocational training/Other - 4 96 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 9 10 81 100 133 High wealth 1 2 97 100 99 Medium wealth 2 7 91 100 110 Low wealth 10 11 79 100 124 Lowest wealth 5 10 85 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 7 7 86 100 619 Rural 6 7 87 100 868 Age of household head 15-34 4 5 90 100 343 35-49 8 5 88 100 498 50-64 7 10 83 100 439 65+ 6 10 84 100 207 Highest level completed of household No education 8 10 81 100 527 head Incomplete primary 4 9 87 100 365 Primary 4 4 92 100 190 First cycle secondary 8 4 89 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 8 3 89 100 161 Vocational training/Other - 2 98 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 6 5 89 100 293 High wealth 10 4 87 100 272 Medium wealth 3 5 91 100 320 Low wealth 6 9 85 100 294 Lowest wealth 7 12 81 100 308 n=All households 206 7.14 Placement as an unpaid domestic worker, children under 14 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 4 5 91 100 2 074 CDS in household Area Urban 5 2 93 100 204 Rural 4 6 90 100 383 Age of household head 15-34 5 2 93 100 118 35-49 7 3 90 100 147 50-64 4 8 88 100 198 65+ 2 4 94 100 123 Highest level completed of household No education 3 5 91 100 237 head Incomplete primary 4 8 88 100 127 Primary 7 2 91 100 66 First cycle secondary 10 1 89 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 2 1 97 100 60 Vocational training/Other - 4 96 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 8 3 89 100 133 High wealth 99 100 99 Medium wealth 1 3 96 100 110 Low wealth 9 9 82 100 124 Lowest wealth 4 7 89 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 5 4 91 100 619 Rural 4 5 91 100 868 Age of household head 15-34 3 2 96 100 343 35-49 6 4 90 100 498 50-64 5 8 88 100 439 65+ 1 7 92 100 207 Highest level completed of household No education 6 7 87 100 527 head Incomplete primary 3 5 92 100 365 Primary 5 3 93 100 190 First cycle secondary 3 3 93 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 4 2 94 100 161 Vocational training/Other - 2 98 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 3 4 93 100 293 High wealth 7 2 91 100 272 Medium wealth 2 3 95 100 320 Low wealth 5 7 88 100 294 Lowest wealth 4 7 89 100 308 n=All households 207 7.15 Placement for paid agricultural work, children under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 8 12 80 100 2 077 CDS in household Area Urban 2 6 92 100 204 Rural 12 13 75 100 384 Age of household head 15-34 3 12 85 100 118 35-49 7 9 84 100 147 50-64 8 9 83 100 199 65+ 15 12 73 100 123 Highest level completed of household No education 15 11 74 100 238 head Incomplete primary 7 17 76 100 127 Primary 3 6 91 100 66 First cycle secondary 3 9 88 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 1 2 97 100 60 Vocational training/Other - 7 93 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 1 10 90 100 133 High wealth 4 1 95 100 99 Medium wealth 3 9 88 100 111 Low wealth 9 14 77 100 124 Lowest wealth 24 20 57 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 6 7 87 100 620 Rural 9 16 75 100 869 Age of household head 15-34 7 11 82 100 343 35-49 7 10 82 100 499 50-64 7 16 77 100 439 65+ 11 14 76 100 208 Highest level completed of household No education 10 18 72 100 528 head Incomplete primary 10 15 75 100 365 Primary 4 10 86 100 190 First cycle secondary 6 6 88 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 3 5 92 100 162 Vocational training/Other 4 - 96 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 3 4 93 100 293 High wealth 4 10 86 100 272 Medium wealth 5 11 83 100 321 Low wealth 11 16 73 100 295 Lowest wealth 14 20 66 100 308 n=All households 208 7.16 Placement for paid agricultural work, children under 14 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 4 6 90 100 2 075 CDS in household Area Urban 1 1 98 100 203 Rural 4 9 88 100 383 Age of household head 15-34 2 6 93 100 118 35-49 2 3 96 100 146 50-64 4 6 91 100 198 65+ 3 11 86 100 123 Highest level completed of household No education 5 8 87 100 236 head Incomplete primary 1 11 88 100 127 Primary 2 2 96 100 66 First cycle secondary 2 1 98 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University - 1 99 100 60 Vocational training/Other - - 100 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 2 98 100 133 High wealth 1 - 99 100 98 Medium wealth 2 5 93 100 110 Low wealth 3 9 88 100 124 Lowest wealth 7 14 79 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 3 3 95 100 620 Rural 5 9 86 100 869 Age of household head 15-34 4 4 93 100 343 35-49 4 6 91 100 499 50-64 4 9 87 100 439 65+ 6 9 85 100 208 Highest level completed of household No education 6 10 84 100 528 head Incomplete primary 6 8 85 100 365 Primary 4 96 100 190 First cycle secondary 1 1 98 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 2 3 95 100 162 Vocational training/Other - - 100 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 1 3 96 100 293 High wealth 2 3 95 100 272 Medium wealth 1 4 95 100 321 Low wealth 6 9 86 100 295 Lowest wealth 10 13 77 100 308 n=All households 209 7.17 Adoption, children under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 5 6 89 100 2 075 CDS in household Area Urban 4 3 93 100 204 Rural 6 9 85 100 384 Age of household head 15-34 5 4 91 100 118 35-49 8 9 83 100 147 50-64 7 9 85 100 199 65+ 2 4 94 100 123 Highest level completed of household No education 5 6 89 100 238 head Incomplete primary 4 14 82 100 127 Primary 10 5 86 100 66 First cycle secondary 10 3 87 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 1 2 97 100 60 Vocational training/Other - 4 96 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 7 6 87 100 133 High wealth 1 99 100 99 Medium wealth 4 4 92 100 111 Low wealth 13 8 79 100 124 Lowest wealth 4 14 83 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 5 4 90 100 621 Rural 4 7 89 100 866 Age of household head 15-34 3 6 91 100 343 35-49 5 5 90 100 497 50-64 6 7 87 100 439 65+ 4 7 89 100 208 Highest level completed of household No education 7 7 86 100 528 head Incomplete primary 3 8 89 100 364 Primary 6 5 89 100 189 First cycle secondary 5 3 92 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 3 3 94 100 162 Vocational training/Other - 2 98 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 3 3 94 100 293 High wealth 7 3 89 100 273 Medium wealth 3 3 93 100 321 Low wealth 5 9 87 100 294 Lowest wealth 5 11 83 100 306 n=All households 210 7.18 Adoption, children under 14 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 4 4 92 100 2 075 CDS in household Area Urban 4 2 94 100 204 Rural 4 7 89 100 384 Age of household head 15-34 5 3 92 100 118 35-49 8 7 86 100 147 50-64 3 7 89 100 199 65+ 1 2 97 100 123 Highest level completed of household No education 2 5 93 100 238 head Incomplete primary 4 12 84 100 127 Primary 9 1 90 100 66 First cycle secondary 9 3 87 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 1 2 97 100 60 Vocational training/Other - 4 96 100 14 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 7 4 90 100 133 High wealth - 100 100 99 Medium wealth 3 4 93 100 111 Low wealth 8 8 84 100 124 Lowest wealth 3 11 86 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 4 3 93 100 621 Rural 3 5 92 100 866 Age of household head 15-34 2 4 93 100 343 35-49 4 4 92 100 497 50-64 4 4 92 100 439 65+ 1 6 93 100 208 Highest level completed of household No education 5 5 90 100 528 head Incomplete primary 2 6 92 100 364 Primary 4 4 91 100 189 First cycle secondary 4 3 94 100 203 Rheto/Philo/University 2 2 96 100 162 Vocational training/Other - 2 98 100 21 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 3 1 96 100 293 High wealth 5 3 92 100 273 Medium wealth 2 3 95 100 321 Low wealth 3 7 90 100 294 Lowest wealth 4 8 88 100 306 n=All households 211 7.19 Encourage to live with relatives nearby, sons under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 6 15 79 100 749 CDS in household Area Urban 3 7 90 100 66 Rural 7 17 76 100 108 Age of household head 15-34 4 10 86 100 44 35-49 2 13 86 100 71 50-64 15 12 73 100 43 65+ 6 26 69 100 16 Highest level completed of household No education 11 20 69 100 47 head Incomplete primary 1 13 85 100 46 Primary 4 14 82 100 25 First cycle secondary 5 1 94 100 25 Rheto/Philo/University 2 13 85 100 24 Vocational training/Other 15 33 52 100 5 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 3 7 90 100 48 High wealth 5 8 86 100 28 Medium wealth 5 13 82 100 31 Low wealth 15 6 79 100 38 Lowest wealth 2 37 60 100 29 No CDS in household Area Urban 4 16 80 100 203 Rural 7 15 78 100 372 Age of household head 15-34 7 15 78 100 135 35-49 5 18 77 100 261 50-64 6 12 81 100 150 65+ 9 10 81 100 29 Highest level completed of household No education 8 18 74 100 190 head Incomplete primary 6 15 79 100 158 Primary 7 12 81 100 77 First cycle secondary 4 15 81 100 73 Rheto/Philo/University 4 17 79 100 56 Vocational training/Other - 7 93 100 10 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 13 87 100 90 High wealth 5 19 76 100 99 Medium wealth 5 12 83 100 121 Low wealth 10 14 76 100 122 Lowest wealth 8 19 73 100 143 n=All households with sons under 18 212 7.20 Encourage to live with relatives nearby, daughters under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 8 15 77 100 711 CDS in household Area Urban 1 17 82 100 49 Rural 12 21 67 100 108 Age of household head 15-34 10 28 61 100 43 35-49 1 9 89 100 52 50-64 23 15 61 100 48 65+ 2 30 67 100 14 Highest level completed of household No education 16 23 62 100 50 head Incomplete primary 12 9 79 100 34 Primary 12 18 70 100 22 First cycle secondary 3 43 54 100 25 Rheto/Philo/University 2 7 91 100 21 Vocational training/Other - 34 66 100 3 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 3 7 91 100 34 High wealth - 18 82 100 29 Medium wealth 2 16 82 100 25 Low wealth 23 17 60 100 41 Lowest wealth 8 44 49 100 28 No CDS in household Area Urban 5 12 83 100 185 Rural 9 16 75 100 369 Age of household head 15-34 10 19 71 100 129 35-49 5 13 82 100 250 50-64 8 13 79 100 148 65+ 25 22 53 100 27 Highest level completed of household No education 10 21 68 100 172 head Incomplete primary 7 13 80 100 178 Primary 4 10 86 100 70 First cycle secondary 6 10 84 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 8 15 78 100 47 Vocational training/Other 5 - 95 100 7 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 4 18 79 100 84 High wealth 8 12 80 100 87 Medium wealth 2 11 87 100 115 Low wealth 9 13 78 100 118 Lowest wealth 14 20 66 100 150 n=All households with daughters under 18 213 7.21 Encourage to live with relatives in the city, sons under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 19 26 56 100 749 CDS in household Area Urban 12 25 62 100 66 Rural 18 33 49 100 108 Age of household head 15-34 8 12 80 100 44 35-49 21 32 47 100 71 50-64 22 33 45 100 43 65+ 3 56 42 100 16 Highest level completed of household No education 17 39 45 100 47 head Incomplete primary 26 41 33 100 46 Primary 13 18 70 100 25 First cycle secondary 4 13 83 100 25 Rheto/Philo/University 9 22 69 100 24 Vocational training/Other 15 33 52 100 5 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 15 15 71 100 48 High wealth 4 40 56 100 28 Medium wealth 9 25 66 100 31 Low wealth 26 25 49 100 38 Lowest wealth 29 60 10 100 29 No CDS in household Area Urban 13 23 64 100 203 Rural 23 26 51 100 372 Age of household head 15-34 16 22 62 100 135 35-49 23 25 52 100 261 50-64 15 28 56 100 150 65+ 11 28 61 100 29 Highest level completed of household No education 23 29 48 100 190 head Incomplete primary 17 31 52 100 158 Primary 16 18 66 100 77 First cycle secondary 17 26 57 100 73 Rheto/Philo/University 20 11 68 100 56 Vocational training/Other 4 4 93 100 10 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 11 21 69 100 90 High wealth 14 22 63 100 99 Medium wealth 18 18 64 100 121 Low wealth 22 31 47 100 122 Lowest wealth 26 32 42 100 143 n=All households with sons under 18 214 7.22 Encourage to live with relatives in the city, daughters under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 15 27 58 100 712 CDS in household Area Urban 6 25 68 100 49 Rural 19 36 44 100 108 Age of household head 15-34 13 39 48 100 43 35-49 16 18 66 100 52 50-64 31 32 37 100 48 65+ 5 58 37 100 14 Highest level completed of household No education 21 41 37 100 50 head Incomplete primary 28 18 54 100 34 Primary 12 30 58 100 22 First cycle secondary 3 45 53 100 25 Rheto/Philo/University 10 38 52 100 21 Vocational training/Other - 34 66 100 3 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 10 15 75 100 34 High wealth - 47 53 100 29 Medium wealth 10 17 73 100 25 Low wealth 24 27 48 100 41 Lowest wealth 28 65 7 100 28 No CDS in household Area Urban 9 20 72 100 186 Rural 18 29 53 100 369 Age of household head 15-34 12 28 60 100 129 35-49 13 26 60 100 251 50-64 20 24 56 100 148 65+ 23 21 57 100 27 Highest level completed of household No education 20 30 50 100 172 head Incomplete primary 14 27 59 100 178 Primary 9 36 55 100 71 First cycle secondary 8 20 72 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 24 6 70 100 47 Vocational training/Other - 12 88 100 7 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 4 28 68 100 84 High wealth 12 19 69 100 88 Medium wealth 10 21 70 100 115 Low wealth 20 34 46 100 118 Lowest wealth 24 27 49 100 150 n=All households with daughters under 18 215 7.23 Encourage to live with godmother/godfather, sons under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 16 23 61 100 749 CDS in household Area Urban 25 12 64 100 66 Rural 15 38 47 100 108 Age of household head 15-34 25 15 61 100 44 35-49 19 22 59 100 71 50-64 21 35 44 100 43 65+ 2 64 34 100 16 Highest level completed of household No education 18 40 42 100 47 head Incomplete primary 24 32 44 100 46 Primary 11 23 67 100 25 First cycle secondary 25 14 61 100 25 Rheto/Philo/University 10 13 76 100 24 Vocational training/Other - 47 53 100 5 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 25 18 57 100 48 High wealth 11 16 72 100 28 Medium wealth 6 30 64 100 31 Low wealth 20 28 52 100 38 Lowest wealth 31 58 12 100 29 No CDS in household Area Urban 6 22 72 100 203 Rural 22 23 56 100 372 Age of household head 15-34 18 25 57 100 135 35-49 16 22 62 100 261 50-64 15 18 67 100 150 65+ 11 34 55 100 29 Highest level completed of household No education 23 22 55 100 190 head Incomplete primary 16 23 62 100 158 Primary 14 19 67 100 77 First cycle secondary 12 31 57 100 73 Rheto/Philo/University 8 18 74 100 56 Vocational training/Other - 8 92 100 10 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 3 24 73 100 90 High wealth 13 24 63 100 99 Medium wealth 14 15 71 100 121 Low wealth 18 29 53 100 122 Lowest wealth 27 21 52 100 143 n=All households with sons under 18 216 7.24 Encourage to live with godmother/godfather, daughters under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 13 26 62 100 710 CDS in household Area Urban 3 18 79 100 49 Rural 22 29 49 100 108 Age of household head 15-34 22 18 59 100 43 35-49 15 17 68 100 52 50-64 22 36 42 100 48 65+ 2 58 40 100 14 Highest level completed of household No education 18 40 42 100 50 head Incomplete primary 25 24 52 100 34 Primary 14 29 57 100 22 First cycle secondary 19 25 56 100 25 Rheto/Philo/University 5 12 83 100 21 Vocational training/Other - 34 66 100 3 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 3 17 80 100 34 High wealth - 19 81 100 29 Medium wealth 3 15 82 100 25 Low wealth 37 16 47 100 41 Lowest wealth 26 67 7 100 28 No CDS in household Area Urban 7 21 72 100 186 Rural 14 27 58 100 367 Age of household head 15-34 12 34 54 100 129 35-49 12 22 66 100 250 50-64 13 23 64 100 147 65+ 8 37 55 100 27 Highest level completed of household No education 20 29 51 100 171 head Incomplete primary 7 26 68 100 177 Primary 12 28 60 100 71 First cycle secondary 10 22 68 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 14 21 66 100 47 Vocational training/Other - 6 94 100 7 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 4 30 66 100 84 High wealth 11 14 75 100 88 Medium wealth 6 25 69 100 115 Low wealth 18 26 56 100 117 Lowest wealth 19 30 51 100 149 n=All households with daughters under 18 217 7.25 Encourage to live a pension to go to school, sons under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 26 29 44 100 749 CDS in household Area Urban 20 44 36 100 66 Rural 31 24 45 100 108 Age of household head 15-34 13 33 55 100 44 35-49 25 31 45 100 71 50-64 31 44 25 100 43 65+ 55 6 39 100 16 Highest level completed of household No education 45 17 38 100 47 head Incomplete primary 30 44 27 100 46 Primary 17 45 38 100 25 First cycle secondary 7 27 66 100 25 Rheto/Philo/University 18 20 62 100 24 Vocational training/Other 23 47 30 100 5 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 17 28 54 100 48 High wealth 14 52 34 100 28 Medium wealth 25 11 64 100 31 Low wealth 35 29 36 100 38 Lowest wealth 53 41 6 100 29 No CDS in household Area Urban 20 28 52 100 203 Rural 30 30 40 100 372 Age of household head 15-34 24 26 50 100 135 35-49 25 31 44 100 261 50-64 30 30 41 100 150 65+ 29 28 42 100 29 Highest level completed of household No education 36 26 38 100 190 head Incomplete primary 29 33 38 100 158 Primary 19 31 51 100 77 First cycle secondary 19 34 47 100 73 Rheto/Philo/University 15 20 65 100 56 Vocational training/Other - 16 84 100 10 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 7 32 61 100 90 High wealth 17 32 51 100 99 Medium wealth 31 33 36 100 121 Low wealth 35 22 43 100 122 Lowest wealth 35 28 37 100 143 n=All households with sons under 18 218 7.26 Encourage to live a pension to go to school, daughters under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 21 31 47 100 711 CDS in household Area Urban 10 45 45 100 49 Rural 27 34 39 100 108 Age of household head 15-34 20 39 41 100 43 35-49 18 40 43 100 52 50-64 34 33 32 100 48 65+ 29 25 46 100 14 Highest level completed of household No education 39 18 43 100 50 head Incomplete primary 14 42 44 100 34 Primary 28 46 26 100 22 First cycle secondary 25 25 50 100 25 Rheto/Philo/University 9 65 26 100 21 Vocational training/Other 24 34 42 100 3 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 7 41 52 100 34 High wealth 13 51 37 100 29 Medium wealth 8 19 73 100 25 Low wealth 35 35 30 100 41 Lowest wealth 41 35 24 100 28 No CDS in household Area Urban 16 29 54 100 186 Rural 23 31 45 100 368 Age of household head 15-34 19 35 46 100 128 35-49 19 31 50 100 251 50-64 26 25 49 100 148 65+ 27 41 32 100 27 Highest level completed of household No education 21 42 36 100 171 head Incomplete primary 27 26 47 100 178 Primary 25 30 45 100 71 First cycle secondary 14 23 63 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 10 24 66 100 47 Vocational training/Other - 15 85 100 7 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 16 30 54 100 84 High wealth 6 33 61 100 88 Medium wealth 26 27 47 100 115 Low wealth 24 32 44 100 118 Lowest wealth 26 32 42 100 149 n=All households with daughters under 18 219 7.27 Encourage to live in other people's house for appenticeship, sons under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 34 31 35 100 749 CDS in household Area Urban 34 36 29 100 66 Rural 38 22 40 100 108 Age of household head 15-34 19 39 43 100 44 35-49 38 23 39 100 71 50-64 45 33 23 100 43 65+ 54 6 40 100 16 Highest level completed of household No education 52 16 31 100 47 head Incomplete primary 52 24 25 100 46 Primary 23 50 27 100 25 First cycle secondary 8 37 55 100 25 Rheto/Philo/University 17 21 61 100 24 Vocational training/Other 52 33 15 100 5 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 20 31 49 100 48 High wealth 35 35 30 100 28 Medium wealth 32 12 56 100 31 Low wealth 51 21 28 100 38 Lowest wealth 61 37 2 100 29 No CDS in household Area Urban 26 29 45 100 203 Rural 38 33 29 100 372 Age of household head 15-34 33 33 35 100 135 35-49 33 30 37 100 261 50-64 37 29 34 100 150 65+ 27 52 21 100 29 Highest level completed of household No education 45 32 23 100 190 head Incomplete primary 41 33 26 100 158 Primary 30 28 42 100 77 First cycle secondary 15 43 42 100 73 Rheto/Philo/University 15 14 70 100 56 Vocational training/Other 10 15 76 100 10 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 7 31 62 100 90 High wealth 29 31 41 100 99 Medium wealth 31 41 28 100 121 Low wealth 46 25 29 100 122 Lowest wealth 47 28 25 100 143 n=All households with sons under 18 220 7.28 Encourage to live in other people's house for appenticeship, daughters under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 30 32 38 100 712 CDS in household Area Urban 8 50 42 100 49 Rural 42 24 34 100 108 Age of household head 15-34 28 31 41 100 43 35-49 21 36 43 100 52 50-64 48 25 27 100 48 65+ 60 22 18 100 14 Highest level completed of household No education 53 21 26 100 50 head Incomplete primary 29 32 39 100 34 Primary 32 42 26 100 22 First cycle secondary 23 27 50 100 25 Rheto/Philo/University 31 36 33 100 21 Vocational training/Other 24 34 42 100 3 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 10 37 54 100 34 High wealth 36 28 36 100 29 Medium wealth 12 21 67 100 25 Low wealth 43 30 27 100 41 Lowest wealth 61 31 8 100 28 No CDS in household Area Urban 26 24 50 100 186 Rural 31 35 33 100 369 Age of household head 15-34 26 41 33 100 129 35-49 29 29 42 100 251 50-64 36 27 37 100 148 65+ 29 32 39 100 27 Highest level completed of household No education 33 41 27 100 172 head Incomplete primary 31 36 33 100 178 Primary 42 18 40 100 71 First cycle secondary 19 25 56 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 20 19 61 100 47 Vocational training/Other 11 4 85 100 7 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 19 25 56 100 84 High wealth 21 38 41 100 88 Medium wealth 28 33 39 100 115 Low wealth 34 34 32 100 118 Lowest wealth 40 28 32 100 150 n=All households with daughters under 18 221 7.29 Encourage to do paid domestic or agricultural work in other people's house, sons under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 4 9 87 100 749 CDS in household Area Urban - 2 98 100 66 Rural 12 10 78 100 108 Age of household head 15-34 - 8 92 100 44 35-49 9 7 83 100 71 50-64 12 7 82 100 43 65+ 8 2 90 100 16 Highest level completed of household No education 12 6 81 100 47 head Incomplete primary 10 11 79 100 46 Primary 7 - 93 100 25 First cycle secondary - 7 93 100 25 Rheto/Philo/University - 5 95 100 24 Vocational training/Other - - 100 100 5 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 3 2 95 100 48 High wealth - - 100 100 28 Medium wealth - 8 92 100 31 Low wealth 16 3 81 100 38 Lowest wealth 24 27 49 100 29 No CDS in household Area Urban 2 9 89 100 203 Rural 5 9 86 100 372 Age of household head 15-34 1 9 90 100 135 35-49 5 8 87 100 261 50-64 3 13 84 100 150 65+ 17 5 78 100 29 Highest level completed of household No education 7 17 77 100 190 head Incomplete primary 4 10 85 100 158 Primary 3 1 96 100 77 First cycle secondary - 4 96 100 73 Rheto/Philo/University 6 94 100 56 Vocational training/Other - - 100 100 10 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 5 95 100 90 High wealth 4 4 92 100 99 Medium wealth 7 93 100 121 Low wealth 6 12 82 100 122 Lowest wealth 8 17 75 100 143 n=All households with sons under 18 222 7.30 Encourage to do paid domestic or agricultural work in other people's house, daughters under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 5 6 89 100 711 CDS in household Area Urban - 4 96 100 49 Rural 10 2 88 100 108 Age of household head 15-34 1 2 97 100 43 35-49 12 1 87 100 52 50-64 16 8 76 100 48 65+ - 2 98 100 14 Highest level completed of household No education 13 6 80 100 50 head Incomplete primary 12 2 85 100 34 Primary 5 - 95 100 22 First cycle secondary - - 100 100 25 Rheto/Philo/University - 2 98 100 21 Vocational training/Other - - 100 100 3 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 1 99 100 34 High wealth - 3 97 100 29 Medium wealth 2 - 98 100 25 Low wealth 10 1 88 100 41 Lowest wealth 20 8 72 100 28 No CDS in household Area Urban 4 2 95 100 185 Rural 5 9 86 100 369 Age of household head 15-34 3 12 85 100 129 35-49 3 5 92 100 250 50-64 7 6 86 100 148 65+ 8 2 90 100 27 Highest level completed of household No education 8 13 79 100 172 head Incomplete primary 4 8 88 100 177 Primary 1 1 98 100 71 First cycle secondary 4 - 96 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 1 4 95 100 47 Vocational training/Other - - 100 100 7 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 3 97 100 84 High wealth 4 3 93 100 87 Medium wealth 3 97 100 115 Low wealth 3 12 85 100 118 Lowest wealth 10 13 77 100 150 n=All households with daughters under 18 223 7.31 Encourage to do domestic or agricultural work in other people's house for education, sons under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 8 10 81 100 749 CDS in household Area Urban 1 12 88 100 66 Rural 11 12 77 100 108 Age of household head 15-34 1 9 90 100 44 35-49 10 18 72 100 71 50-64 12 8 79 100 43 65+ - 4 96 100 16 Highest level completed of household No education 12 10 78 100 47 head Incomplete primary 12 20 68 100 46 Primary 2 6 92 100 25 First cycle secondary - 7 93 100 25 Rheto/Philo/University - 10 90 100 24 Vocational training/Other - - 100 100 5 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 1 10 89 100 48 High wealth - 6 94 100 28 Medium wealth 3 7 90 100 31 Low wealth 15 8 77 100 38 Lowest wealth 24 31 45 100 29 No CDS in household Area Urban 7 8 85 100 203 Rural 9 12 79 100 372 Age of household head 15-34 4 10 86 100 135 35-49 9 10 81 100 261 50-64 11 12 78 100 150 65+ 22 5 73 100 29 Highest level completed of household No education 11 17 72 100 190 head Incomplete primary 7 11 81 100 158 Primary 15 1 85 100 77 First cycle secondary 3 2 95 100 73 Rheto/Philo/University 4 10 87 100 56 Vocational training/Other - - 100 100 10 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 6 5 89 100 90 High wealth 4 5 91 100 99 Medium wealth 2 9 89 100 121 Low wealth 14 13 73 100 122 Lowest wealth 15 17 68 100 143 n=All households with sons under 18 224 7.32 Encourage to do domestic or agricultural work in other people's house for education, daughters under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 9 12 78 100 712 CDS in household Area Urban 3 12 85 100 49 Rural 17 10 74 100 108 Age of household head 15-34 14 12 74 100 43 35-49 15 9 76 100 52 50-64 18 10 72 100 48 65+ 2 9 89 100 14 Highest level completed of household No education 17 8 75 100 50 head Incomplete primary 13 19 68 100 34 Primary 19 16 65 100 22 First cycle secondary 19 3 77 100 25 Rheto/Philo/University 1 6 93 100 21 Vocational training/Other - - 100 100 3 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 9 91 100 34 High wealth 3 10 87 100 29 Medium wealth 6 - 94 100 25 Low wealth 26 13 61 100 41 Lowest wealth 22 15 64 100 28 No CDS in household Area Urban 11 7 82 100 186 Rural 8 15 77 100 369 Age of household head 15-34 8 13 79 100 129 35-49 8 17 74 100 251 50-64 10 5 85 100 148 65+ 8 6 87 100 27 Highest level completed of household No education 12 17 71 100 172 head Incomplete primary 8 14 78 100 178 Primary 8 15 76 100 71 First cycle secondary 8 1 92 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University 6 5 88 100 47 Vocational training/Other - - 100 100 7 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 11 6 83 100 84 High wealth 6 8 86 100 88 Medium wealth 6 6 88 100 115 Low wealth 8 24 67 100 118 Lowest wealth 12 16 72 100 150 n=All households with daughters under 18 225 7.33 Encourage to do unpaid domestic or agricultural work in other people's house, sons under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 2 7 92 100 748 CDS in household Area Urban - 2 98 100 66 Rural 4 10 85 100 108 Age of household head 15-34 - 8 92 100 44 35-49 - 10 90 100 71 50-64 11 5 84 100 43 65+ - 2 98 100 16 Highest level completed of household No education 10 6 84 100 47 head Incomplete primary - 11 89 100 46 Primary - 6 94 100 25 First cycle secondary - 6 94 100 25 Rheto/Philo/University - 5 95 100 24 Vocational training/Other - - 100 100 5 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 1 99 100 48 High wealth - 4 96 100 28 Medium wealth - 6 94 100 31 Low wealth 15 2 83 100 38 Lowest wealth - 31 69 100 29 No CDS in household Area Urban 3 4 93 100 203 Rural 1 8 91 100 371 Age of household head 15-34 - 6 94 100 134 35-49 2 6 92 100 261 50-64 2 9 90 100 150 65+ - 1 99 100 29 Highest level completed of household No education 2 12 87 100 189 head Incomplete primary 2 9 90 100 158 Primary 3 1 96 100 77 First cycle secondary - 100 100 73 Rheto/Philo/University 3 97 100 56 Vocational training/Other - - 100 100 10 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 3 - 97 100 90 High wealth 3 4 93 100 99 Medium wealth 2 8 90 100 121 Low wealth - 7 93 100 121 Lowest wealth 11 89 100 143 n=All households with sons under 18 226 7.34 Encourage to do unpaid domestic or agricultural work in other people's house, daughters under 18 Yes, with Yes conditions No Total Total Sample size Total 2 5 92 100 710 CDS in household Area Urban 2 3 95 100 49 Rural 4 2 94 100 108 Age of household head 15-34 - 1 99 100 43 35-49 3 2 95 100 52 50-64 14 5 81 100 48 65+ - 4 96 100 14 Highest level completed of household No education 10 6 84 100 50 head Incomplete primary 1 1 98 100 34 Primary 5 - 95 100 22 First cycle secondary 1 2 97 100 25 Rheto/Philo/University - - 100 100 21 Vocational training/Other - - 100 100 3 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 3 2 95 100 34 High wealth - - 100 100 29 Medium wealth 2 - 98 100 25 Low wealth 9 2 89 100 41 Lowest wealth 2 6 92 100 28 No CDS in household Area Urban 4 1 95 100 186 Rural 1 8 91 100 367 Age of household head 15-34 2 5 93 100 128 35-49 1 7 93 100 250 50-64 4 4 91 100 148 65+ - 13 87 100 27 Highest level completed of household No education 4 13 83 100 171 head Incomplete primary 5 95 100 177 Primary 5 1 95 100 71 First cycle secondary - 100 100 72 Rheto/Philo/University - 4 96 100 47 Vocational training/Other - - 100 100 7 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 4 3 93 100 84 High wealth 3 - 97 100 88 Medium wealth 2 97 100 114 Low wealth - 12 88 100 117 Lowest wealth 3 9 88 100 150 n=All households with daughters under 18 227 7.35 Expectations when placing a child with family members To feed and protect To help with education To help finding a Money sent Help in a time of the child and upbringing spouse for the child regularly crisis Nothing Total Total Sample size Total 88 99 9 17 33 100 274 CDS in household Area Urban 78 100 4 1 5 - 100 23 Rural 82 100 5 9 35 - 100 45 Age of household head 15-34 70 100 5 - 8 - 100 14 35-49 69 100 2 6 28 - 100 26 50-64 97 100 9 12 27 - 100 23 65+ 100 100 - - 6 - 100 5 Highest level completed of No education 93 100 11 14 37 - 100 23 household head Incomplete primary 51 100 4 5 29 - 100 19 Primary 96 100 4 4 8 - 100 13 First cycle secondary 100 100 - - - - 100 4 Rheto/Philo/University 94 100 - - 6 - 100 7 Vocational 100 100 - - - - 100 1 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 98 100 2 2 7 - 100 17 High wealth 55 100 - - - - 100 5 Medium wealth 88 100 23 22 28 - 100 12 Low wealth 54 100 5 3 16 - 100 13 Lowest wealth 93 100 4 9 51 - 100 21 No CDS in Area Urban 88 99 1 10 22 100 48 household Rural 90 99 14 21 40 - 100 158 Age of household head 15-34 85 100 7 27 35 100 44 35-49 91 99 14 12 30 - 100 81 50-64 90 100 6 19 44 - 100 63 65+ 94 92 19 14 31 - 100 18 Highest level completed of No education 96 99 7 13 32 - 100 83 household head Incomplete primary 85 99 8 25 42 - 100 66 Primary 85 99 29 20 39 - 100 23 First cycle secondary 88 99 9 19 32 1 100 20 Rheto/Philo/University 93 100 - - 15 - 100 8 Vocational 100 100 - - - - 100 2 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 97 99 2 - 6 - 100 14 High wealth 91 100 1 21 27 100 31 Medium wealth 86 98 8 10 35 - 100 46 Low wealth 96 100 24 24 47 - 100 48 Lowest wealth 82 99 9 25 40 - 100 67 n=Households that would encourage their children to live in other household. More than one alternative can be recorded, total may add up to more than 100 228 7.36 Acceptable punishment if child misbehaves in new household Take the Send the child Verbally Curse or Impose restriction Ask to stand Hit with Deny child's Deny child's Give extra child out of back to original reprimand insult on activities on the knees Slap Spank object/ whip food sleep work school household None Total Total Sample size Total 5 1 25 86 1 46 81 7 8 6 59 8 100 294 CDS in household Area Urban 18 - 39 81 1 28 73 2 2 1 - 75 - 100 24 Rural 14 - 25 70 - 45 77 2 2 4 - 67 20 100 48 Age of household head 15-34 2 - 3 63 - 7 19 - - - - 27 32 100 14 35-49 40 - 64 75 2 61 93 5 5 2 - 89 - 100 27 50-64 - - 24 92 - 42 92 2 2 7 - 75 8 100 24 65+ - - - 64 - 11 91 - - - - 86 9 100 7 Highest level completed of No education - - 20 82 - 43 85 2 2 8 - 72 15 100 26 household head Incomplete primary 22 - 51 75 - 64 77 2 2 - - 73 20 100 19 Primary 2 - 7 96 4 21 87 4 4 4 - 85 - 100 13 First cycle secondary 5 - 6 100 - 5 24 - - - - 11 - 100 5 Rheto/Philo/University 68 - 72 23 - 10 85 5 5 - - 88 - 100 7 Vocational training/Other - - - 100 - - - - - - - 100 - 100 1 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 28 - 38 70 - 24 60 4 4 - - 54 - 100 17 High wealth 2 - 44 98 - 42 95 - - - - 95 - 100 6 Medium wealth - - 17 94 - 46 81 - - 7 - 67 6 100 12 Low wealth 2 - 12 36 4 21 50 - - 4 - 56 44 100 14 Lowest wealth 26 - 33 84 - 55 90 4 4 5 - 80 10 100 23 No CDS in Area Urban 7 - 21 90 - 38 86 9 9 10 56 1 100 52 household Rural 2 2 26 87 1 50 80 8 9 5 - 57 10 100 170 Age of household head 15-34 - - 17 89 1 64 83 5 5 8 - 44 7 100 47 35-49 3 - 25 89 1 52 84 12 15 7 - 66 9 100 90 50-64 10 5 28 82 - 23 72 6 6 6 61 9 100 66 65+ - - 39 97 - 30 93 2 2 2 - 34 2 100 19 Highest level completed of No education 1 3 26 91 - 44 80 16 15 4 - 71 7 100 89 household head Incomplete primary 8 20 85 2 46 83 - 3 8 46 7 100 69 Primary - - 36 97 4 65 89 12 12 1 - 68 2 100 24 First cycle secondary 7 - 25 99 - 49 87 9 9 21 - 55 - 100 20 Rheto/Philo/University - - 20 48 - 39 58 - - - - 29 40 100 13 Vocational training/Other - - 40 100 - 74 66 - - - - 26 - 100 3 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - - 13 89 - 42 88 - - - - 61 - 100 16 High wealth 11 - 37 92 - 39 94 7 14 14 50 - 100 32 Medium wealth - - 30 86 - 46 72 5 5 7 - 63 8 100 49 Low wealth 4 1 30 89 2 51 86 10 10 10 - 70 9 100 51 Lowest wealth 3 4 10 84 2 51 74 12 12 1 - 43 15 100 74 n=Households that would punish children for misbehaves in new household. More than one alternative can be recorded, total may add up to more than 100. Be aware of small sample size in some categories. 229 7.37 Reasons why own children are not placed in other household Lack of contacts Lack of contacts for Do not know Child is too Child is not for facilitating receiving child how to young suited None Total Total Sample size Total 42 41 30 43 20 22 100 283 CDS in household Area Urban 32 32 8 50 5 38 100 24 Rural 36 49 24 50 27 9 100 47 Age of household head 15-34 9 43 10 56 12 2 100 14 35-49 63 63 14 60 7 24 100 27 50-64 26 22 29 23 6 45 100 23 65+ 11 11 6 64 82 13 100 7 Highest level completed of No education 35 35 38 52 38 12 100 26 household head Incomplete primary 55 75 7 67 2 5 100 19 Primary 27 29 23 18 15 57 100 13 First cycle secondary 10 - - 85 5 - 100 4 Rheto/Philo/University 16 21 6 15 - 79 100 7 Vocational training/Other - - - 100 100 - 100 1 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 15 17 7 55 8 36 100 16 High wealth 48 44 - 48 - 45 100 6 Medium wealth 49 40 46 56 13 6 100 12 Low wealth 22 66 20 11 32 5 100 14 Lowest wealth 47 48 26 70 29 9 100 23 No CDS in household Area Urban 47 48 34 37 27 20 100 48 Rural 41 38 31 43 18 22 100 164 Age of household head 15-34 45 36 39 66 21 19 100 47 35-49 43 37 29 37 15 25 100 83 50-64 38 50 27 22 20 24 100 63 65+ 48 52 41 39 58 3 100 19 Highest level completed of No education 42 50 23 33 30 16 100 84 household head Incomplete primary 49 38 44 49 16 24 100 65 Primary 35 29 33 44 27 23 100 24 First cycle secondary 49 45 38 57 9 11 100 20 Rheto/Philo/University 20 20 6 12 - 64 100 12 Vocational training/Other 40 66 40 40 - 34 100 3 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 20 19 18 45 50 13 100 15 High wealth 59 44 33 47 21 27 100 30 Medium wealth 47 50 38 41 10 17 100 48 Low wealth 41 38 37 44 26 19 100 49 Lowest wealth 38 40 26 36 13 28 100 70 n=Households that would encourage their children to live in other household. More than one alternative can be recorded, total may add up to more than 100. Be aware of small sample size in some categories. 230 Chapter 8 Household economy Main findings: From the tabulations, the presence of a child domestic in the household does not appear to be related to the economic status of the household. This will be further explored in the forthcoming synthesis report. In general, three out of four Haitian households are unsatisfied with their current financial situation and half of them are very unsatisfied. Almost half of the households report not to be able to send all children to school and afford medical treatment. Only one-in-five can afford to eat fish, chicken or meat three times per week or help family members in need. Two-third of households report that their current level of food consumption is less than enough and an overwhelming 90 percent are concerned about their access to food and basic necessities the next 12 months. Forty percent have no access to credit, and one-in-four would not be able to raise HTG 1000 (USD 21) within a week. Almost two-thirds of Haitian households have experienced that their economy has deteriorated over the last five years. Forty-five percent have experienced that it has deteriorated a lot. Only 13 percent have experienced an improvement in their financial situation. Half of the households that have experienced financial deterioration have delayed children’s enrollment to school as a result of the situation. One-in-five have taken already enrolled children out of school. Four-in-five have reduced food consumption and medical treatment for household members. Fourteen percent of the households report to have sent children to live elsewhere as a direct result of the deteriorated economic situation. Among households that currently host a child domestic worker, 17 percent have relocated one of their own children. Definitions: Household income is based on current monthly and yearly household income as reported by household respondents. Per capita household income is calculated by dividing the total household income by the number of persons in the household. 231 8.1 Satisfaction with current financial situation Somewhat Somewhat Very Very satisfied satisfied unsatisfied unsatisfied Total Total Sample size Total 5 23 20 52 100 2 074 CDS in household Area Urban 3 20 31 46 100 204 Rural 6 22 17 56 100 384 Gender of household head Male 6 23 25 46 100 295 Female 4 18 20 58 100 293 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 7 35 28 30 100 133 High wealth 1 25 24 50 100 99 Medium wealth 7 18 20 56 100 111 Low wealth 9 20 24 47 100 124 Lowest wealth 1 4 15 80 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 6 25 21 48 100 621 Rural 4 21 19 55 100 865 Gender of household head Male 6 24 18 52 100 815 Female 4 21 23 52 100 671 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 10 38 19 34 100 293 High wealth 6 19 28 47 100 273 Medium wealth 6 26 19 49 100 320 Low wealth 3 19 21 57 100 293 Lowest wealth 1 13 13 73 100 307 n=All households 232 8.2 Ability to afford medical treatment Yes No Total Total Sample size Total 56 44 100 2 076 CDS in household Area Urban 59 41 100 204 Rural 54 46 100 384 Gender of household Male 54 46 100 295 head Female 57 43 100 293 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 74 26 100 133 High wealth 52 48 100 99 Medium wealth 58 42 100 111 Low wealth 42 58 100 124 Lowest wealth 50 50 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 62 38 100 621 Rural 51 49 100 867 Gender of household Male 56 44 100 814 head Female 55 45 100 674 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 77 23 100 293 High wealth 58 42 100 273 Medium wealth 60 40 100 321 Low wealth 48 52 100 293 Lowest wealth 37 63 100 308 n=All households 233 8.3 Ability to send all children to school Yes No Total Total Sample size Total 58 42 100 1 884 CDS in household Area Urban 49 51 100 201 Rural 49 51 100 379 Gender of household Male 48 52 100 292 head Female 50 50 100 288 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 64 36 100 132 High wealth 51 49 100 99 Medium wealth 48 52 100 107 Low wealth 45 55 100 123 Lowest wealth 32 68 100 119 No CDS in household Area Urban 65 35 100 544 Rural 56 44 100 760 Gender of household Male 58 42 100 706 head Female 62 38 100 598 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 79 21 100 258 High wealth 61 39 100 246 Medium wealth 66 34 100 273 Low wealth 50 50 100 258 Lowest wealth 44 56 100 269 n=All households 234 8.4 Ability to buy new rather than second-hand clothes Yes No Total Total Sample size Total 30 70 100 2 077 CDS in household Area Urban 37 63 100 204 Rural 23 77 100 384 Gender of household Male 28 72 100 295 head Female 29 71 100 293 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 59 41 100 133 High wealth 23 77 100 99 Medium wealth 24 76 100 111 Low wealth 17 83 100 124 Lowest wealth 16 84 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 42 58 100 621 Rural 22 78 100 868 Gender of household Male 31 69 100 815 head Female 30 70 100 674 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 65 35 100 293 High wealth 36 64 100 273 Medium wealth 26 74 100 321 Low wealth 18 82 100 294 Lowest wealth 10 90 100 308 n=All households 235 8.5 Ability to eat meat, chicken or fish at least 3 times per week Yes No Total Total Sample size Total 21 79 100 2 077 CDS in household Area Urban 27 73 100 204 Rural 18 82 100 384 Gender of household Male 23 77 100 295 head Female 20 80 100 293 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 50 50 100 133 High wealth 20 80 100 99 Medium wealth 19 81 100 111 Low wealth 9 91 100 124 Lowest wealth 4 96 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 31 69 100 621 Rural 13 87 100 868 Gender of household Male 21 79 100 815 head Female 20 80 100 674 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 54 46 100 293 High wealth 24 76 100 273 Medium wealth 17 83 100 321 Low wealth 2 98 100 294 Lowest wealth 5 95 100 308 n=All households 236 8.6 Ability to support other family members in need Yes No Total Total Sample size Total 19 81 100 2 072 CDS in household Area Urban 27 73 100 204 Rural 20 80 100 383 Gender of household Male 26 74 100 295 head Female 19 81 100 292 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 46 54 100 133 High wealth 25 75 100 98 Medium wealth 20 80 100 111 Low wealth 12 88 100 124 Lowest wealth 8 92 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 26 74 100 618 Rural 13 87 100 867 Gender of household Male 21 79 100 812 head Female 15 85 100 673 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 44 56 100 290 High wealth 23 77 100 273 Medium wealth 12 88 100 321 Low wealth 9 91 100 294 Lowest wealth 7 93 100 307 n=All households 237 8.7 Financial situation, past 5 years Improved a Somewhat Remained the Somewhat Deteriorated lot improved same deteriorated a lot Total Total Sample size Total 2 11 23 19 45 100 2 077 CDS in household Area Urban 1 15 28 22 35 100 204 Rural 1 9 21 15 53 100 384 Gender of household Male 1 15 27 20 37 100 295 head Female 2 7 20 15 56 100 293 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 3 17 29 17 33 100 133 High wealth 1 16 24 24 35 100 99 Medium wealth 1 11 26 20 42 100 111 Low wealth 1 3 23 12 61 100 124 Lowest wealth - 8 16 14 63 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 4 14 20 18 44 100 621 Rural 1 9 25 19 45 100 868 Gender of household Male 2 12 23 19 44 100 815 head Female 2 9 24 19 46 100 674 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 4 21 20 25 31 100 293 High wealth 3 14 22 21 39 100 273 Medium wealth 3 7 26 12 51 100 320 Low wealth 7 25 22 45 100 295 Lowest wealth 2 6 23 15 55 100 308 n=All households 238 8.8 Result of deteriorated economic situation Reduced/ ended Adult in Youth in Children of Delayed Reduced support to household household household children's Taken amount family searched searched sent to enrolment in children out Reduced food spent on outside of for/found for/found live/work school of school consumption health care household additional job additional job elsewhere None Total Total Sample size Total 51 19 78 80 66 57 38 14 5 100 1 311 CDS in household Area Urban 50 23 80 80 64 46 49 5 14 100 119 Rural 63 22 80 84 64 64 44 24 6 100 240 Gender of household Male 59 17 74 76 66 62 41 19 13 100 169 head Female 58 26 85 89 62 54 49 16 5 100 190 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 51 20 80 88 69 63 54 6 6 100 68 High wealth 43 12 71 74 46 39 38 7 21 100 61 Medium wealth 60 18 91 87 67 60 46 5 4 100 63 Low wealth 73 33 89 83 71 58 35 20 1 100 81 Lowest wealth 61 24 70 85 68 67 56 40 10 100 86 No CDS in Area Urban 51 21 78 83 73 59 41 11 1 100 386 household Rural 49 17 77 76 62 56 33 15 6 100 566 Gender of household Male 50 18 76 77 68 60 33 14 4 100 508 head Female 49 19 79 83 64 54 42 12 4 100 444 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 36 9 60 72 75 55 37 5 5 100 161 High wealth 54 20 80 83 80 59 43 10 100 166 Medium wealth 51 18 80 81 62 52 27 14 5 100 211 Low wealth 51 20 76 75 57 56 40 16 6 100 196 Lowest wealth 53 23 85 83 60 64 37 20 5 100 218 n=All households with financial situation deteriorated over the last 5 years. More than one alternative can be recorded, total may add up to more than 100 239 8.9 Expectations about financial situation in next 5 years Improve a Somewhat Remain the Somewhat Deteriorate a lot improve same deteriorate lot Total Total Sample size Total 10 53 15 8 15 100 1 429 CDS in household Area Urban 16 57 13 4 10 100 167 Rural 3 59 15 5 18 100 272 Gender of household Male 10 59 13 6 12 100 222 head Female 6 57 15 4 18 100 217 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 17 69 3 5 6 100 110 High wealth 11 67 14 4 5 100 78 Medium wealth 7 39 19 8 26 100 81 Low wealth 2 58 13 3 25 100 84 Lowest wealth 1 49 25 6 19 100 86 No CDS in household Area Urban 12 63 10 4 10 100 424 Rural 8 45 18 11 18 100 566 Gender of household Male 10 51 13 8 18 100 568 head Female 10 55 18 8 9 100 422 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 20 56 10 7 8 100 217 High wealth 8 68 9 4 10 100 192 Medium wealth 13 47 20 7 13 100 208 Low wealth 5 58 12 12 14 100 184 Lowest wealth 2 32 23 13 30 100 189 n=All households 240 8.10 Current level of food consumption More than Less than enough Just enough enough Total Total Sample size Total 1 31 68 100 2 076 CDS in household Area Urban 1 41 58 100 203 Rural 1 22 77 100 384 Gender of household head Male 1 32 67 100 294 Female 2 26 72 100 293 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 4 58 38 100 133 High wealth 1 29 70 100 98 Medium wealth 1 28 71 100 111 Low wealth 14 86 100 124 Lowest wealth - 13 87 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 1 39 60 100 621 Rural 1 27 72 100 868 Gender of household head Male 1 32 67 100 815 Female 32 68 100 674 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 3 58 39 100 292 High wealth 32 68 100 273 Medium wealth 2 26 72 100 321 Low wealth - 27 73 100 295 Lowest wealth - 18 82 100 308 n=All households 241 8.11 Current level of expenditure on basic necessities More than Less than enough Just enough enough Total Total Sample size Total 3 72 24 100 702 CDS in household Area Urban 1 91 8 100 91 Rural 6 76 18 100 106 Gender of household head Male 1 89 9 100 102 Female 5 78 17 100 95 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 4 91 5 100 79 High wealth 2 90 7 100 34 Medium wealth 3 68 28 100 37 Low wealth 3 71 26 100 27 Lowest wealth - 79 21 100 20 No CDS in household Area Urban 4 73 23 100 261 Rural 3 68 29 100 244 Gender of household head Male 3 69 27 100 273 Female 3 72 25 100 232 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 5 81 14 100 183 High wealth 4 63 34 100 95 Medium wealth 3 74 23 100 93 Low wealth 2 58 40 100 74 Lowest wealth - 61 39 100 60 n=All households 242 8.12 Concern for access to food and basic necessities in past 12 months Not Very A little concerned at concerned concerned all Total Total Sample size Total 66 25 9 100 2 066 CDS in household Area Urban 52 38 10 100 202 Rural 74 21 5 100 382 Gender of household head Male 65 29 6 100 293 Female 67 25 8 100 291 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 45 37 18 100 131 High wealth 54 41 6 100 99 Medium wealth 69 23 8 100 111 Low wealth 81 17 2 100 122 Lowest wealth 84 15 1 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 61 27 11 100 617 Rural 70 22 7 100 865 Gender of household head Male 66 24 10 100 812 Female 67 25 7 100 670 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 42 39 19 100 288 High wealth 67 23 11 100 273 Medium wealth 71 25 4 100 320 Low wealth 74 21 5 100 294 Lowest wealth 77 15 7 100 307 n=All households 243 8.13 Concern for access to food and basic necessities in next 12 months Very A little Not concerned concerned concerned at all Total Total Sample size Total 65 25 10 100 1 891 CDS in household Area Urban 54 34 12 100 187 Rural 75 16 9 100 351 Gender of household head Male 65 25 10 100 271 Female 68 21 11 100 267 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 51 24 25 100 116 High wealth 53 38 9 100 97 Medium wealth 70 18 12 100 103 Low wealth 79 17 4 100 109 Lowest wealth 82 15 3 100 113 No CDS in household Area Urban 59 29 12 100 567 Rural 68 24 8 100 786 Gender of household head Male 66 24 11 100 747 Female 62 29 8 100 606 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 47 34 20 100 265 High wealth 62 28 10 100 246 Medium wealth 66 30 4 100 290 Low wealth 70 21 8 100 273 Lowest wealth 75 17 8 100 279 n=All households 244 8.14 Access to credit Bank or other Merchant or Other non- formal credit Relatives money-lender relative institution Other None Total Total Sample size Total 17 35 34 14 9 41 100 2 077 CDS in household Area Urban 15 28 29 17 7 48 100 204 Rural 25 35 35 18 10 38 100 384 Gender of household Male 18 30 32 18 7 45 100 295 head Female 25 34 34 16 10 39 100 293 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 21 28 28 33 14 39 100 133 High wealth 16 22 21 12 5 55 100 99 Medium wealth 33 39 47 19 9 24 100 111 Low wealth 26 41 40 13 6 33 100 124 Lowest wealth 13 33 30 9 10 55 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 12 29 27 15 10 47 100 620 Rural 19 40 39 13 9 38 100 869 Gender of household Male 17 37 34 13 10 40 100 814 head Female 14 34 35 15 8 43 100 675 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 17 22 27 24 8 43 100 292 High wealth 14 33 32 11 9 46 100 273 Medium wealth 16 41 36 18 10 36 100 321 Low wealth 15 43 40 11 11 37 100 295 Lowest wealth 18 39 35 4 10 44 100 308 n=All households. More than one alternative can be recorded, total may add up to more than 100 245 8.15 Ability to raise 10,000 Haitian gourdes within a week Perhaps, but Use savings Borrowing money With help doubt it Impossible Total Total Sample size Total 9 7 4 8 73 100 2 074 CDS in household Area Urban 16 11 5 9 59 100 202 Rural 5 6 2 7 80 100 384 Gender of household Male 11 11 1 9 68 100 294 head Female 8 4 6 6 76 100 292 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 32 13 8 12 35 100 132 High wealth 5 17 2 10 66 100 98 Medium wealth 6 5 5 5 79 100 111 Low wealth 1 1 8 90 100 124 Lowest wealth 1 1 1 96 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 13 10 4 12 62 100 620 Rural 6 4 5 5 81 100 868 Gender of household Male 10 8 5 7 71 100 813 head Female 7 4 4 9 76 100 675 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 26 18 7 12 37 100 292 High wealth 5 5 6 13 71 100 273 Medium wealth 7 6 3 5 79 100 321 Low wealth 5 2 4 4 86 100 295 Lowest wealth 1 1 4 4 90 100 307 n=All households 246 8.16 Ability to raise 1,000 Haitian gourdes within a week Perhaps, but Use savings Borrowing money With help doubt it Impossible Total Total Sample size Total 30 19 11 15 25 100 2 073 CDS in household Area Urban 39 21 14 10 16 100 203 Rural 25 16 14 18 28 100 382 Gender of household Male 32 21 10 16 21 100 293 head Female 27 15 18 14 26 100 292 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 62 20 13 3 2 100 133 High wealth 29 27 21 12 12 100 98 Medium wealth 22 18 14 14 32 100 110 Low wealth 18 17 6 27 31 100 124 Lowest wealth 15 6 15 19 44 100 120 No CDS in household Area Urban 36 20 10 15 20 100 621 Rural 25 18 11 16 30 100 867 Gender of household Male 31 21 10 15 24 100 815 head Female 28 15 12 17 28 100 673 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 51 23 11 8 7 100 293 High wealth 32 20 14 13 20 100 273 Medium wealth 26 23 9 17 25 100 321 Low wealth 24 18 8 21 29 100 294 Lowest wealth 17 10 10 17 46 100 307 n=All households 247 8.17 Household commodities Sewing Mobile Personal Internet Refrigerator machine Oven Electric fan Bed Radio Television Satelite dish phone computer Video camera connection Car or truck Motorbike Bicycle Tablet/iPad None Total Total Sample size Total 13 4 7 19 95 48 35 1 79 8 4 6 4 9 6 4 2 100 2 078 CDS in household Area Urban 27 6 12 44 94 70 66 1 96 18 7 19 4 11 7 6 100 204 Rural 10 4 5 11 97 48 22 2 68 4 3 5 3 10 5 2 2 100 384 Gender of household Male 16 6 7 25 95 66 39 2 79 12 5 11 4 11 8 5 1 100 295 head Female 18 3 9 23 96 46 39 80 7 4 10 2 9 5 2 2 100 293 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 69 6 33 84 100 93 98 6 99 37 14 36 13 13 14 17 - 100 133 High wealth 7 10 1 24 95 59 59 1 98 8 6 12 1 17 8 1 - 100 99 Medium wealth 1 5 1 1 92 59 23 - 83 1 19 4 - 100 111 Low wealth - 1 - - 97 36 2 - 66 - - - - 2 2 - 1 100 124 Lowest wealth - 1 - - 93 33 1 - 46 - - - - 1 - 6 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 24 4 14 37 95 62 63 1 92 13 6 10 6 12 7 5 1 100 621 Rural 5 3 3 6 94 35 15 71 4 2 3 3 7 6 2 4 100 869 Gender of household Male 11 4 7 18 94 49 32 1 76 8 4 6 5 11 8 3 3 100 815 head Female 16 3 7 19 96 42 37 1 85 8 3 6 4 5 4 4 2 100 675 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 54 7 34 76 99 90 95 3 98 36 18 25 21 19 16 19 - 100 293 High wealth 12 4 3 20 96 53 62 96 2 1 3 2 8 6 - 100 273 Medium wealth 1 5 1 1 94 47 14 - 88 2 1 1 14 6 - 1 100 321 Low wealth - 1 - - 96 31 3 - 78 - - 1 - 2 2 - 100 295 Lowest wealth - 1 - - 87 12 - - 38 - - - - 1 1 - 10 100 308 n=All households. More than one alternative can be recorded, total may add up to more than 100 248 8.18 Monthly income per capita 0 – 2,500 2,501 – 5,000 5,001 – 10,001 – 20,001 – 30,001 – 40,001 – more than HTG HTG 10,000 HTG 20,000 HTG 30,000 HTG 40,000 HTG 50,000 HTG 50,000 HTG Total Total Sample size Total 41 26 17 9 4 2 1 100 1 956 CDS in household Area Urban 29 24 17 15 6 8 100 193 Rural 47 25 16 6 4 1 - 1 100 361 Gender of household Male 35 23 22 11 5 4 1 100 277 head Female 46 26 11 8 5 4 - 1 100 277 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 10 10 24 21 16 16 1 3 100 127 High wealth 31 35 21 11 1 1 - - 100 90 Medium wealth 50 26 13 11 - - 100 109 Low wealth 49 29 17 1 4 1 - - 100 118 Lowest wealth 70 23 5 1 - - - 100 110 No CDS in Area Urban 30 25 21 16 5 2 1 1 100 580 household Rural 49 27 14 5 3 1 1 100 822 Gender of household Male 40 25 16 11 5 2 1 100 776 head Female 44 27 17 8 2 1 1 1 100 626 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 12 19 21 24 11 5 2 6 100 273 High wealth 27 30 25 12 3 2 - 100 263 Medium wealth 47 24 18 8 2 - 100 301 Low wealth 54 32 11 2 1 - - 100 279 Lowest wealth 64 23 8 3 1 2 - - 100 286 n=All households 249 8.19 Yearly income per capita 0 – 25,000 25,001 – 50,001 – 100,001 – 200,001 – 300,001 – 400,001 – more than HTG 50,000 HTG 100,000 HTG 200,000 HTG 300,000 HTG 400,000 HTG 500,000 HTG 500,000 HTG Total Total Sample size Total 31 30 20 10 4 2 2 2 100 1 903 CDS in household Area Urban 23 28 15 21 3 9 1 1 100 190 Rural 34 31 17 9 6 2 1 100 345 Gender of household Male 26 23 19 20 6 4 1 1 100 267 head Female 33 37 13 7 4 5 1 100 268 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 6 13 23 24 11 17 1 4 100 126 High wealth 15 40 17 24 1 2 - 1 100 88 Medium wealth 41 29 16 8 6 - - - 100 105 Low wealth 36 34 17 8 5 1 - - 100 108 Lowest wealth 57 36 5 2 - - - 100 108 No CDS in household Area Urban 25 26 21 16 4 3 2 3 100 568 Rural 36 32 20 5 3 1 2 1 100 800 Gender of household Male 31 30 19 9 4 3 2 2 100 761 head Female 33 28 22 10 3 1 2 1 100 607 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 7 16 24 21 10 7 5 10 100 265 High wealth 25 30 23 15 4 1 1 100 258 Medium wealth 34 33 19 9 3 1 100 300 Low wealth 39 40 18 2 1 - - 100 268 Lowest wealth 52 27 17 1 1 2 - 100 277 n=All households 250 Chapter 9 Dwelling and infrastructure Main findings: More than half of Haitian households do not have electricity in the dwelling. In the rural areas only one-in-five households are connected to electricity, while three-in-four urban households have electricity. The main sources of light are kerosene lamps and candles, and the main type of energy for cooking is wood and charcoal. Even in the urban areas, households do not use electricity for cooking. Thirty-eight percent of households have access to toilet facilities that satisfy the Millennium Development Goal (MDG)’s criterion for improved sanitation. Thirty-four percent have access to an MDG improved water source. Access to improved water is better in rural than in urban areas. This is because the majority of urban households depends on water bought by the gallon, which is not considered an improved water source according to the MDG definition. Definitions: Improved water source (MDG) includes piped water into dwelling or plot; piped water from public tap; covered well or borehole and rainwater collection. It does not include unprotected wells, water provided by tanker truck, bottled water or surface water taken directly from rivers, ponds, streams, lakes, dams, or irrigation channels. In the Haiti Child Domestic Workers Survey, households report on the main water source to the households, not specifically on the source of drinking water. This should be taken into consideration when comparing with other data on quality of water sources. Improved sanitation facility (MDG) refers to facilities that hygienically separate human excreta from human contact. Improved facilities include flush/pour flush toilets or latrines connected to a sewer, septic tank, or pit, and ventilated improved pit latrines. Unimproved facilities include public or shared facilities of an otherwise acceptable type, outdoors pit latrines or hole in plot which directly discharge in water bodies or in the open and the practice of open defecation in the bush, field or bodies of water. 251 9.1 Type of dwelling Kay a etaj House with Kay bas (built (built with Tent or tin roof Taudis (build Ajoupa (build with concrete concrete and temporary (plywood, Kay atè (roof with with and irons iron sheets, Apartment shelter in wooden and walls recuperated vegetable sheets, one two or more (house with camp board) merged) materials materials) level) levels) several units) Other Total Total Sample size Total 2 5 7 5 8 63 6 2 1 100 2 078 CDS in household Area Urban 4 1 1 77 10 7 - 100 204 Rural 1 10 12 5 8 60 1 - 3 100 384 Gender of household Male 7 12 4 5 62 3 5 3 100 295 head Female 1 5 5 3 5 71 7 1 1 100 293 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - - - - 77 17 5 - 100 133 High wealth 2 - 1 1 86 3 7 - 100 99 Medium wealth 1 3 3 1 1 83 2 - 6 100 111 Low wealth 1 8 19 2 4 60 - - 5 100 124 Lowest wealth - 20 21 14 21 22 - - 100 121 No CDS in Area Urban 4 1 3 3 2 68 14 5 100 621 household Rural 1 8 10 7 12 58 1 1 2 100 869 Gender of household Male 3 6 8 6 8 60 6 2 1 100 815 head Female 2 4 5 4 9 65 7 3 1 100 675 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth - 1 - 69 24 6 100 293 High wealth 4 1 1 2 2 79 7 4 100 273 Medium wealth 4 2 3 1 2 81 3 1 3 100 321 Low wealth 3 9 10 7 10 57 - 3 100 295 Lowest wealth 1 12 19 15 27 25 - - 1 100 308 n=All households 252 9.2 Number of rooms in dwelling 5 or more 1 room 2 rooms 3 rooms 4 rooms rooms Total Total Sample size Total 27 36 17 12 8 100 2 076 CDS in household Area Urban 36 26 12 16 10 100 204 Rural 16 34 26 17 7 100 384 Gender of household head Male 20 31 23 19 8 100 295 Female 28 31 18 14 9 100 293 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 12 22 24 23 18 100 133 High wealth 47 23 14 11 5 100 99 Medium wealth 30 29 14 16 10 100 111 Low wealth 15 40 15 24 6 100 124 Lowest wealth 13 43 36 7 1 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 38 28 14 12 8 100 620 Rural 21 43 17 11 7 100 868 Gender of household head Male 28 38 16 11 7 100 813 Female 28 34 16 13 9 100 675 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 18 25 20 16 22 100 293 High wealth 53 22 11 11 3 100 272 Medium wealth 27 39 12 13 9 100 321 Low wealth 23 42 23 11 2 100 295 Lowest wealth 19 55 16 8 3 100 307 253 9.3 Type of tenure Own both plot Own only and dwelling dwelling Rent Other Total Total Sample size Total 63 9 22 5 100 2 078 CDS in household Area Urban 50 14 34 3 100 204 Rural 90 2 4 4 100 384 Gender of household head Male 79 6 13 2 100 295 Female 69 8 18 5 100 293 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 54 5 39 3 100 133 High wealth 59 19 20 2 100 99 Medium wealth 78 4 13 5 100 111 Low wealth 88 3 1 8 100 124 Lowest wealth 97 2 - 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 34 15 45 6 100 621 Rural 80 6 9 5 100 869 Gender of household head Male 63 9 21 6 100 815 Female 59 11 27 4 100 675 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 42 7 45 5 100 293 High wealth 29 17 47 7 100 273 Medium wealth 62 12 20 7 100 321 Low wealth 83 9 6 2 100 295 Lowest wealth 90 4 1 4 100 308 n=All households 254 9.4 Electricity in dwelling Connected to In village, but not No dwelling in dwelling electricity Total Total Sample size Total 44 15 41 100 2 077 CDS in household Area Urban 77 15 8 100 204 Rural 23 10 68 100 383 Gender of household head Male 44 4 52 100 294 Female 45 20 36 100 293 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 91 4 5 100 133 High wealth 84 8 8 100 99 Medium wealth 28 29 43 100 110 Low wealth 3 18 79 100 124 Lowest wealth - 3 97 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 76 21 3 100 621 Rural 22 11 67 100 869 Gender of household head Male 42 13 45 100 815 Female 47 19 34 100 675 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 94 4 2 100 293 High wealth 82 17 1 100 273 Medium wealth 38 31 31 100 321 Low wealth 6 15 79 100 295 Lowest wealth - 7 93 100 308 n=All households 255 9.5 Source of light Electricity Private Kerosene Rechargeable/ from grid generator Candles lamp Propane lamp battery lamp Solar energy Other Total Total Sample size Total 38 4 57 76 4 28 9 100 2 057 CDS in household Area Urban 70 5 61 64 3 24 10 - 100 204 Rural 16 5 51 85 4 24 17 100 380 Gender of household Male 37 7 56 81 2 29 14 100 293 head Female 37 3 54 73 5 18 14 - 100 291 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 83 12 53 58 3 51 20 - 100 133 High wealth 68 7 70 70 2 14 8 - 100 98 Medium wealth 20 4 52 85 11 16 23 - 100 111 Low wealth 2 55 86 1 11 14 - 100 123 Lowest wealth - - 42 90 24 6 1 100 119 No CDS in household Area Urban 67 3 66 64 4 26 8 100 616 Rural 19 4 51 84 4 30 9 100 857 Gender of household Male 36 3 58 73 4 29 9 100 809 head Female 42 5 57 80 4 28 8 100 664 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 83 10 52 67 8 48 18 100 292 High wealth 69 2 65 63 1 21 7 - 100 268 Medium wealth 36 4 66 79 7 22 8 - 100 317 Low wealth 6 2 49 85 3 30 8 - 100 292 Lowest wealth - 1 52 85 1 24 2 1 100 304 n=All households. More than one alternative can be recorded, total may add up to more than 100 256 9.6 Main type of energy for cooking Propane gas Kerosene Electricity Wood Charcoal Other Total Total Sample size Total 3 1 46 50 100 2 077 CDS in household Area Urban 6 - 7 87 - 100 204 Rural 1 2 - 67 30 - 100 384 Gender of household Male 3 2 - 47 48 - 100 295 head Female 3 1 - 40 56 - 100 293 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 13 - - - 87 - 100 133 High wealth 1 7 - 2 91 - 100 99 Medium wealth - - - 45 55 - 100 111 Low wealth - - - 81 19 - 100 124 Lowest wealth - - - 100 - - 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 6 1 - 6 87 100 620 Rural 1 - 74 24 100 869 Gender of household Male 4 - 51 45 100 814 head Female 3 1 39 58 - 100 675 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 17 - - 82 - 100 293 High wealth - 2 1 97 - 100 273 Medium wealth - 42 57 1 100 320 Low wealth - - 91 9 - 100 295 Lowest wealth - - - 99 1 - 100 308 n=All households 257 9.7 Access to improved sanitation Yes No Total Total Sample size Total 38 62 100 2 078 CDS in household Area Urban 51 49 100 204 Rural 33 67 100 384 Gender of household Male 44 56 100 295 head Female 36 64 100 293 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 79 21 100 133 High wealth 53 47 100 99 Medium wealth 35 65 100 111 Low wealth 23 77 100 124 Lowest wealth 2 98 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 50 50 100 621 Rural 28 72 100 869 Gender of household Male 35 65 100 815 head Female 41 59 100 675 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 82 18 100 293 High wealth 40 60 100 273 Medium wealth 38 62 100 321 Low wealth 25 75 100 295 Lowest wealth 5 95 100 308 n=All households 258 9.8 Type of sanitation Ventilated, Pit latrine Modern build in Pit latrine without No facilities/ water closet latrine with slab slab/open pit nature Other Total Sample Total size Total 10 8 41 17 23 1 100 2 078 CDS in household Area Urban 22 13 42 12 11 100 204 Rural 4 6 33 27 29 1 100 384 Gender of household Male 11 12 34 18 24 1 100 295 head Female 11 5 39 24 19 100 293 Wealth quintiles Highest 43 11 38 7 1 - 100 133 wealth High 7 23 55 7 8 - 100 99 wealth Medium 5 52 23 18 1 100 111 wealth Low 1 3 32 24 40 1 100 124 wealth Lowest - 1 2 50 46 1 100 121 No CDS in Area wealth Urban 18 11 52 9 9 100 621 household Rural 4 5 35 22 34 1 100 869 Gender of household Male 9 6 40 17 27 1 100 815 head Female 10 9 46 16 18 1 100 675 Wealth quintiles Highest 39 14 47 - 100 293 wealth High 9 11 63 10 6 100 273 wealth Medium 2 9 59 15 16 - 100 321 wealth Low - 3 32 27 36 1 100 295 wealth Lowest - 8 30 59 2 100 308 n=All households wealth 259 9.9 Private or shared sanitation Private Shared Total Total Sample size Total 55 45 100 1 577 CDS in household Area Urban 52 48 100 186 Rural 68 32 100 273 Gender of household Male 63 37 100 226 head Female 59 41 100 233 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 76 24 100 132 High wealth 45 55 100 92 Medium wealth 51 49 100 97 Low wealth 64 36 100 79 Lowest wealth 71 29 100 59 No CDS in household Area Urban 45 55 100 560 Rural 62 38 100 558 Gender of household Male 55 45 100 590 head Female 52 48 100 528 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 69 31 100 292 High wealth 33 67 100 258 Medium wealth 47 53 100 269 Low wealth 69 31 100 184 Lowest wealth 61 39 100 115 n=All households with access to santiation facilities 260 9.10 Access to improved water source Yes No Total Total Sample size Total 34 66 100 2 078 CDS in household Area Urban 29 71 100 204 Rural 35 65 100 384 Gender of household Male 33 67 100 295 head Female 32 68 100 293 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 15 85 100 133 High wealth 39 61 100 99 Medium wealth 48 52 100 111 Low wealth 41 59 100 124 Lowest wealth 23 77 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 26 74 100 621 Rural 40 60 100 869 Gender of household Male 33 67 100 815 head Female 36 64 100 675 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 10 90 100 293 High wealth 24 76 100 273 Medium wealth 59 41 100 321 Low wealth 51 49 100 295 Lowest wealth 26 74 100 308 n=All households 261 9.11 Type of main water source Piped water Piped water into dwelling or from public Covered well Water bought plot tap or borehole Surface water by the gallon Other Total Total Sample size Total 4 23 4 26 35 7 100 2 078 CDS in household Area Urban 8 20 1 3 67 1 100 204 Rural 4 26 3 44 13 11 100 384 Gender of household Male 3 24 2 33 30 7 100 295 head Female 7 22 2 23 37 8 100 293 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 11 4 1 81 2 100 133 High wealth 4 33 2 1 57 3 100 99 Medium wealth 8 37 2 22 20 11 100 111 Low wealth 4 34 3 52 - 8 100 124 Lowest wealth - 12 3 70 - 15 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 6 19 71 4 100 621 Rural 3 25 7 44 11 10 100 869 Gender of household Male 3 22 5 29 33 8 100 815 head Female 6 24 4 21 38 6 100 675 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 6 2 - 89 2 100 293 High wealth 6 17 1 1 69 7 100 273 Medium wealth 9 48 2 15 16 10 100 321 Low wealth 36 12 42 2 8 100 295 Lowest wealth - 9 9 72 1 9 100 308 n=All households 262 9.12 Losses/damages from earthquake Physical Illness/health damages on Death of problems of Loss of access to Loss of land houses and Loss of household household Loss of access health and animals property income members members to school station/hospital None Total Total Sample size Total 3 7 4 1 4 4 3 91 100 2 077 CDS in household Area Urban 8 2 4 4 4 91 100 204 Rural 8 10 6 4 7 4 87 100 384 Gender of household Male 5 6 4 2 4 3 91 100 295 head Female 5 13 4 1 6 7 6 86 100 293 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 9 4 1 3 1 90 100 133 High wealth 5 17 6 - 11 11 12 83 100 99 Medium wealth 2 2 1 - 2 1 1 98 100 111 Low wealth 6 11 3 - 2 5 4 89 100 124 Lowest wealth 12 7 6 1 1 9 1 86 100 121 No CDS in household Area Urban 7 5 2 6 4 3 90 100 621 Rural 4 7 4 3 3 2 92 100 868 Gender of household Male 3 8 4 1 5 4 3 91 100 814 head Female 3 6 4 1 4 2 2 92 100 675 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 6 4 5 4 3 92 100 293 High wealth 9 4 2 7 4 1 90 100 273 Medium wealth 3 7 6 1 5 3 4 91 100 321 Low wealth 4 5 3 2 3 2 93 100 294 Lowest wealth 6 8 3 3 2 3 91 100 308 n=All households. More than one alternative can be recorded, total may add up to more than 100 263 9.13 Losses/damages from earthquake still not recovered Illness/health problems of Loss of access to Loss of Loss of land Loss of household Loss of access health dwelling and animals income members to school station/hospital None Total Total Sample size Total 54 28 44 44 32 23 3 100 152 CDS in household Area Urban 47 2 12 53 7 8 - 100 13 Rural 55 51 48 26 50 32 2 100 28 Gender of household Male 58 56 45 19 36 24 - 100 21 head Female 49 20 30 46 37 25 2 100 20 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 66 3 28 17 3 - - 100 10 High wealth 62 - 37 65 34 36 - 100 7 Medium wealth 50 72 52 69 35 63 - 100 5 Low wealth 74 67 21 9 28 53 7 100 10 Lowest wealth 11 98 53 10 78 3 - 100 9 No CDS in household Area Urban 53 1 57 70 43 25 - 100 51 Rural 55 45 37 30 21 21 6 100 60 Gender of household Male 66 33 47 54 36 23 5 100 58 head Female 35 16 44 36 21 23 - 100 53 Wealth quintiles Highest wealth 38 6 64 57 43 35 - 100 24 High wealth 53 1 39 76 43 18 - 100 20 Medium wealth 51 2 69 47 16 26 14 100 25 Low wealth 53 46 24 27 39 16 - 100 19 Lowest wealth 68 66 31 33 20 19 - 100 23 n=All households with members affected by earthquake. More than one alternative can be recorded, total may add up to more than 100 264 Haiti Child Domestic Workers Survey 2014 Sampling Design By Jon Pedersen & Jing Liu 265 Table of contents Introduction ...................................................................................................267 Requirements of the sample ..........................................................................267 Sampling frame ............................................................................................. 267 Stratification and allocation of clusters to strata ....................................... 268 Sampling design ............................................................................................ 269 Procedure of sample selection .................................................................. 269 Additional information for sampling in the field ...................................... 271 Inclusion probabilities and weights ..............................................................273 Notation..................................................................................................... 273 Inclusion probability .................................................................................274 Sampling weights ...................................................................................... 275 Non-response and non-response corrections ................................................ 275 Unit non-response: the household .............................................................276 Non-response correction ........................................................................... 277 Weight adjustment and estimation weights .............................................. 277 Extreme weights correction .......................................................................... 279 Relative weights ............................................................................................ 279 Sampling errors ............................................................................................. 279 References ..................................................................................................... 280 Appendix A: Documentation of the sample..................................................281 Appendix B: Kish table.................................................................................282 Appendix C: Probability of sampling RSI respondent .................................283 266 Introduction This document describes the sample of the Haiti Child Domestic Workers Survey 2014 (HCDWS). Its main aim is to document the sampling procedures, the handling of non- response in the survey, and guidelines for variance estimation. Requirements of the sample The design of the HCDWS sample was – like any other sample – subject to a number of constraints. The main design characteristics for the sample were the following: 1. The population selected for this study was relocated children, and domestic child workers living in households resident in Haiti. 2. The survey should be able to provide statistics broken down by urban and rural areas, and estimate the size of the domestic child worker population in Haiti. 3. The budget allows for a sample size of a maximum of about 2,000 households, and no more than 80 clusters. 4. The set of questionnaires consist of a general household questionnaire, and a questionnaire for a randomly selected child aged between 5 and 17 years (inclusive). Sampling frame The sampling frame for the survey is the list of enumeration units from the Census of Haiti of 2003. The sampling frame is provided by Institut Haitien de Statistique et d'Informatique (IHSI). The distribution of households is given in Table 1. Table 1:Distribution of households by Départment and residence, Haiti 2003 RURAL URBAN Total Artibonite 210,170 11.5% 92,459 5.1% 302,629 16.6% Centre 105,625 5.8% 20,619 1.1% 126,244 6.9% Grand'Anse 60,327 3.3% 15,803 .9% 76,130 4.2% Metropolitan 0.0% 410,231 22.5% 410,231 22.5% Nippes 55,602 3.1% 7,129 .4% 62,731 3.4% Nord 98,907 5.4% 64,508 3.5% 163,415 9.0% Nord-Est 37,432 2.1% 25,358 1.4% 62,790 3.5% Nord-Ouest 81,753 4.5% 24,003 1.3% 105,756 5.8% Ouest 239,386 13.2% 33,531 1.8% 272,917 15.0% Sud 106,201 5.8% 22,609 1.2% 128,810 7.1% Sud-Est 94,364 5.2% 13,646 .7% 108,010 5.9% Total 1,089,767 59.9% 729,896 40.1% 1,819,663 100% Source: Haiti Census 2003 There are no direct information in the census that reliably can be used to estimate the geographic distribution and number of child workers. The Haiti Living Conditions Survey of 2001 indicates that domestic child workers are evenly distributed geographically (as a proportion of the child population) and that about 9.6 percent of households have children that may be described as child domestic workers. 267 Stratification and allocation of clusters to strata A proportional allocation based on 80 clusters would result in too few clusters in some strata based on the Departments and the residence. Therefore, the regional classification of the census will be used as shown in Table 2. Table 2: Census classification of enumeration areas into departments and regions Region Total Department North South Transversale West Artibonite 2058 2058 Centre 997 997 Grand'Anse 511 511 Metropolitan 1897 1897 Nippes 482 482 Nord 1182 1182 Nord-Est 423 423 Nord-Ouest 698 698 Ouest 2015 2015 Sud 976 976 Sud-Est 728 728 Total 1605 1969 3753 4640 11967 Source: Haiti Census 2003 One should note that the metropolitan region is only urban and makes up the vast majority of enumeration areas in the West region. The classification of households by region and residence allows for an allocation of clusters that is very close to proportional as can be seen from the two following tables (Table 3,Table 4). Table 3: Distribution of households by region and residence (number and percent) RURAL URBAN Total NORTH 136,339 7.5% 89,866 4.9% 226,205 12.4% SOUTH 222,130 12.2% 45,541 2.5% 267,671 14.7% TRANSVERSALE 397,548 21.8% 137,081 7.5% 534,629 29.4% WEST 333,750 18.3% 457,408 25.1% 791,158 43.5% Total 1,089,767 59.9% 729,896 40.1% 1,819,663 100.0% Source: Haiti Census 2003 In principle, the allocation given does not necessarily safeguard proportional allocation across departments, but this can approximately be achieved through implicit stratification, although as indicated in Table 1, there is no way to proportionally represent all combinations of residence and departments. 268 Table 4: Cluster allocation by region and residence (number of clusters and percent) RURAL URBAN Total NORTH 6 7.5% 4 5.0% 10 12.5% SOUTH 10 12.5% 2 2.5% 12 15.0% TRANSVERSALE 17 21.3% 6 7.5% 23 28.7% WEST 15 18.8% 20 25.0% 35 43.8% Total 48 60.0% 32 40.0% 80 100.0% Haiti Census 2003 A considerable problem with the sampling frame is the fact that the census is rather old. Haiti has population growth of about 1.4 percent per year, has substantial migration and experienced considerable population displacement because of the earthquake that struck the country in 2010. One should therefore expect that enumeration areas have grown or decreased in size, and that areas outside of the 2003 Census cartography coverage are now inhabited. In order to account partially for the changes, the mapping and listing must employ procedures to correct the imperfections as far as possible. Such procedures basically involve adjusting boundaries of enumeration areas in systematic fashion. The procedures are described in the mapping and listing manual and are built on the work of Sunter (1989). Sampling design Procedure of sample selection Although the average size of clusters in the sample is 165 households, some clusters may be large because of increase of population since 2003. When clusters of 400 and more households have been selected, they will be split into segments. The cluster will be divided into approximately equal sized segments, but care must be taken to make the segments easily identifiable in the field. The size of the segments will be estimated through quick-counting, and one segment selected with probability proportionate to the estimated size of the segments. Regardless of the allocation, one cannot expect a large number of child domestic workers in the sample if an uninformative sampling of households is taken within each cluster. Judging from the 2001 Haiti Living Conditions Survey (and we have little evidence one way or the other for an increase, decrease or stability of the prevalence of relocated children) a sample of 2,000 households would result in approximately 400 households with relocated children and about half of these would have children that can be described as child domestic workers. In order to ensure sufficient number of domestic child workers in the sample it is therefore necessary to screen selected clusters for relocated children as part of the listing of the clusters. 269 Although child domestic workers are the ultimate persons of interest for the survey it is not practical to screen directly for child domestic workers. That has several reasons. First, surveys that use the term restavek explicitly when asking households to categorise children return relatively low number (e.g. the DHS surveys, the Haiti Living Conditions Survey). Second, the classification of domestic child workers must take into account what the children actually do, and that is difficult to map in a screening operation that is carried out as part of a household listing. Therefore, the listers will only ask for whether or not there are children in the household, who do not have any parent present. Screening for just the presence of parents is also likely to be imprecise. Therefore the final sample of households will include 560 households (seven in each cluster) that were screened as having no children without any parents present. These households will partly be used for comparison, and partly to serve as a check on the accuracy on the household screening. The remaining 1,600 households (20 in each cluster) will be sampled from the list of households with relocated children. Since the average size of the enumeration areas is 152 households, one should expect about 30 households with relocated children on average in each cluster. The key elements of the sampling are then the following. 1. Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) are explicitly stratified by urban and rural status and region of households as recorded by the 2003 census. 2. Implicit stratification of PSUs based on geographic location. 3. Each (explicit) stratum received a sample allocation proportional to the number of households in the stratum. 4. Within each stratum PSUs are selected with linear systematic sampling proportionate to size (PPS) with number of households as measure of size. 5. A cluster may be divided in several segments and one selected with probability proportionate to size if it is too large. 6. A sketch map will be made for each selected PSU and all households within the PSU will be listed and screened for households with or without children. 7. From the list the selection of 2160 households will be made with linear systematic sampling. The list will be divided in two: a) Households with relocated children present. Twenty households will be selected. b) Households with no relocated children present. Seven households will be selected. For clusters which have less than 20 households with relocated children, the remaining quota will be added on the number of household selected from the list of household having no relocated children. 8. No substitution of selected households or individuals should take place. 9. From households with one relocated child, this child (aged 5 – 17) will be selected for an individual interview. For households with more than one relocated child, one child will be randomly selected among the relocated children. For households with no relocated children, one child will be randomly selected from all children in the 270  household. This will be referred to as Randomly Selected Individual (RSI) selection in the document. Since interviewing will be carried out by Computer Aided Personal Interviewing (CAPI), the data entry software will select the person. Additional information for sampling in the field Some feedback from the field is added in the document as a complement to the sampling design. This feedback includes application on segmenting clusters and usage of Kish table in RSI selection. No cluster in the sample has 400 or more households, therefore segmenting cluster was not necessary in the field. In total, 13,402 households were visited as part of the screening exercise. Two lists were made in each cluster: one for the households hosting children separated from their parents and one for households not hosting children separated from their parents. For each cluster, a total of 27 households were selected. Out of these, 20 households were randomly chosen from the list of households with separated children and 7 households were chosen from the list of households without separated children. In clusters where there were less than 20 households hosting separated children, all were selected for interview and additional households were selected from the other list, giving a total of 27 households in each cluster. In each eligible household two respondents were interviewed: 1) the head of household, or if the head was not available another adult, informed household member, and 2) a randomly selected child in the household. In the households hosting separated children, the child was selected from this group of children. If there were no children aged 5-17 living in the household, the household was not found eligible for interview. In total 2,078 households and 1,617 randomly selected children were interviewed. Out of these 959 were separated children and 658 were children living with their biological parents. The response rate 1 was 98.7% on the household level and 97% on the child level. Table 5 Interview status of household questionnaire Interview status of household questionnaire Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Start of the interview 2078 96.2 96.2 96.2 Household not found or do not exist 9 .4 .4 96.6 Empty/vaccant 46 2.1 2.1 98.8 No contact 17 .8 .8 99.5 No useful information 3 .1 .1 99.7 Refuse 7 .3 .3 100.0 Total 2160 100.0 100.0 1 A survey’s response rate is the result of dividing the number of people who were interviewed by the total number of people in the sample who were eligible to participate and should have been interviewed. 271 Table 6 Interview status of RSI questionnaire Interview status of RSI questionnaire Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Start of the interview 1617 74.9 74.9 74.9 Household not found or do not exist 9 .4 .4 75.3 Empty/vaccant 46 2.1 2.1 77.4 Not eligible 438 20.3 20.3 97.7 No contact 27 1.3 1.3 98.9 No useful information 11 .5 .5 99.4 Refuse 12 .6 .6 100.0 Total 2160 100.0 100.0 The program used for data entry can only draw RSI respondents automatically when the household listing during screening corresponds with the household listing during the actual survey (See key elements of the sampling 7: list A is for households with relocated children present; list B is for households with no relocated children present). For households that had changed their composition since the mapping and listing, or had been misclassified, Kish tables were used to randomly select one child in each household. For households that used Kish table for RSI selection, all children aged 5-17 were considered eligible for individual interview. There were 372 households that used Kish table for the RSI selection. Out of these, 55 households had relocated children. In these household only the relocated children should have been found eligible for RSI selection, not all children in the household. When Kish table was used, all candidates for the RSI questionnaire were listed in descending order by age. The last digit of the household ID (AI06 or AI07) decided which column of the Kish table that should be used. An example is provided in Table 7. The household (ID 25) has three relocated children within the age span 5 to 17. According to column 5 in the Kish table, the second child in descending order by age (Roster ID 3, Age 13) will be selected as RSI respondent for child questionnaire. After the survey it was discovered that the Kish table used in the field provides unequal probability for RSI candidates to be selected (shown in Appendix C: Probability of sampling RSI respondent). For some candidates (e.g. position 2 for 10 candidates), the probability is zero. The weights have taken unequal probability into consideration, but cannot address the errors caused by zero probability in RSI selection. Table 7 Kish table Serial ID of Roster children 5- Name Age ID Last digit of household number 17 years 272  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 6 17 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 13 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 11 6 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 3 4 1 1 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 4 5 1 1 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 1 3 4 5 6 4 2 6 1 7 1 1 3 4 5 6 7 1 4 7 8 1 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 3 9 1 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 10 1 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Inclusion probabilities and weights It follows from the above that the sample is in general a two stage sample, but with a third stage for the randomly selected child. Notation In order to describe the sample precisely and calculate inclusion probabilities we need to introduce some notation. This is done in Table 8 Notation used. Table 8 Notation used Symbol Meaning N Household count (initial estimate) Nl Household count as listed n Sample count (as per the sample allocation) m Sample number of PSUs M Total number of PSUs P Inclusion probability s Index of stratum c Index of PSU h and i Index of household (h used to indicate household in the sampling stage, i for the list of all households from 1 to n in the sample) d Index of person within the household z Index of segment q Superscript for quick counted estimate r Superscript for households screened as having relocated children 273 oh Superscript for households screened as not having relocated children Inclusion probability The inclusion probabilities for a PSU c in stratum s are the following (for all strata except the 0 enumeration area stratum): Equation 1 Inclusion probability for PSU 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠,𝑐𝑐 ∗ 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠,𝑐𝑐 = 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 Within each PSU a fixed number of households are to be selected (but see above). The inclusion probability for a household h within a PSU c in stratum s is then the following: Equation 2 Inclusion probability for household in cluster 𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠,𝑐𝑐 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠,𝑐𝑐,ℎ = 𝑙𝑙,𝑟𝑟 , 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠,𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜ℎ 𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠,𝑐𝑐 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠,𝑐𝑐,ℎ = 𝑙𝑙,𝑜𝑜ℎ , 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠,𝑐𝑐 Note that the listed number of households is used, rather than the initial estimate of households from the census. Also note that the listed number and the sample take differs within a cluster between the two lists of households that are screened as having relocated children and those that do not (indicated with superscripts r for relocated child households, and oh for ordinary households. The segmenting stage has the following probability: Equation 3 Inclusion probability for segment in cluster 𝑞𝑞 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠,𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠,𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠,𝑐𝑐 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠,𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧 = 1 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 The overall inclusion probability for a household then becomes: Equation 4 Overall inclusion probability for household 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 = 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠,𝑐𝑐 ∗ 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠,𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧 ∗ 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠,𝑐𝑐,ℎ But since not segmenting is done in the field, the overall inclusion probability for a household is: Equation 5 Overall inclusion probability for household 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 = 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠,𝑐𝑐 ∗ 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠,𝑐𝑐,ℎ Within each household one child aged 5-17 is selected at random from the list of the eligible members. For households with relocated children, only the relocated children are the eligible members. For households with no relocated children, all children aged 5- 17 are eligible members. For households that are not misclassified during mapping and listing, the RSI selection is done by data entry program. Eligible children have equal probability to be selection. The final inclusion probability for a RSI within the household is then 274 Equation 6 Inclusion probability for RSI respondent 1 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 ∗ 𝑁𝑁𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 But for the households that are misclassified, Kish table is used for RSI selection. Eligible children have unequal inclusion probability which is shown in Appendix C: Probability of sampling RSI respondent. The final inclusion probability for a RSI is then the product of the household inclusion probability (Equation 5) and the probability Pd in Appendix C Probability of sampling RSI respondent. Equation 7 Inclusion probability for RSI respondent selected by Kish table 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 ∗ 𝑃𝑃𝑑𝑑 Sampling weights There are two types of sampling weights. The expansion weights create estimates equivalent to real numbers in the population, while the relative weights retain the sample size and only adjust the relative contribution of each unit of analysis (household or individual). The expansion weights are calculated as the inverse of the sampling probability, while the relative weights are calculated as the expansion weight divided by the mean of all the expansion weights. Thus, the expansion sampling weight for household i is: Equation 8 Expansion sampling weight 1 Wi = e pi The relative sampling weight is then: Equation 9 Relative sampling weight Wi Wi r = ∑Wi e n The sampling weights as such are not used in estimation of survey results, because the sampling weights are adjusted for non-response as will be discussed below. Sampling weights are created for both households and randomly selected children. Non-response and non-response corrections The response rate that is achieved during the fieldwork of a survey is crucial for the quality of the survey results. When response rates are low, one may justifiably suspect biases in the results. In general one may distinguish between two types of non-response: unit non-response and item non-response. Unit non-response pertains to the non-response of a whole unit, such as a household. In that case almost nothing is known about that household. 275 Item non-response pertains to the lack of information on a specific item for a unit, for instance that a person does not answer questions about income. Here we will only consider unit non response. Unit non-response: the household The results of the interviews or attempted interviews can be studied using a classification of non-response in the questionnaire, derived from Hidiroglou, Drew and Gray (1993). The response categories in the framework are given in Table 9. The framework is built around the observation that an interview can be missing for two reasons. First, it may be that the selected household does not belong to the sampling frame. This is the case for instance for diplomats which were not considered eligible. Second, a selected household, which actually exists and is eligible, may refuse, or not be found at home. Also, the classification has to take into account that there will be some situations where the interviewer cannot determine if a household exists or not. Interviewers also sometimes encounter the situation that the household is available for interview, but that no useful information can be obtained because the respondent is sick or otherwise incapable of answering. For the cases that have interview status not determined, it may have possibility of being interviewed. Therefore, they are reallocated proportionally between category non- response and no interview possible. Table 9 Response categories Category Response type 1 Interview completed Interview is possible (response) 2 Partly completed Interview is possible (non-response) 3 No usable information (for instance because Interview is possible, non-response the respondent was sick, mentally ill, not really co-operating) 4 Status not determined (The field work team Not clear, usually distributed over could not find out if a household was living at possible interview and not possible the address) 5 Dwelling unit did not exist No interview possible 6 Dwelling unit was vacant No interview possible 7 Dwelling unit is under construction No interview possible 8 Not eligible No interview possible 9 No contact (the household exists, but could not Interview is possible, non-response be found at home) 10 Refusal Interview is possible, non-response 11 Refusal converted by supervisor (The Interview is possible (response) respondent initially refused, but co-operated after a visit by the supervisor) 276 A number of rates can be computed from the above framework as indicated by the table below. In the HCDWS survey, the response categories are adjusted to the Table 10. Table 10 Response category in HCDWS survey Category Response type 1 Interview start Interview is possible (response) 2 Status not determined Not clear, usually distributed over possible interview and not possible 3 Dwelling not exist No interview possible 4 Dwelling vacant No interview possible 5 Dwelling under construction No interview possible 6 Not eligible are non-existent No interview possible 7 Partly completed Interview is possible (non-response) 8 No contact Interview is possible (non-response) 9 Refusal converted Interview is possible (response) 10 No usable information Interview is possible (non-response) 11 Refusal Interview is possible (non-response) 12 Incapacity Interview is possible (non-response) 13 Absent for a long period Interview is possible (non-response) Non-response correction Non-response always occurs. Nevertheless, since the extent and seriousness of non- response vary, the plan of non-response correction must be reconsidered after the fieldwork. Weight adjustment and estimation weights When there is unit non-response, direct use of the sampling weights will result in biased estimation. The biases generally take two forms. One is that when totals are estimated with sampling expansion weights, the total will be too small because non-response implies that units that should be added into the total are missing. The other form is that estimation may be biased because non-responding units may have particular characteristics. One way to reduce the biases produced by unit non-response is to adjust the sampling weights. The method of correction of the weights for non-response that is used here, is the so-called “adjustment cell method” (see for instance Lehtonen and Pahkinen 1995; Little and Rubin 1987). In this approach, households that are considered to be fairly similar are identified and the non-response rate calculated for each group of households, called adjustment cells. In line with the description above, when non-response rates are calculated, only the non-response of those that could have responded but for some reason did not do so is considered. The inverse of the response rate in each adjustment cell was then used to adjust the sampling weights for each household. The result is the so-called estimation weight. The weighted sample size is now as it would have been if all households had responded. The 277 effect is also to increase the relative contribution to the estimates of units that are similar to those missing. In the present study the adjustment cells used are likely to consist of a number of geographically adjacent PSUs. Using the notation in Table 11, the correction factor to the weights for non-response is given in Equation 10. Table 11: Notation for non-response adjustment Symbol Explanation C Adjustment (Correction) factor A Index of adjustment cell hr Responding households hf Non responding households The number of possible interviews (i.e. the denominator in the non-response rate) is the sum of categories 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 in Table 8. The number of non-respondent units is the sum of the categories 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 13. The Status Not Determined category is proportional allocated to non-respondent category. Equation 10 Non-response correction ratio 1 Ca = har har + haf The weights are then adjusted according to the following equations: Equation 11 Weight correction according to non-response Wi estimation = CiWi e Equation 12 Relative weight Wi e ,estimation Wi r ,estimation = ∑ Wi e,estimation n The effect of the corrections is that the expansion weights are increased so that the sum of the estimation expansion weights corresponds to the sum of units in the sample frame (less non-existent or non-eligible units). The relative estimation weights are normalised. This means that the sum of the weights is the sum of the household records in the data file. This type of non-response correction will be carried out for the household and the RSI responses. For each, adjustment cells will be formed by concatenating neighbour implicit strata within stratum. 278 One should note that additional weight adjustment or post stratification of the sample will not be conducted. Post-stratifying to the 2003 Census is probably not useful, as the census is too old and there is too much population movement in Haiti. There is also no obvious other data set that can be used for adjustment procedures. Extreme weights correction Correction is also done to the extreme weights, following the rules that the maximum of weights should not be higher than median+2*standard deviation; the minimum of weights should not be lower than 1/3 of median. Relative weights Considering the lack of calibration of the sample expansion weights based on the population information, relative weights are suggested to be used for both households and RSI respondents. Relative weights are kept for the households and child respondents with interview status to be ‘complete interview’, ‘refusal converted’ and ‘partly complete interview’. Sampling errors Sampling errors for a survey with complex design cannot be calculated using ordinary statistical procedures in statistical software such as SPSS or Stata, because such software assumes simple random sampling. Therefore sampling errors can be calculated using SPSS Complex samples, SUDAAN or Stata (the svy-procedures). Such softwares take account of the sample design in calculation of sampling errors, using (in this case) a linearization approach to estimation. Table 12: Design variables for variance estimation Variable Meaning Cluster Cluster identification Stratum Explicit stratum (generally not used) ImpStrat Implicit stratum (use this as stratum variable) expweighHH Household expansion weight expweighC Expansion weight for child 279 References Deming. W.E. 1960, Sample Design in Business Research, New York: Wiley. Hidiroglou, M., J. Drew og G. Gray. 1993, The measurement of non-response in surveys. Survey Methodology 19: 81-94. Kish, L. 1965, Survey sampling. New York: Wiley. Lehtonen, R. and E. J. Pahkinen. 1995, Practical methods for design and analysis of complex surveys. Chicester: Wiley. Little, R. and D. Rubin. 1987, Statistical analysis with missing data. New York: Wiley. Alan Sunter: On Finding and Delineating Area Sample Units in the Field. Journal of Official Statistics 5(2):171-182. 1989. Shah, B.V., B. Barnwell, G.S. Bieler 1997, SUDAAN User’s Manual, Release 7.5. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute. Wolter, K.1985, Introduction to Variance Estimation, New York: Springer Verlag. 280 Appendix A: Documentation of the sample The sample is listed and described in the file ‘SampleInfo_Haiti2014.xls’. This file, called sample allocation file, is necessary to keep track of the sample and should be used to enter the necessary data for weight calculations. The file has the following columns: Name Content Notation Source ClusterID Cluster ID Cluster ID should be the same as the dataset IHSIcode IHSI code for cluster Haiti Census 2003 DepartementName Department name Haiti Census 2003 DepartementCode Department code Sampling design RegionName Region name Haiti Census 2003 RegionCode Region code Sampling design Urban_Rural Urban or rural text Haiti Census 2003 URCode Urban or rural code Sampling design Commune Commune Haiti Census 2003 Section_communal Section communale Haiti Census 2003 e Ville_quartier_Zon Ville, quartier or zone rural Haiti Census 2003 eRural Stratum Explicit sampling stratum ID Sampling design ImplicitStratum Implicit stratum derived from the selection Sampling sequence ClusterinStratum Number of clusters in stratum Ms Haiti Census2003 ClusterSelINStratu Number of clusters selected in stratum ms Sampling design m HHinStratum Number of households in stratum in 2003 Ns Haiti Census 2003 HHinCluster Number of households in cluster (PSU) in 2003 Ns,c Haiti Census 2003 SegmentINCluster Number of segments identified in cluster (use 1 Quick counting in when not segmented) mapping and listing HHLinCluster Number of households in cluster (PSU) from quick Nq,s,c Quick counting in counting mapping and listing HHLinSegment Number of households in segment (SSU) from Nq,s,c,z Quick counting in quick counting mapping and listing HHRCinCluster Number of households with relocated children in Nl,s,c,r Mapping and listing cluster HHOHinCluster Number of households with NO relocated children Nl,s,c,oh Mapping and listing in cluster HHRCSelINCluste Number of households selected from the list of ns,c,r Sampling design r households with relocated children in cluster HHOHSelINCluste Number of households selected from the list of ns,c,oh Sampling design r households with NO relocated children in cluster 281 Appendix B: Kish table 282 Appendix C: Probability of sampling RSI respondent Number of RSI Position of RSI Pd candidates selected Probability of selection 1 1 1.0 2 1 0.6 2 2 0.4 3 1 0.4 3 2 0.2 3 3 0.4 4 1 0.4 4 2 0.1 4 3 0.2 4 4 0.3 5 1 0.3 5 2 0.1 5 3 0.2 5 4 0.2 5 5 0.2 6 1 0.3 6 2 0.1 6 3 0.1 6 4 0.2 6 5 0.1 6 6 0.2 7 1 0.3 7 2 0.0 7 3 0.1 7 4 0.2 7 5 0.1 7 6 0.1 7 7 0.2 8 1 0.2 8 2 0.0 8 3 0.2 8 4 0.2 8 5 0.1 8 6 0.1 8 7 0.1 8 8 0.1 9 1 0.2 9 2 0.1 9 3 0.1 9 4 0.1 9 5 0.1 9 6 0.1 283 9 7 0.1 9 8 0.1 9 9 0.1 10 1 0.2 10 2 0.0 10 3 0.1 10 4 0.1 10 5 0.1 10 6 0.1 10 7 0.1 10 8 0.1 10 9 0.1 10 10 0.1 284  Child domestic workers in Haiti 2014: Henriette Lunde, Jing Liu and Jon Pedersen Tabulation report This report presents the tabulations from the Haiti Child Domestic Workers Survey (HCDWS 2014), a national household survey. The tabulation report documents the working and living Child domestic workers in Haiti 2014: Tabulation report conditions of child domestic workers relative to other children, the characteristics of the households where they live and perceptions of child relocation among Haitians. The HCDWS 2014 is a part of the Haiti Child Domestic Worker Project. The main objective of the project is to establish a better understanding of the phenomenon and developments of children in domesticity in Haiti based on qualitative and quantitative data material, as well mapping the existing institutional responses. Yon inisyativ nan tèt kole The project was initiated by UNICEF, ILO, IOM, the IRC and the Terre des Hommes Lausanne Foundation, in cooperation with the Haitian state. A group of 28 different organizations Ministè afè soyal ak travay supported the research and made up a Technical Committee acting as a reference group for Leta Ayisyen, nan tèt kole ak 21 òganizasyon nasyonal ak ak patnè li yo the study. entènasyonal deside tanmen yon rechèch sou kantite timoun ki nan domestisite ak sou tout sa ki konsène fenomèn timoun kap MAST travay kay moun nan. Pandan lap ede nou konprann pi byen fenomèn sa a, rechèch sa a pral pèmèt enstitisyon ak program yo devlope yon plan kap chita sou reyalite sosyete nou an ansanm ak ekzijans entènasyonal yo, gras ak enfòmasyon ki pral jwenn yo ak analiz ki pral fèt nan tèt kole sou enfòmasyon sa yo. Jounen jodi a rechèch sa a nesesè pou n ka gen yon fondasyon estratejik pou entèvansyon yo ki pral pèmèt devlope yon seri estrateji ak program kap kouvri tout aspè sou pwoblèm timoun ki nan domestisite. Aktivite kap sòti nan fondasyon estratejik sa a fè pati ranfòsman sistèm proteksyon timoun nan peyi a, nan defini ak mete sou pye bon jan sèvis pou timoun ki pi menase yo, pwosesis kowòdinasyon epi referans (voye yo nan lòt enstitisyon ak lòt sèvis yo ta ka bezwen) ak ranfòsman kad legal la oubyen pote amelyorasyon nan jan yap ranmase ak analize enfòmasyo yo. MINUSTAH P.O.Box 2947 Tøyen Fafo-report 2014:56 « Se fason yon sosyete trete pitit zantray li k ap fè w dekouvri sa k gen nan nannan sosyete sa a. » N-0608 Oslo ISBN 978-82-324-0173-4 Timoun ki nan www.fafo.no ISSN 0801-6143 Nelson Mandela domestisite Kontak: etudedomesticitehaiti@gmail.com Konprann pou-n ka aji pi byen 20403-omslag.indd 1 10.02.2016 09:47:27