Etid fezabilite tekniko-ekonomik pou amelyore endistri sèl komin Ans Wouj

Techno-­‐Economic  Feasibility  Study   to  improve  the  salt  industry   of  Commune  Anse  Rouge   Jetty  (future)   Area  of  Pilo t  Pro ject     ~100  salt  basins  in  near  foreground,  near  Magazen,  viewed  from  the  south  east.     conducted  on  behalf  of  the  Article  29  Organization   by     Cox  &  Speller  (Consulting  Engineers,  UK)   November  2011       Cox  &  Speller,                                         Consulting  Engineers.   Penrhiwgwynt  Farm,     PORTH  CF39  9UE,  U.K.,   www.cox-­‐and-­‐speller.com                    ACRONYMS  used  in  the  report       Accenture Company name for a market research consultancy ADP Accenture Development Partnerships AMURT Amanda Marga Universal Relief Team Baumé Measure of the density/concentration of a brine CuMs Cubic Metres DDA Direction Départementale d'Agriculture   dwt dead weight tonnage (maximum bulk cargo weight) fob Freight on board GAIN Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition GIS Geographic Information System IDD Iodine Deficiency Disorder IOM International Organization for Migration MARNDR Ministère de l’Agriculture des Ressources Naturelles et du Développement Rural [Ministry of Agriculture] MI Micronutrient Initiative MSPP Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population [Ministry of Health] UND University of Notre Dame UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund USI Universal Salt Iodisation (for a country or community) WFP/PAM World Food Programme / Programme Alimentaire Mondial      Contents     Introduction   1 2 3 4 Executive  Summary   Investigations   2.1 Depths  survey   2.2 Topographical  survey   2.3 Geotechnical  survey   2.4 Evaporation  tests   2.5 Community  liaison   Recommendations   3.1 The  Magazen  area   3.2 The  Pilot  Project  site   3.3 Coridon   3.4 Iodisation   3.5 Excess  earth   3.6 Flood  barriers   Perspective   4.1 Costs   4.2 Timing   4.3 The  AMURT  ‘factory’   4.4 Next  Steps   4.5 Irrigation     Appendices   1 Objectives  of  this  study*   2 Location  of  deep  water  for  jetty   3 Topographical  survey   4 Geotechnical  (soils’)  survey   5 Evaporation  tests   6 References     *      includes  outline  of  scope  of  Design  Study          Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge   Introduction   About  70%  of  Haiti’s  salt  is  produced  in  Commune  Anse  Rouge1  -­‐  one  of  the   poorest2  and  most  isolated  regions  of  Haiti.  Due  to  its  arid  climate,  it  is  one  of  only   two   regions   in   Haiti   that   are   chronically   food   insecure   throughout   the   year   and,   without  the  income  from  salt,  it  would  become  even  more  impoverished.   Annual rainfall (mms) IncreaseIng raIn Over 2000 Anse Rouge Gonaives Island under 25 Port au Prince Salt  production  at  Commune  Anse  Rouge  takes  place  in  “salt  basins”  hand-­‐ dug  below  sea  level  (see  cover  and  next  page).  The  seawater  that  enters  evaporates   and  forms  salt  crystals  that  are  hand-­‐harvested  -­‐  a  primitive  labour-­‐intensive  and   commercially  uncompetitive  process.  The  industry  is  threatened  by  cheaper  better   quality  salt  from  near  neighbours3  and,  if  it  does  not  modernise,  the  livelihoods  of   the  already  impoverished  salt  producing  communities  will  suffer.   Another   problem   is   the   vulnerability   of   these   salt   basins   to   inundation   from   floods   caused   by   rain   falling   on   high   hills   some   20Kms   inland.   On   several   occasions   these  have  destroyed  dykes  and  necessitated  expensive  emergency  rebuilding.     Modernisation  could  resolve  both  these  problems,  improve  salt  quality  and   increase   output.   However,   unless   new   outlets   for   Haitian   salt   can   be   found,   this   might   depress   prices   and   reduce   the   net   income.   This   issue   was   addressed   by   a   market  study  commissioned4  in  January  2011,  when  road  salt  sales  to  the  USA  were   identified  as  potentially  a  large  income  generator  worth  well  over  $2million/year5.   Later,   in   April   2011,   Cox   &   Speller6  were   asked   to   assess   the   technological   feasibility   of   transforming   several   hundreds   of   existing   salt   basins   into   a   modern   saltworks   that   could   satisfy   all   Haiti’s   domestic   needs   for   iodised   salt   and   also   to   make  and  export  ≥200,000  tonnes/year.  Our  technical  findings  were  positive  -­‐  but   we  learnt  that  many  salt  basin  owners  initially  may  be  reluctant  join  a  cooperative.     -­‐  1  -­‐      Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge   Currently   there   are   over   2,700   salt   basins   in   Commune   Anse   Rouge   with   more   than   1,400-­‐recorded   individual   owners,   more   than   95%   of   whom   live   in   or   near   Commune   Anse   Rouge7.   Because   of   the   inability   of   most   villages   within   the   coastal   range   and   unirrigated   plain   to   rely   on   agricultural   crops,   it   is   likely   that   30-­‐50%  of  the  40,000  population  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge  is  directly  or  indirectly   dependent  on  salt  production  for  their  livelihoods.     The   basins   receive   seawater   by   gravity   by   seepage   and/or   channels.   This   evaporates   to   less   than   10%   of   its   original   volume   and   deposits   a   mixture   of   all   salts  of  seawater  in  the  salt  basins  –  where  they  are  ‘harvested’  as  shown  below.     Harvesting  from  a  salt  basin  near  Magazen   This   procedure   contrasts   with   the   ‘modern’   method   (actually,   1500   years   old)  of  having  the  seawater  flowing  through,  and  evaporating  from,  a  sequence  of   ponds.   After   90%   of   the   water   has   evaporated   in   this   system,   sodium   chloride   is   deposited   virtually   free   of   the   less   soluble   calcium   salts   (deposited   earlier)   or   the   more  soluble  magnesium  salts  (discharged  with  the  residual  brine).    Apart  from  making  a  better  salt  (>98%  sodium  chloride),  this  method  can   be   10   times   more   productive   and,   if   technically   feasible   and   viable   commercially,   it   could  substantially  improve  the  livelihoods  of  the  people  of  Anse  Rouge.     For   the   field   studies   of   11-­‐27   April   2011,   Cox   &   Speller   deployed   two   engineers,   Dr   John   Cox,   a   chemical   engineer/   solar   salt   expert   and   Simon   Griffiths,   a   civil   engineer/roads   and   ports   expert.   We   were   accompanied   in   Commune   Anse   Rouge   by   a   team   that   included:   Local   Bureau   of   Agriculture   for   Commune   Anse   Rouge:   Pascal   Addison,   Agronomist,   Oxfam   America   Livelihoods   -­‐  2  -­‐   Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge     Coordinator  and  Article  29  Organisation  Founder,  Amber  Lynn  Munger,  Article  29   Organization  Coordinator  Hebert  Pierre  and  two  others.     Whereas   the   Oxfam   America   team   participated   in   all   technical   discussions   in   Haiti,   the   report   was   written   and   completed   in   the   UK   following   discussions   that   included  Peter  Speller  (another  chemical  engineer  with  solar  salt  experience).   Subsequently,  when  it  became  apparent  that  it  was  unrealistic  to  expect  all   of  the  1,400  salt  basin  owners  to  modernise  without  first  seeing  a  small-­‐scale  pilot   project  demonstrating  its  advantages8,  the  scope  of  the  salt  project  altered.  Whilst   the  ultimate  objective  remains  to  enable  all  the  salt  basins  (in  the  Magazen  area)   to  be  modernised  –  eventually  producing  around  200,000  tonnes/year  -­‐  the  present   proposal  is  more  modest  and  realistic.   The  new  perspective  is  to  modernise  as  many  salt  basins  as  feasible  (maybe   300)  in  a  limited  area  and,  initially,  target  for  substitution  the  15,000  tonnes/year   imports  recently9  identified.  What  is  now  envisaged  is  a  Pilot  Project  whose  benefits   should  become  evident  within  a  three-­‐year  period  -­‐  as  an  example  for  other  owners   to  follow  later  by  joining  the  cooperative  created  for  the  Pilot  Project.   This  report  retains  much  of  the  original  text  written  for  Oxfam  America  for   the   200,000   tonnes/year   perspective   -­‐   but   alters   passages   where   appropriate   for   the  Pilot  Project  perspective.  In  accordance  with  normal  professional  practice,  Cox   &  Speller  has  sole  and  total  responsibility  for  all  opinions  and  technical  judgements.   **************   Project  Area  -­‐  showing  the  proposed  Pilot  Project  area  (light  blue),  the  proposed  fully   modernised  Magazen  saltworks  (hatched  yellow)  and  the  area  of  existing  salt  basins  at   Coridon  (lighter  yellow  hatching),  for  which  we  have  no  immediate  proposals.   Pilot   Project   area   0    1      2        3   Kilometres        4   5   6   7   8                  9   -­‐  3  -­‐      10   Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge     1   EXECUTIVE  SUMMARY   The  study  in  April  2011  assessed  critical  technical  issues  relevant  to   saltworks  design  and  found  no  fundamental  obstacle  to  modernising  saltworks   at  these  locations  or  any  flaw  in  previous  assumptions.  These  critical  technical   issues  are  the  topography,  soils’  characteristics  and  weather  and,  for  exports,   adjacent  sea  depths  and  availability  of  appropriate  local  building  materials.     In  every  instance,  the  outcomes  of  the  investigations  in  April  2011  met  or   surpassed  the  criteria  Cox  &  Speller  previously  postulated  as  essential  for  the   project  to  satisfy  techno-­‐economic  feasibility.   In  view  of  these  findings,  Cox  &  Speller  recommended  flood  protection  for   the  saltworks  (wherever  cost  effective)  and  to  protect  local  communities  and,  as   and  when  community  organisations  are  in  place,  modernisation  of  the  salt  basins   and  the  provision  of  facilities  for  iodisation  and  exports.       This  perspective  was  outlined  to  individuals  at  saltworks,  in  discussions   in  the  community  and  at  meetings  in  Magazen  (>125)  and  Coridon  (>35)  and  at   various  meetings  with  producer  groups  in  the  salt  producing  zones.  Subsequent   liaison10  with  the  community  confirmed  significant  support  amongst  the  salt   basin  owners  around  Magazen  for  step-­‐by-­‐step  modernisation,  beginning  with  a   Pilot  Project  for  about  300  salt  basins  that,  in  due  course,  could  be  extended  to   include  all  the  basins  of  the  Magazen  area,   The  Pilot  Project  is  now  (November  2011)  the  main  focus  of  our  attention.   A  “Design  Study”  is  needed  to  refine  the  cost  estimates  needed  for  any  potential   investor  and  complete  the  work  of  this  Feasibility  Study.  Concurrently  with  the   construction  and  operation  of  the  Pilot  Project,  it  is  realistic  to  allow  two  years   for  the  creation  of  the  essential  community-­‐based  local  organisations.     Timing   The  recommendations  for  earth  moving  and  flood  protection  at  Magazen   are  already  sufficiently  detailed  that  work  could  commence  once  the  funding  and   institutional/organisational  support  becomes  available.  Flood  protection  plans   for  the  Coridon  area  require  further  liaison  and  discussion11.   The  implementation  of  proposals  for  modernisation  require  the  creation   of  appropriate  local  organisations  to  become  the  proprietors,  to  resolve  issues   relating  to  ownership,  to  explore  investment  opportunities  and  act  for  the  local   community  on  relevant  issues  as  and  when  they  arise.     Financing   The  investment  costs  for  a  fully  modernised  saltworks  and  salt-­‐exporting   jetty  (generating  perhaps  $2million/year)  may  cost  up  to  $6million.  This  might   be  financed  by  a  single  private  investment  -­‐  but  a  preferable  arrangement  would   be  to  begin  with  a  “Pilot  Project”  to  demonstrate  the  technical  and  commercial   advantages  on  a  small-­‐scale  and  thereafter  self-­‐finance  full-­‐scale  modernisation.   Flood  protection  (other  than  the  dyke  improvements  included  as  part  of   saltworks  modernisation)  could  be  accomplished  using  development  tools  such   as  Cash  For  Work  or  other  project  related  employment  schemes  and,  if  so,  could   involve  the  removal  and  transport  of  ~0.5million  CuMs  of  excess  earth  currently   piled  around  the  salt  basins  to  new  flood  barriers  located  in  the  near  vicinity.       -­‐  4  -­‐      2 Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge   INVESTIGATIONS   These  paragraphs  summarise  the  findings  from  the  investigations  defined   in  the  scope  of  work  for  the  consultant  in  April  2011  (Appendix  1).   2.1 Depths  survey   The  purpose  of  this  survey  was  to  confirm  that  sea  depths  of  >12  metres   (required12  by  the  25,000  dwt  ships  needed  for  salt  exports)  existed  offshore.  It   was  conducted  with  a  line  and  weight  and  confirmed  that  12-­‐15m  depths  exist   just  outside  the  lagoon,  less  than  250m  offshore,  close  to  shallow  water  that  may   well  be  suitable  for  a  rock  fill  constructed  jetty.  This  “area  of  interest”  is  shown   on  the  satellite  photographs  appearing  in  Appendix  2.     This  location  is  close  to  the  edge  of  surveyed  waters  to  far  greater  depths   and  more  than  adequate  to  confirm  that  a  salt  exporting  jetty  could  be  built  at   this  location.  However,  an  investor  will  require  a  detailed  bathymetric  survey  to   be  conducted  along  this  coastline  (for,  perhaps,  about  1Km.)  in  order  to  inform   the  detailed  design  of  the  jetty  at  this  location.   For  the  more  modest  Pilot  Plant  project,  there  will  be  no  need  for  a  jetty.   If  the  perspective  is  to  export  bagged  salt  in  (say)  10,000  dwt  ships  to  the  USA,   no  more  than  8-­‐10m  depths  are  needed  –  and  as  these  exist  within  the  sheltered   Magazen  lagoon,  the  costs  of  the  jetty  will  be  very  much  reduced.     2.2 Topographical  survey   The  purpose  of  this  survey  was  to  establish  how  much  of  the  unused  and   otherwise  unusable  land  north  of  the  road  near  Magazen  could  be  used  for  a  new   modern  saltworks.  It  confirmed  that  there  are  120  hectares  that  could  be  added   to  existing  salt  basins  to  create  a  600-­‐hectare  saltworks  (Appendix  3).   No  surveys  were  conducted  elsewhere:  as  the  existing  salt  basins  are  fed   by  gravity  from  the  sea,  they  must  be  all  close  to  and/or  below  sea  level.     2.3 Geotechnical  survey   The  purpose  of  this  survey  was  to  establish  the  suitability  of  the  ground  to   build  a  modern  saltworks.  It  was  conducted  using  a  ‘backhoe’  to  dig  18  holes  in   the  Magazen  saltworks  area  and  sampling  for  clay,  sand  and  silt  (Appendix  4).   This  confirmed  that  most  of  this  site  is  underlain  by  impermeable  clay   that,  moreover,  was  sufficiently  abundant  that  it  could  be  used  to  ‘key  in’  to  the   base  of  flood  barriers  and  thereby  eliminate  any  need  to  purchase  expensive   plastic  sheet  rolls  to  prevent  seepage  losses.  So  these  investigations  more  than   confirmed  the  suitability  of  the  site.   However,  it  should  be  noted  that  the  Coridon  area  was  not  sampled  and  it   is  possible  (although  unlikely  in  view  of  our  observations)  that  the  composition   of  the  Coridon  soils  differ  markedly  from  those  obtained  in  the  Magazen  area.  If   this  were  to  be  the  case,  it  might  be  necessary  to  ‘import’  clay  to  the  Coridon  area   from  the  Magazen  area  to  seal  any  dykes  constructed  for  new  flood  barriers.         2.4 Evaporation  tests   The  purpose  of  this  investigation  is  to  obtain  a  realistic  estimate  of  the   potential  salt  output  from  the  area  available  for  the  new  modernised  saltworks.   -­‐  5  -­‐      Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge   Whilst  we  are  confident  that  a  lot  more  salt  can  be  made  than  at  present,  in  the   absence  of  local  weather  records  we  have  to  obtain  this  data  using  test  ponds.   These  tests  (Appendix  5),  which  are  being  supervised  by  the  Bureau  of   Agriculture,  need  to  continue  over  an  extended  period  to  obtain  a  truly  realistic   estimate  of  the  potential  output  of  the  new  saltworks  (more  than  one  season  is   advisable).  Early  results  suggest  that  the  potential  output  of  the  new  saltworks   may  exceed  200,000  tonnes/year  -­‐  but  it  will  be  some  months  yet  before  there   are  sufficient  readings  to  make  firm  predictions.     2.5 Community  Liaison13   During  our  investigations,  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture  (Commune  Anse   Rouge)  initiated  meetings  between  producer  associations,  Article  29  and  Oxfam   and  meetings  were  held  at  Magazen  (>125)  and  Point  de  Mangles  (>35)  -­‐  where   Dr  John  Cox  and  Amber  Munger  presented  basic  information  about  the  research   and  answered  questions.    Additionally,  numerous  one-­‐to-­‐one  discussions  took   place  during  the  visits  to  the  salt  basins  and  nearby  communities.       It  became  clear  that  the  removal  of  excess  earth  and  its  for  new  flood   barriers  would  be  welcomed  –  not  least  because  these  also  could  protect  the   villages  and  houses.  However,  for  the  saltworks’  modernisation,  the  costs  are   generally  too  high  to  justify  protecting  all  but  the  most  vulnerable  locations   (crystallisers,  salt  stockpiles  and  processing  plant).     For  a  comprehensive  flood  protection  scheme  to  be  undertaken,  it  has  to   be  justified  by  community  benefits  or  as  part  of  an  irrigation  system  –  saltworks’   modernisation  on  its  own  cannot  justify  an  all-­‐encompassing  flood  protection   scheme.  In  our  (Cox  &  Speller)  opinion,  a  comprehensive  study  of  all  aspects  of   flood  protection  should  be  undertaken  in  order  that  the  community,  salt  basin   owners  and  local  farmers  all  may  benefit.     Modernisation  (of  the  saltworks)  is  critically  dependent  on  societal  issues   and  it  is  important  to  attempt  to  integrate  any  engineering  and  construction  that   is  undertaken  for  the  saltworks  with  other  societal  benefits.     3   RECOMMENDATIONS   Because  the  salt  producing  areas  stretch  from  20kms  from  east  to  west,  it   is  appropriate  to  restrict  the  primary  modernisation  to  the  relatively  compact   area  at  and  near  Magazen,  and  provide  it  with  a  salt-­‐exporting  jetty.  There  is  also   some  scope  for  limited  improvements  to  the  salt  basins  near  Coridon  -­‐  if  desired   and  deemed  appropriate  by  the  stakeholders.   Although  the  basic  science  and  technology  is  the  same,  the  detailed  design   depends  on  the  respective  locations  and  will  be  described  separately.   3.1 The  Magazen  area  (includes  the  Pilot  Plant  area)   The  available  low-­‐lying  flat  area  (~600  Hectares)  and  proximity  to  deep   water  (>15m)  make  Magazen  potentially  suitable  for  a  major  salt  exporting   investment.  Details  of  a  possible  integrated  and  modernised  saltworks  appeared   as  an  Attachment  to  the  report  for  Oxfam  and  its  basic  principles  remain  valid:   a) The  position  of  the  jetty  is  determined  by  the  location  of  sea  depths  of  at   the  appropriate  depth  and  proximity  to  appropriate  building  materials.     -­‐  6  -­‐   Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge     b) The  associated  salt  stockpiles  and  washing  facilities  should  be  nearby  on   shore  to  minimise  the  length  and  cost  of  conveying  operations.     c) The  crystallisers  should  be  grouped  around  the  washing  and  stockpiling   facilities  to  minimise  handling  costs.   d) Several  seawater  intakes  may  be  appropriate  to  minimise  the  pumping   duties  and  costs  –  before  pumping  to  the  crystalliser  ponds.   e) Additionally,  washing  facilities,  a  canteen  and  other  personnel  facilities,   the  engineering  workshop  and  a  power  generator  and  a  brine  reservoir   would  be  located  near  the  new  crystallisers.   Whilst  several  alternative  layouts  could  satisfy  these  criteria  (and,  indeed,   have  been  considered),  the  site  chosen  for  the  Pilot  Project  has  pre-­‐determined   where  the  crystallisers  are  to  be  located  and,  effectively,  where  best  to  locate  the   stockpiles,  processing  and  bagging  units  and  the  jetty.     3.2 The  Pilot  Project  site   The  area  in  which  the  Pilot  Project  is  likely  to  be  located  is  known  locally   as  “Tet  Bai”  or  “TetB”.  It  was  chosen  by  virtue  of  the  high  level  of  support  already   expressed  by  local  salt  basin  owners.  It  also  has  other  desirable  features  as  the   location  for  crystallisers  and  salt  processing,  notably:   a) b) c) It  is  less  vulnerable  to  flooding  than  most  other  locations14.   It  is  near  relatively  deep  water  (>8m)  in  a  sheltered  lagoon15.   It  is  central  to  the  majority  of  salt  basins  in  the  Magazen  area.   The  precise  design  of  the  Pilot  Project  will  be  determined  by  the  proposed   Design  Study  when,  at  the  same  time,  realistic  project  costs  will  be  estimated.     3.3 Coridon16,  17,  18   The  usable  low-­‐lying  flat  area  (~125  Hectares)  that  includes  salt  basins   from  Coridon  to  Pointe  des  Mangles  could  produce  >25,000  tonnes/year.  This  is   too  small  an  output  for  a  salt  exporting  investment  –  although  it  could  supply  the   domestic  market  for  salt  in  Haiti  by  road  and  by  boat  (as  it  does  now).   The  Coridon  salt  basins  differ  from  those  near  Magazen  in  two  important   ways:  (1)  a  smaller  total  area  and  (2)  they  are  more  widely  dispersed.  Whereas   at  Magazen  there  is  merit  in  linking  basins,  the  cost  of  doing  so  at  Coridon  would   outweigh  any  benefits.  Whilst  there  is  scope  for  some  improvements,  local  salt   basin  owners  and  workers  have  yet  to  indicate  any  wish  to  modernise  and,  until   they  do  so,  there  is  little  point  in  devising  any  proposals.   3.4   Iodisation   Irrespective  of  progress  towards  full  modernisation,  it  is  feasible  for  salt   producers  to  upgrade  salt  quality  and  supply  the  domestic  market  with  iodised   salt  without  necessarily  proceeding  to  implement  full  modernisation.  To  iodise   to  international  standards,  three  conditions  have  to  be  satisfied.   a) The  salt  quality  may  be  improved  by  reducing  the  amount  of  solid  and   magnesium  salt  impurities.  A  small  customised  washing  unit  could  do   this  short-­‐term  but  will  become  redundant  after  the  salt  basins  have   been  upgraded  to  become  a  modern  saltworks,     -­‐  7  -­‐   Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge     b) A  modernised  saltworks  must  be  able  to  iodise,  dry  and  package  the   produced  salt  -­‐  as  outlined  below  -­‐  and  the  salt  workers  have  to  be   trained  in  the  use  of  these  facilities.   c) Institutional  obstacles,  such  as  the  government’s  current  preference   for  iodisation  to  be  conducted  centrally,  must  be  addressed.   In  respect  to  iodisation  technology,  Cox  &  Speller  recently  (March  2011)   conducted  a  comprehensive  review  of  progress  in  Ghana  towards  USI  (Universal   Salt  Iodisation)  and  it  is  instructive  to  refer  to  this  experience.   Knapsack  spraying   (Ghana  March  2011)   at  Tradevco  (right)   and  Elmina  (left)   There  are  about  30-­‐40  salt  enterprises  in  Ghana,  varying  in  output  from  as   large  as  100,000  tonnes/year  down  to  less  than  50  tonnes/year.  The  technology   used  varies  from  wholly  manual  knapsack  spraying  at  small  saltworks  (above)  to   machine-­‐controlled  iodisation  using  a  screw  conveyor  (below).   Machine  operated  iodisation   at  Nyanyano  Cooperative,   Ghana,  March  2011      Whereas  WFP/MI  tend  to   promote  and  supply  machines  to   willing  salt  enterprises  and   provide  training,  UNICEF/GAIN   believe  knapsacks  also  have  a   rôle  to  play.  Either  could  be  used   at  a  modernised  saltworks  –  the   level  of  support  offered  by  these   agencies  might  determine  the   eventual  choice.     Drying  is  the  next  stage  of  iodisation  –  if  needed  (the  salt  already  may  be   dry  enough).  It  then  has  to  be  packaged  and  dispatched.  In  Haiti,  bearing  in  mind   the  importance  of  creating  sustainable  paid  work,  it  is  likely  to  be  appropriate  to   dispense  and  pack  measured  amounts  of  iodised  salt  into  airtight  sachets,  place   these  in  retail-­‐size  packets  and  package  the  boxes  for  sale  to  Port  au  Prince  and   elsewhere  in  Haiti.   There  is  therefore  no  technological  obstacle  to  iodising  salt  (even  without   full  modernisation  –  though  that  is  preferable).  Cox  &  Speller  understand  that  the   major  obstacle  to  iodising  at  Anse  Rouge  is  an  institutional  preference  to  have  it   conducted  near  Port-­‐au-­‐Prince.  Whilst  this  is  doable  technically,  and  the  Pilot   Project  certainly  could  supply  Port-­‐au-­‐Price  with  appropriate  salt  for  iodisation,   -­‐  8  -­‐      Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge   centralisation  incurs  unnecessary  transport  costs  and  runs  counter  to  experience   of  iodisation  in  other  countries.   These  options  were  outlined  in  Attachments  to  the  earlier  report  to  give   producers  an  informed  choice  but,  whatever  is  done,  there  will  need  to  be  an   intensive  programme  of  training  in  new  production  methods  and  iodisation  to   ensure  that  an  acceptable  quality  iodised  salt  is  produced  (and  sold).   3.5   Excess  earth   The  salt  basins  were  created  by  digging  out  sand  and  clay  to  depths  below   sea  level  to  allow  seawater  to  flow  by  gravity  into  the  basin.    This  excess  earth   was  piled  around  the  individual  basins,  as  it  would  have  been  costly  to  pay  for  it   to  be  carried  to  locations  outside  the  salt  basin  area.       Typical  salt   basin  and   earth  dykes   near  Pointe   des  Mangles   (west  of   Coridon)     The  deposited  earth  can  reach  heights  of  metres,  making  it  difficult  and   arduous  for  workers  to  harvest  and  carry  the  salt  away.  Apart  from  the  physical   difficulty  of  walking  through  the  basins,  with  or  without  salt,  loose  or  in  bags,   and  the  excessive  heights  to  which  the  salt  has  is  lifted  to  drain  after  harvesting,   and  the  loss  of  production  due  to  the  absence  of  wind  within  the  basins,  the   major  concern  is  the  tough  working  conditions.   In  short:   1) 2) 3) 4) High  dykes  create  wind  barriers  that  reduce  evaporation  and  thereby  salt   production  (without  air  movement,  no  evaporation  can  occur  and  the  salt   ponds  simply  heat  up  without  evaporation).   Whereas  a  pond  with  300mm  high  dykes  can  rarely  exceed  35-­‐40°C,  it  is   usual  for  a  pond  such  as  pictured  above  to  exceed  65-­‐70°C  –  which  is  why   harvesting  at  this  location  has  to  take  place  during  3-­‐7am.     The  physical  operations  of  harvesting  and  carrying  the  salt  are  made  far   more  onerous  by  the  presence  of  these  mounds  of  earth.   The  dykes  require  constant  maintenance  and  whenever  it  rains  or  floods   there  is  a  risk  of  damage  to  the  salt  basins.   -­‐  9  -­‐      Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge   Removing  excess  earth  will  assist  modernisation  but  for  health  and  safety   reasons  is  worthwhile  even  for  unimproved  salt  basins.  Moreover,  this  earth  can   be  used  usefully  elsewhere  –  for  flood  protection  barriers  and  irrigation.  If  Cash-­‐ for-­‐Work  or  other  funding  could  be  obtained,  there  is  enough  earth  for  several   thousand  people  to  be  employed  removing  earth  for  many  years  on  community   schemes  –  in  addition  to  using  it  to  assist  saltworks’  modernisation.   Scouring  can  cut  through  a  highway   3.6   Flood  barriers   Flooding  is  common  in  the  rainy  season  and  can  inundate  villages,  cut   roads  and  cause  stress  and  loss  to  the  local  community.  So  besides  issues  for  the   saltworks  (loss  of  production  and  repairing  dykes),  this  is  a  major  ongoing  issue   for  the  local  communities.     In  April  2011  we  viewed  newly  constructed  flood  defences  near  Coridon   that,  in  our  opinion,  may  prove  unsuccessful  as  they  lack  reinforcements  (clay   core  and  rock  armour)  and  also  do  not  completely  enclose  the  vulnerable  area.   We  outline  in  the  next  pages  what  we  think  is  needed  for  full  and  reliable  flood   protection  for  the  modernised  saltworks  (or  for  community  use  or  irrigation).     -­‐  10  -­‐   Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge     Design   The  design  of  all  dykes  and  flood  barriers,  whether  intended  to  retain  the   floodwaters  for  irrigation  or  simply  to  protect  salt  ponds  or  the  community,  has   to  cater  for  seepage  (particularly  important  in  a  saltworks)  and  flood  erosion.  To   minimise  costs,  clay  is  preferred  to  plastic  sheeting  at  a  saltworks  and  armouring   with  rock  is  used  to  prevent  erosion.     The  soils’  testing  (Appendix  4)  revealed  a  clay  underlying  most  of  the  site   (typically  as  illustrated  below).  The  construction  of  new  flood  barriers  for  the   saltworks  will  utilise  this  local  clay  to  seal  potential  leaks  (where  appropriate).   Top  soil       Clay     Water?     More   clay?     The  next  sketch  represents  the  first  stage  of  construction  (note,  for  a  new   dyke)  –  removal  of  (say)  a  2-­‐3  metres  wide  strip  of  top  soil  (stacking  it  nearby)   and  then  using  some  of  the  clay  layer  as  a  new  base.       Stage  1:  Digging  into  the  clay     Top  soil       Clay         The  work  for  this  first  stage  is  best  done  by  machine:  all  remaining  work   could  be  manual  –  covering  the  whole  dyke  with  earth  (removed  from  the  salt   basins)  and  ‘armouring’  the  faces  with  stones.     Final  Stage:  Clay-­‐sealed  dyke  with  an   armoured  wall  and  ditch  on  flood  side   Top  soil       Clay     Earth  from   salt  basins   For  existing  dykes,  armouring  is  straightforward  (as  above)  but  sealing   may  require  the  use  of  plastic  inserts  (which  can  be  costly  and  time-­‐consuming).   -­‐  11  -­‐      Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge   Perimeter  dykes  (for  the  saltworks)   Every  saltworks  needs  perimeter  dykes  to  prevent  ingress  of  seawater   (during  a  storm  surge)  or  flood  waters  (during  the  rainy  season).  At  Magazen,   both  need  to  be  about  2m  high.  The  latter  also  has  to  divert  the  floods  coming   from  the  inland  hills  to  controlled  escape  routes  to  the  sea.  In  all  instances,  the   side  of  the  barrier  in  contact  with  the  sea  or  floodwater  has  to  be  ‘armoured’  –   the  other  side  need  not  be  armoured  and  may  be  simply  earth.     Some  barriers  may  cross  well-­‐used  access  routes  (for  people,  mopeds  and   cars).  It  is  important,  during  the  construction,  to  provide  access  up  and  over  the   flood  barriers  that  is  both  convenient  and  attractive.  Otherwise,  people  create   ‘unofficial’  routes  through  the  barriers  rendering  them  ineffective.   After  all  the  flood  barriers  have  been  built,  there  will  be  about  ten  times   as  much  excess  earth  left  over.  If  modernisation  proceeds  to  utilise  the  unused   land  north  of  the  highway,  some  could  be  used  to  build  internal  dykes.     Internal  dykes   These  will  not  contain  fast  flowing  floodwaters  and  will  not  need  to  be   armoured  and,  moreover,  with  the  brine  level  almost  the  same  on  either  side,   there  will  be  no  need  for  a  clay  key.  Also,  as  the  brine  is  only  250-­‐350mm  deep,   the  dykes  need  not  be  higher  than  1m  –  for  many,  600mm  is  acceptable.  Also,   unless  the  earth  is  very  sandy,  it  can  be  used  for  the  sides  with  a  1:3  slope.     Brine  storage   In  a  later  phase  of  full  modernisation,  high  dykes  may  be  needed  to  store   concentrated  brine  before  the  rains  arrive,  ready  for  the  next  production  season.   This  construction  could  utilise  a  lot  of  the  remaining  excess  earth  as  its  walls  will   be  of  earth  with  an  inner  core  of  clay  rising  above  4  m  high.     Short-­‐term  Employment   To  maximise  work  opportunities,  excess  earth  is  to  be  removed  from  the   salt  basins  by  manual  labour.  Then,  perhaps  using  machines,  it  should  be  taken   to  the  line  of  the  proposed  flood  barriers  where,  again  using  both  manual  labour   and  machines,  the  flood  barriers  would  be  built  with  local  materials.  Cash-­‐for-­‐ Work  or  other  appropriate  schemes  may  be  used  to  fund  this  phase  of  the  work.   Aside  from  a  few  designated  internal  dykes  (maybe  <10%  of  the  total),   this  earth  removal  should  leave  all  the  salt  basins  with  dyke  heights  ≤300mm,   this  height  being  a  necessary  stage  in  the  conversion  to  a  modern  saltworks.   The  base  for  all  new  flood  barriers  must  be  clay,  keyed  to  the  existing  clay   strata  and  the  flood  side  ‘armoured’  as  illustrated  earlier.  Depending  on  location,   they  can  be  up  to  2m  high  and  in  many  sections  might  serve  for  vehicle  access.       About  0.5  million  Cubic  Metres  (CuMs)  of  earth  is  sufficient  for  all  flood   barriers  in  the  saltworks,  mostly  not  further  than  50m  away  from  where  it  is   now.  More  than  4  million  CuMs  will  be  available  for  additional  flood  barriers  for   the  local  communities  or  for  flood  attenuation  and  irrigation.  For  these  other   uses,  possibly  more  than  2  kilometres  distant,  trucking  would  be  necessary.     -­‐  12  -­‐   Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge     4 PERSPECTIVE   Whereas  the  Cox  &  Speller  study  focused  on  the  technical  aspects  of  the   saltworks’  design,  its  implementation  will  depend  on  how  those  people  most   affected  view  the  proposals  and  the  response  of  organisations  and  institutions   that  are  –  or  may  become  –  involved.   This  section  is  included  to  provide  miscellaneous  additional  information   that  is  likely  to  be  of  interest  to  people,  organisations  and  institutions  that  may   contemplate  or  consider  becoming  involved  in  the  project.   4.1 Costs   The  engineering  and  construction  costs  of  the  Pilot  Plant  are  estimated  at   around  $1million  –  but,  to  make  this  a  success,  perhaps  as  much  again  needs  to   be  spent  on  project  organisation,  community  liaison,  capacity  building  (for  the   local  community  and  local  authorities)  –  and  other  ‘soft’  items.   If  the  Pilot  Plant  is  successful  and  further  investments  take  place,  most  of   the  significant  items  of  expenditure  for  the  Pilot  Plant  need  not  be  replicated  –   notably,  the  engineering  design,  construction  of  a  Works  Office  and  associated   facilities,  creation  of  the  Saltworks  Enterprise  –  and  many  others.   This  report  is  confined  to  engineering  issues  and  the  commercial  outlook.       Developments  at  Magazen  after  the  Pilot  Plant  is  operational   The  design  concept  for  the  Pilot  Plant  is  to  link  the  90%  of  the  salt  basins   that  will  continue  as  evaporation  ponds  and  to  pump  to  the  10%  that  have  to  be   elevated  in  order  to  serve  as  crystallisers.     Provided  that  the  Pilot  Plant  successfully  demonstrates  the  superiority  of   the  modernised  techniques  and  more  salt  basin  owners  decide  to  join,  a  similar   arrangement  will  be  implemented,  with  more  and  more  crystalliser  ponds  being   created  (in  the  TetB  area)  to  use  the  saturated  brine  then  available.  The  ultimate   design  will  centralise  the  crystallisers  around  the  Pilot  Plant  crystallisers  and  be   adjacent  to  the  location  for  the  future  jetty,  in  the  sheltered  lagoon.   Our  estimates  imply  that  the  fully  completed  Magazen  saltworks  and  jetty   may  cost  ~$6  million  and,  hopefully,  might  be  self-­‐financed  by  the  Pilot  Plant.     Coridon   This  is  not  part  of  the  Pilot  Plant  proposal.  Iodisation  at  this  location  (see   Section  3.3)  could  begin  if  institutional  restrictions  on  local  iodisation  are  lifted  –   but  no  modernisation  will  be  suggested  until  local  salt  basin  owners  indicate  a   desire  to  do  so.   If  iodisation  were  to  be  undertaken  prior  to  modernisation,  it  will  require   facilities  to  wash  the  current  quality  of  salt  as  well  as  to  iodise,  dry  and  package   it.  Based  on  costs  for  similar  plants  of  this  size  in  other  countries,  and  without   taking  account  of  the  very  substantial  assistance  potentially  available  from   agencies  such  as  UNICEF  and  WFP,  this  investment  might  cost  up  to  $½  million.   If  the  investment  is  postponed  until  the  salt  basins  have  been  modernised,   there  will  be  no  need  for  the  customised  washing  plant  and  the  investment  may   cost  up  to  $¼  million  –  some  of  which  might  be  funded  by  UNICEF  or  WFP.   -­‐  13  -­‐      4.2   Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge   Timing   The  Pilot  Project  is  scheduled  to  take  up  to  3  years  –  but,  if  the  owners  of   contiguous  salt  basin  owners  wish,  it  may  be  feasible  for  them  to  join  within  this   three-­‐year  period.  The  primary  constraint  on  implementation  is  the  speed  with   which  owners  become  fully  committed19  and  establish  institutions  to  promote   the  work.   Preliminary  soundings  of  potential  investors  and  salt  buyers  suggest  that   their  support  will  be  forthcoming  once  the  necessary  organisations  are  in  place.     4.3   The  AMURT  ‘factory’   Discussions  took  place  in  April  with  representatives  of  AMURT  in  respect   to  their  unfinished  ‘factory’  (then  lying  idle),  followed  by  a  site  visit.    At  that  time   it  was  agreed  that  it  was  feasible,  from  a  technical  perspective,  to  include  this   area  in  the  ultimate  new  integrated  saltworks  including  all  the  unused  flat  land   north  of  the  highway  running  from  Magazen  to  Anse  Rouge.     Several  modifications  to  the  existing  facilities  would  be  essential  to  make   it  suitable  for  integration  into  the  proposed  modern  saltworks:   (1) reduce  the  number  of  ponds  to  ~37,  by  removing  redundant  dykes,   (2) standardise  the  pond  sizes  to  ~120m  x  ~100m,   (3) raise  internal  dyke  heights  to  ~600mm  and  widen  some  as  appropriate,     (4) provide  Archimedes’  screw-­‐type  pumps  for  inflows  and  outflows.   There  is  no  technical  impediment  why  this  area  could  not  eventually  be   included  in  the  envisaged  fully  modernised  saltworks  -­‐  which  would  include  all   the  low-­‐lying  flat  land  north  of  the  highway.  At  that  stage,  this  entire  extra  120   hectares  (Appendix  Three)  would  be  enclosed  by  flood  barriers  with  clay  cores   and  the  considerable  costs  of  so  doing  could  be  recovered  from  the  extra  output   from  this  extra  area.   By  contrast,  integration  with  the  Pilot  Project  would  be  problematic.  Its   smaller  area  (33  hectares)  has  a  disproportionately  long  perimeter  (3Kms)  and  it   would  be  relatively  costly  to  provide  it  with  full  flood  protection.  Whilst  we  did   give  this  possibility  serious  consideration,  we  now  understand  that  AMURT  do   not  want  their  area  incorporated  into  the  Pilot  Project  and,  as  this  will  be  better   from  a  commercial  standpoint,  we  see  no  reason  to  pursue  this  matter  further.   4.4   Next  Steps   The  report  for  Oxfam  America  focused  on  the  technology  and  concluded   that  modernisation  of  the  Magazen  salt  basins  could  be  commercially  viable.  The   difficulty  with  full-­‐scale  modernisation  (still  a  desirable  goal)  is  that  every  single   individual  salt  basin  owner  needs  to  be  convinced  that  it  is  worthwhile  joining   the  envisaged  Cooperative  Enterprise.  This  is  why  we  envisage  making  progress   in  stages,  beginning  with  salt  basin  owners  already  willing  to  cooperate  and  then   persuading  the  others  to  join  having  seen  the  example  of  the  Pilot  Project.   Our  proposals  impinge  on  various  organisations  and  institutions  and  will   affect  many  –  maybe  everyone  –  in  the  community.  In  order  to  progress,  it  will  be   necessary  to  pursue  several  parallel  leads:   -­‐  14  -­‐      a) Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge   Financing   Potential  institutional  partners,  sources  of  funding  and  investors  need  to   be  approached  and  some  sort  of  strategy  devised  in  respect  to  financing   and  long-­‐term  planning.       • Possible  financing  and/or  institutional  partners  to  include  WFP/PAM,   UNICEF,  GAIN,  BID,  IOM,  Micronutrient  Initiative,  and  others.     • Financing  to  include  the  same  mix  as  above  but  may  rely  more  heavily  on   international  financing  institutions  (especially  for  public  infrastructure   improvements  such  as  the  jetty  and  potable  water  lines).    Additionally,   private  sector  partners  from  the  salt  industry  and  corporate  sponsors   may  also  be  engaged.       b) Organising  the  Salt  Producers   A  local  Haitian  Organization  is  needed  to  work  with  the  salt  producing   communities  for  the  following  objectives:   • Forming  an  association  or  associations  that  can  effectively  advocate  for   salt  producing  communities  to  local  government  (and  NGOs  if  necessary)   • Enabling  the  communities  to  absorb  the  information  about  the  different   options  that  exist  for  them  regarding  salt  production  and  the  risks  and   benefits  to  salt  production  and  the  individual  producer   • Assessing  willingness  of  the  producers  to  modernize  collectively  at  key   checkpoints  in  the  process  (Year  One,  Year  Two)20   • Helping  to  frame  or  facilitate  participatory  processes  and  relations   between  local  government  and  the  producer  groups       c) Employment  opportunities   Identify  opportunities  for  maximising  employment  during  the  Pilot   Project,  expansion  and  rehabilitation  phases,  including  but  not  limited  to   Cash-­‐For-­‐Work21.   d)   The  national  highway  (post  Pilot  Project)   Rehabilitation/construction  of  bridges  and  placement  of  any  other  minor   infrastructure  that  will  result  in  temporarily  altering  the  national  highway   • Approval  from  the  Ministries  of  Planning  and  Commerce  must  be  received   to  move  forward.22    This  recently  took  place  for  similar  purposes  in  2008   when  the  bridge  that  currently  crosses  over  a  canal  along  the  national   highway  was  constructed  (and  financed  by  IOM).23       • While  an  engineer  from  outside  of  Anse  Rouge  may  be  necessary  to  design   the  bridge,  local  labour  and  transport  trucks  should  be  used  to  construct   the  bridge.    The  existing  bridge  was  constructed  using  local  work  crews   and  project  managers  and  these  should  be  relied  on  to  execute  the  project   in  order  to  maximise  livelihood  benefits  in  the  region.       • Construction  of  the  bridge  should  take  no  more  than  two  months  and   should  start  as  soon  as  the  rainy  season  has  ended.       -­‐  15  -­‐      e)   Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge   Flood  barrier  design   The  institutions  responsible  for  the  recently  constructed  flood  barriers  at   Coridon  and  Pointe  des  Mangles  need  to  be  contacted  to  discuss  and  agree   on  the  enhancements  that  are  needed.  It  is  important  to  engage  the  local   representatives  of  the  communities  who  the  barriers  and  dykes  are  meant   to  protect  and  WFP  to  ensure  alignment  with  their  project  priorities  and   that  the  local  organisation  responsible  for  constructing  the  recent  barriers   and  dykes  (a)  receives  approval  for  enhancing  their  previous  work  and   (b)  assesses  whether  they  can  execute  at  least  this  portion  of  the  project.       f)   Design  Study   The  next  stage,  possibly  after  the  cash-­‐for-­‐work  activities  are  started,  is  to   commission  a  comprehensive  Design  Study  for  the  salt  exporting  and   iodisation  investments  to  specify  in  detail  what  is  to  be  built.  [This  would   have  a  similar,  but  far  more  detailed,  scope  of  work  to  this  current   Feasibility  Study  and,  typically,  will  cost  ~5%  of  the  investment  –  about   $300,000  if  our  budget  estimate  of  $6  million  is  correct.]     g)   National  strategy  for  salt   A  multi-­‐stakeholder  entity  (salt  producers  from  Commune  Anse  Rouge,   salt  producers  from  other  regions,  local  and  regional  government)   championed  by  government  and  charged  with  determining  appropriate   strategies  for  national  salt  production  must  be  formed  to  determine  best   uses  for  the  Magazen  and  Coridon  areas.  This  entity  also  should  be  tasked   with  addressing  issues  of  salt  production  for  iodisation,  as  an  important   part  of  the  salt  value  chain.       Capacity  building  for  local  authorities  so  that  appropriate  scale-­‐ups  are   possible  in  other  regions  (such  as  Gonaives  or  the  north)  in  order  to   address  local  iodisation  in  the  more  remote  localities.   4.5   Irrigation     The  new  saltworks  will  block  the  path  to  the  sea  for  seasonal  rivers  and,   with  appropriately  designed  flood  barrier  dykes,  could  assist  irrigation24.       The  design  of  an  irrigation  system  is  outside  the  scope  of  a  Design  Study   for  the  new  saltworks  but,  ideally,  should  take  place  concurrently.  In  principle,  as   any  flood  barrier  keyed  into  the  underlying  clay  (as  recommended  herein)  will   retain  water  flowing  from  the  hills,  the  location  and  height  of  these  dykes  simply   has  to  be  chosen  to  ensure  that  the  retained  water  is  available  for  irrigation.   The  precise  details  need  to  be  discussed  with  the  relevant  institutions  and   authorities  so  that,  when  the  detailed  design  of  the  saltworks  is  undertaken,  the   desirable  heights  for  the  weirs  that  retain  the  floodwaters  are  already  known.   -­‐  16  -­‐   Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge       APPENDICES   1 Objectives  of  the  Study   2 Depths’  Survey   3 Topographical  Survey   4 Geotechnical  Survey   5 References     -­‐  17  -­‐          Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge   Appendix  1   Objectives  of  the  Study   The  essentials  of  the  objectives  for  the  Oxfam  America  study  were  as  follows:     Ø The  principal  task  has  been  to  assess  the  technological  feasibility  of  transforming   existing  salt  basins  into  modernised  saltworks  (1)  to  satisfy  Haiti’s  requirements   for  iodised  salt  and  also  (2)  to  make  and  export  ≥200,000  tonnes/year.     Ø This  was  formalised  in  the  Contract25  as  “Develop  a  plan  for  a  commercially   viable  investment  in  salt  production  that  will:  (a)  maximise  economic  and  social   benefits  to  the  local  community;  (b)  enable  production  of  high  quality  local  salt   for  iodisation  in  quantities  sufficient  to  meet  Haiti’s  national  demand;  and  (c)   enable  export  of  Haitian  produced  solar  sea  salt”  ….  and  continues,  “Within  the   above  over-­‐arching  objectives,  analyse  the  opportunities  that  exist  to  maximize   gainful  employment  and  utilise  local  resources”.   Ø This  required  basic  engineering  data26  about  the  proposed  site  in  Commune  Anse   Rouge  so  that  Cox  &  Speller  could  design  the  new  saltworks  in  sufficient  detail  to   make  budget  cost  estimations  to  assist  informed  investment  decisions.  Obtaining   this  basic  engineering  data  accounted  for  most  of  the  field  investigations.   Ø A  further  requirement  from  Oxfam  America  (OA)  requested  that  special  attention   should  be  paid  to  the  need  to  develop  the  project  in  phases  (that  could  be  stand-­‐ alone  investments),  so  that  OA  “may  proceed  in  the  near  term  with  cash-­‐for-­‐work   projects”  ….  to  improve  salt  production  for  the  region  and  provide  immediate   employment  for  host  communities27.   Ø The  consultants  were  asked  to  “note  any  opportunities  for  maximising  secondary   benefits  to  the  community,  including  improved  agricultural  potential”  in  adjacent   regions,  the  potential  for  hydro  and  solar  power  and  potable  water  to  support  the   facilities  and  infrastructure  improvements  (such  as  a  jetty  and  better  roads)28.   Ø The  Consulting  Engineers  are  very  aware  of  associated  environment  issues  and  in   particular  the  need  to  protect  the  mangrove  forests  surrounding  the  salt  works   and  the  need  to  maximise  agricultural  use  of  rainwaters.     All  these  questions  were  answered  either  specifically  in  the  report  to  Oxfam  America   or  in  memoranda29  forwarded  to  or  received  by  Amber  Lynn  Munger.       In  essence,  the  terms  of  reference  for  this  update  (for  the  Article  29  Organization)  are   identical  to  that  specified  for  Oxfam  America  in  April  2011  -­‐  save  for  the  perspective  of   beginning  the  work  with  a  Pilot  Plant  project  of  ~300  basins  and  incrementally  adding   extra  salt  basins  as  and  when  additional  owners  decide  to  join  the  envisaged  producers’   cooperative  that  would  have  ultimate  responsibility  for  the  project.   A  significant  number  of  salt  basin  owners  in  the  area  known  locally  as  “Tet  Bai”  or   TetB”  (along  the  north  east  coastline  of  the  lagoon)  already  have  expressed  support  for   this  perspective  and,  for  this  reason  (amongst  others),  the  plans  for  the  Pilot  Project   have  focussed  on  this  area  (over  page).   -­‐  18  -­‐   Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge     B   C   F   D   A   E   0 100 200 300 400 500m This  Google  Earth  satellite  photograph  shows  the  area  envisaged  for  the  Pilot  Project.   • Within  A-­‐B-­‐C-­‐D-­‐E-­‐A,  roughly  10%  of  the  used  area  will  be  elevated  crystalliser  ponds   –  all  other  salt  basins  will  be  evaporation  ponds  linked  for  sequential  operation.  Salt   basins  outside  the  Pilot  Project  will  be  left  alone/untouched  and  circumnavigated.     • From  A  to  B  there  needs  to  be  a  2m  high  sea  wall  and  perimeter  access  road,  utilising   as  many  as  available  of  the  dykes  of  participating  salt  basins.   • From  B  to  C  there  needs  to  be  a  2m  high  flood  barrier  and  perimeter  access  road  that   utilises  as  many  as  available  of  the  dykes  of  participating  salt  basins.   • From  C,  D,  E  to  A,  there  should  be  provision  to  divert  rainwater  from  the  hillsides.   • The  area  near  and  adjacent  to  A  will  be  quarried  to  provide  rock  for  the  roads  and  a   future  rock-­‐fill  jetty  at  F.  The  quarry  base  will  be  used  for  saltworks’  facilities  (office,   workshop,  personnel  facilities,  salt  stockpile,  bagging  and  processing,  etc.).   The  proposed  Design  Study  has  to  specify  all  of  the  above  in  detail.     -­‐  19  -­‐   Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge     Appendix  2   Location  of  deep  water  for  jetty   The purple line superimposed on this Google Earth satellite view is the 20m-depth contour that appears on the relevant Admiralty Chart - the shallowest useable depth recorded nearby. The two photographs show “areas of interest” and adjacent salt basins in close-up. Area  of   interest    2   Area  of   interest  1     N     Admiralty  Chart  data   Area 1 has shallow water near in shore and deeper water within 250m of the coastline. The line-and-weight depths survey conducted during the field studies confirmed the existence of 15m sea depths within this area of interest. This should be sufficient for bulk salt exports 25,000dwt ships using a 12m (low tide) berth. Area  1   A bathymetric survey, acceptable to the Haiti coastal authorities as a navigation chart, will be needed to decide on a precise jetty location. -­‐  20  -­‐   Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge     Pilot   Plant   Area  2   8-­‐10m     Marine  Summary     Inspection  indicated  that  during  the  normal  sea  state:   • The  tidal  range  is  in  the  order  of  300mm  to  500mm.   • The  beach  slopes/gradients  are  shallow  suggesting  nominal  wave  action   • No  evidence  of  significant  wave  action  was  noted  or  reported  –  waves  such  as   those  photographed  (above  right)  being  described  as  “choppy”!   • No  evidence  of  significant  beach  erosion/deposition  was  noted  or  reported   Winds  are  reported  to  vary  seasonally  from  the  South  East  and  the  North  East,  the   former  being  an  onshore  wind  and  the  latter  an  offshore  wind.  During  the  Autumn/rainy   season  (low  pressure)  with  on  shore  winds  it  was  reported  that  waves  break  over  the   back  of  the  beach  and  inundate  the  coastal  plain.  But,  as  this  is  in  the  hurricane  ‘season’,   there  is  no  obligation  to  design  for  ship  movements  during  this  period.     During  the  boat  survey,  inspection  of  the  shallower  seabed  indicated  shelving  rock   or  possibly  dead  coral  with  limited  sand  or  silt  overburden.  Equally  the  water  was  clear   enough  to  see  to  depths  of  circa  8m.  This  confirms  limited  littoral  drift.   Due  to  the  availability  of  suitable  material,  a  solid  jetty  construction  using  locally   won  hearting  material,  reverse  stone  filters  and  wave  armour  rock  is  recommended.  A   concrete  bank  seat  would  be  provided  seaward  to  support  a  floating  pontoon  berthing   face.  The  solid  jetty  would  be  “T”  shaped  to  allow  a  vessel  to  be  “tied”  during  loading.   Suitable  rock  is  available  nearby.  In  the  isolated  hills  within  the  coastal  plain  there   are  originally  sedimentary  rocks  of  various  types  and  with  various  degrees  of   metamorphism  containing  occasional  lenses  of  igneous  rock.  Within  a  few  hundred   metres  of  the  jetty  location,  there  is  a  large  isolated  hill  of  mixed  metamorphic  rocks.   For  a  complete  design  specification  for  the  jetty,  the  designers  will  ask  for  extra   data,  notably:  (a)  Wave  data  (Rose),  (b)  Wind  data  (Rose),  (c)  Current  data,  (d)  Littoral   draft  data/scour,  (e)  Significant,  extreme  and  design  wave,  (f)  An  accurate  bathometric   survey  that  is  approved  by  the  Haiti  Coastguard/Pilot  (for  an  official  navigation  chart),   (g)  Similar  official  berthing  lighting  and  warning  buoys  to  define  the  channel.   For  the  Pilot  Project,  nothing  more  complicated  than  a  rock  fill  jetty  (to  depths  of   ~6m)  need  be  built.  If  additional  depth  is  needed  (for  larger  shipments),  the  jetty  could   be  supplemented  by  a  floating  extension  (as  the  lagoon  is  relatively  sheltered).   -­‐  21  -­‐      Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge   Appendix  3:    Topographical  Survey   Whereas the levels of the existing salt basins can be inferred as at or just below sea level, no such assumptions can be made for the large unused area north of the national road. The topographical study was commissioned specifically to determine how much was close enough to sea level to enable it to be incorporated in the new modernised saltworks. 135°  panoramic  view  of  unused  land  north  of  highway   -­‐  photographed  from  top  of  small  hill  at  north  of  site     The  survey  revealed  that  there  are  some  120  hectares  within  1-­‐2m  of  sea  level   that  can  be  readily  utilised  by  the  new  saltworks  and  that  the  slope  trend  is  such  that  it   will  be  essential  to  provide  one  extra  (north-­‐south)  dyke  to  ensure  that  the  brine  flows   throughout  the  area  without  needing  extra  pumps.     This  data  is  available  (from  Oxfam)  in  electronic  format  and  may  be  used  for  the   ‘cut  and  fill’  calculations  required  to  optimise  the  depth  profile  when  the  design  of  the   saltworks  comes  to  be  specified  in  detail.   -­‐  22  -­‐   Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge         Appendix  4   Geotechnical  survey   In  the  higher-­‐level  platform/gentle  hills  the  dominant  strata  seems  to  be  weakly   cemented  conglomerate  with  occasional  areas  of  increased  metamorphism  (intrusions).   This  is  the  material  that  the  rainfall  runoff  erodes  and  is  evident  on  the  surface  of  the   roadways.  The  cobble-­‐sized  fraction  is  mainly  rounded  indicating  a  fluvial  or  marine   source.  This  (well  mixed  with  the  matrix  material)  could  be  used  for  hearting  to  the   bunds  (together  with  impermeable  clay)  and  the  jetty  and  for  surfacing  the  bunds  to   form  roadways.   In  the  isolated  hills  within  the  coastal  plain  there  are  a  series  of  metamorphic,   originally  sedimentary,  rocks  of  various  types  and  with  various  degrees  of  metamor-­‐ phism.  Lenses  of  igneous  rock  were  noted  very  occasionally.  There  seems  to  be  sand-­‐ stone,  limestone  and  conglomerate  metamorphic  rocks.  With  careful  choice  these  could   be  used  for  constructing  the  armour  layers  and  reverse  filters  on  the  bunds/dykes  and   for  the  Jetty.   The  above  materials  are   evident  for  the  whole  East  West   length  of  the  site.  The  18  trial  holes   on  the  coastal  plain,  dug  by  a  back   hoe  (listed  on  the  next  page),  show   variation  in  the  underlying  shallow   strata  east  and  west  of  the  central   lagoon.  West  of  the  central  lagoon   the  general  sequence  is:   Windblown  sandy  silty   surface  layer  -­‐  Brown  SILTS  with   clay  -­‐  Brown  CLAYS  with  silt  (clay   content  increasing  with  depth)  -­‐   Brown  CLAYS  -­‐  Grey  CLAYS   (possibly  organic  -­‐  in  one  location   mangrove  was  found  underlying  grey  clays).   The  clays  varied  between  soft  and  firm  and  would  be  suitable  as  impermeable   barriers  within  the  core  of  dykes  and  bunds  and  for  the  floors  of  any  basins.  The  clays   would  need  protection  using  the  locally  won  materials  from  the  higher-­‐level  platform   /gentle  hills  noted  above.   East  of  the  central  lagoon  the  strata  are  more  variable  and  significant  clays  were   only  found  in  the  central  eastern  area  -­‐  and  these  clays  had  a  sand  content  and  were   relatively  soft.  The  area  immediately  east  is  underlain  by  very  wet,  almost  liquid,  sandy   stony  strata,  overlain  by  loamy  silts  with  nominal  clay  content.  The  area  adjacent  to  the   Eastern  beach  is  underlain  by  sandy  materials  with  shell  fragments  and  nominal  clay   content  overlain  by  loamy  silts  with  nominal  clay  content.   Notwithstanding  this,  these  materials  could  be  utilised  to  form  core  protection  in   dyke/bund  construction  -­‐  but  it  is  expected  that  clay  would  be  required  from  the  centre   of  the  Eastern  area  and/or  West  of  the  central  lagoon  to  supplement  this  material  for   impermeable  linings  and  cores  to  dykes/bunds.  If  the  eastern  clays  were  used,  a  further   geotechnical  assessment  would  be  recommended.     -­‐  23  -­‐   Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge     Hole   1   2   Location     Western  extremity  of  the   salt  basins   50m  to  east  of  Hole  1   3   By  Mayor’s  pond   4   South  of  highway  near  to   outlet  for  floods     ~50m  south  of  Hole  4   5   6   7   8   9   ~500m  north  of  Hole  4   where  floods  reported  to   exit  plain   West  extremity  of  the   northern  extension   ~500m  east  of  Hole  7  and   250m  more  north   Further  north  east  and   near  to  a  small  hill   10   Close  to  NW  corner  of   AMURT  construction   11   Close  to  SE  corner  of   AMURT  construction   South  from  Magazen  to   easterly  salt  basins     12   13   1.2Kms  east  of  Hole  12   14   16   1.2  Kms  south  east  of   Hole  13   1.1  Kms  south  east  of   Hole  14   1Km  south  of  Hole  15   17   50m  east  of  Hole  16   18   Near  beach   15   Observations   0-­‐300mm  of  top  soil,  sandy  loam    /  300mm  to  2000mm  CLAY   /    Coral  bedrock  at  1m  through  clay   0-­‐300mm  of  top  soil,  sandy  loam    /    300mm  to  2000m  brown  CLAY   /    Coral  bedrock  at  2m    /    Seawater  seepage  on  CLAT  bedrock  horizon   0-­‐300mm  of  top  soil,  sandy  loam    /    300-­‐1500mm  loamy  sand  with  increasing  clay   content  with  depth/    1500-­‐2500  1m  grey  CLAY  with  mangrove  remnants    /     underlain  by  DEAD  MANGROVE   0-­‐300mm  of  top  soil,  sandy  loam    /    Immediately  cemented  stony  CONGLOMERATE,   probably  run  from  hills  just  to  north  of  road    /    Hole  ended  at  600mm   0-­‐300mm  of  top  soil,  sandy  loam    /    300-­‐1300mm  brown  CLAY    /  1300-­‐1500  black   CLAY    /    1.5m  bedrock    /    Seawater  seepage  at  1.5m  on  CLAY  bedrock  horizon   0-­‐300mm  of  top  soil,  sandy  loam  /  300-­‐800mm  brown  silty  CLAY.  Clay  content   increasing  with  depth    /  800-­‐1200mm  darker  brown  CLAY    /  At  1500mm  CLAY   becoming  soft    /    By  3000mm  getting  very  soft  and  wet    /    3.4m  water  strike   0-­‐300mm  of  top  soil,  clay/silt  (mainly  silt)    /    300-­‐1.5m  SILT  with  clay  (increasing   with  depth)    /    1.5m  CLAY  with  silt    /    water  strike  (lens)  on  silt/clay  horizon   300mm  of  SILT  with  clay,  300-­‐1500mm  SILT  with  clay  getting  softer  and  wetter  with   depth    /    very  wet  at  1500mm    /    1500-­‐3500mm(end  hole)  CLAY   0-­‐1.1m  of  SILT  with  clay  getting  softer  and  wetter  with  depth    /    1.1-­‐2.2m  CLAY  with   silt    /    water  strike  at  CLAY/SILT  horizon    /    2.2m  top  of  soft  grey  CLAY      /    water   strike  on  Clay/grey  clay  Clay  horizon   0-­‐1m  SILT  with  clay  /  1m  water  strike  /  1-­‐1.3m  soft  SILT  with  increasing  clay  /  1.3m   substantial  water  strike  /  1.3-­‐2m  soft  SILT  with  significant  clay  /  2-­‐3m  soft  blue-­‐grey   clay  and  mangrove  remnants  /  3m  stiffer  blue-­‐grey  clay,  more  mangrove  remnants   0-­‐300mm  of  top  soil,  sandy  loam    /    300mm  SILT  with  clay  content  increasing  with   depth    /    2000mm  CLAY    /    water  strike  at  SILT/CLAY  horizon   0-­‐0.5m  top  soil,  sandy  loam    /    500-­‐1000mm  CLAY  with  sand  and  silt  clay    /    CLAY   becoming  soft  at  1m    /    1.3m  major  water  strike,  standing  water  at  1.4m    /     1300mm  to  end  hole  light  coloured  wet  (flowing)  conglomerate  of  sandy/stony/silt   800mm  silt  overburden    /    800-­‐1400mm  yellow  conglomerate  comprising  pebbles   and  sand  in  silt/CLAY  matrix    /    saline  water  strike  at  1.4  metres   0-­‐1100mm  SILT    /    1100-­‐2200mm  sandy  CLAY  quartz  fragments      /       Water  strike  at  2.1m,  2.3m  finish   0-­‐1200mm  SILT    /    1200-­‐1300mm  Soft  sandy  silty  CLAY  becoming  soft  grey  clay    /       1.3m  soft  organic  CLAY    /    Water  strike  on  1.3m  horizon  silty  clay  and  grey  CLAY   0-­‐800mm  SILT    /    800-­‐1500mm  sandy/silty  CLAY,  high  silt  fraction    /    1500-­‐2200mm,     grey  CLAY  with  sand    /    1.8m  water  strike  (probably  indicates  increased  clay  content   /    2.2-­‐2.7m  black  SAND,  2.7m  sand  with  organic  odour    /    2.7m  water  strike   0-­‐1.4m  SILT    /    1.4-­‐2.2m  grey  CLAY  with  a  small  amount  of  sand    /    2.2-­‐2.4m  SAND   with  clay    /    2.2-­‐2.7m  water  ingress  through  sand  with  clay,  2.4m  SAND   0-­‐800mm  of  SILT    /    water  strike  at  900mm    /    900-­‐1700mm  SAND  with  silt  and  clay   /    1.7-­‐2.2m  SAND  with  shells    /    2.2-­‐3m  SAND  with  whole  clam  shells     9   Approximate   positions  of   numbered   dug  holes     1     2         6   8   4   5   3                 7   10 0   1     11   12   2    3   13    4Kms.   14 2 15   17   16   18   -­‐  24  -­‐   Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge     Appendix 5 Evaporation tests’ log sheet Other relevant information Pond Date Day dd/mm Depth (mm) ºBé ºC (e.g. on weather, before and after pond refilled, etc.) examples 20/4 550 5.1 35 Before pond refilled Monday Thursday   Monday   Thursday   Monday   Thursday   Monday   Thursday   Monday   Thursday   Monday   Thursday   Monday   Thursday   Monday   Thursday   Monday   Thursday   Monday   Thursday   Monday Thursday Monday Thursday Monday Thursday                   -­‐  25  -­‐      Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge   Appendix  6      References                                                                                                                   1     TechnoServe  Value  Chain  Research,  2011     2     Supporting  Rural  Health  in  Haiti  -­‐  An  Assessment  of  the  Health  System  of  Commune   Anse  Rouge,  Remie  Stubbs-­‐Dame,  May  5,  2010   3     There  are  large  established  solar  saltworks  in  Turks  and  Caicos,  Bahamas  and   Bonaire  and  –  a  more  recent  investment  -­‐  the  Dominican  Republic.  The  total  imports   identified  by  the  recent  TechnoServe  report  (Ref.  7  below)  were  15,000  tons/year.   4     “Haiti  Livelihoods:  Salt  Market  Assessment”  –  ADP  (commissioned  by  Oxfam).   5     ADP  identified  several  other  potential  market  outlets  but  this  was  the  largest  and  on   its  own  considered  sufficient  to  justify  proceeding  with  this  TechnoEconomic  study.   6     See  www.cox-­‐and-­‐speller.com  -­‐  the  pages  on  SALT.   7     AMURT-­‐Haiti  Project  Report,  January  2008,  GIS  study  of  salt  basins   8     Diagnostic  Report  for  Oxfam  America  Visit  Conducted  July  19-­‐21,  2011  Anse  Rouge   Exploratory  Visit  Report,  production  cooperatives  Haiti  (pcH)   9        The  Haitian  Salt  Industry:  An  Analysis  and  Strategic  Growth  Plan:  TechnoServe   September  2011   10    Diagnostic  Report  for  Oxfam  America  Visit  Conducted  July  19-­‐21,  2011  Anse  Rouge   Exploratory  Visit  Report,  production  cooperatives  Haiti  (pcH)   11    The  salt  basins  at  Coridon  are  widely  dispersed  and  it  would  not  be  cost-­‐effective  to   provide  flood  protection  for  them.  On  the  other  hand,  the  villages  along  this  stretch   of  the  coastline  suffer  from  regular  inundation  and  flood  protection  here  is  more   justified  for  the  protection  of  the  community  than  the  salt  basins.         12    “Haiti  Livelihoods:  Salt  Market  Assessment”  –  ADP  (commissioned  by  Oxfam).   13      Since  superseded  by  other  interventions  –  notably  by  Diagnostic  Report  for  Oxfam   America  Visit  Conducted  July  19-­‐21,  2011  Anse  Rouge  Exploratory  Visit  Report,   production  cooperatives  Haiti  (pcH)   14    It  is  bounded  on  the  south  and  east  by  hills,  so  only  the  700m  northern  boundary,   which  already  has  2m  high  earthen  dykes,  has  to  be  upgraded  (Appendix  1).  There  is   also  need  for  a  western  perimeter  sea  wall,  also  utilizing  existing  dykes  of  potential   participating  salt  basins.  Both  also  should  serve  as  access  roads  to  the  built  works.     15    The  rock  fill  jetty  could  use  rock  quarried  from  the  adjacent  hill  side  and  the  base  of   the  quarry  could  be  used  for  appropriate  buildings  and  works  facilities  (Appendix  1)   16    Improvement  of  Micronutrient  Nutrition,  September  2009,  WFP/MI   17    A  Summary  of  an  evaluation  of  a  project  supported  by  the  Micronutrient  Initiative   “Assistance  to  Food  Insecure  People  in  Crisis  Situation  –  Salt  Iodization  Activities”   Haiti,  August  2010   18    Proposal  to  resolve  Haiti’s  IDD  problems  by  iodizing  salt  produced  in  Anse  Rouge   commune.    Dr.  John  Cox  (Cox  &  Speller)  August  2010   -­‐  26  -­‐   Techno  Economic  Feasibility  Study  for  the  salt  industry  of  Commune  Anse  Rouge                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               19    It  is  not  essential  to  have  100%  consensus  from  the  existing  basins’  landowners.  If   the  owners  of  a  minority  of  the  basins  wish  to  continue  with  the  present  methods,   their  basins  could  be  bypassed  and  still  allow  a  modern  saltworks  to  be  built.   20    One  year  after  initial  organising  begins,  it  needs  to  be  known  (for  the  saltworks’   design  and  organisational  matters)  how  many  producers  are  interested  in  pooling   their  lands  together  for  a  new  system  and  where  these  lands  are  located.  It  is   assumed  that  the  Magazen  area  are  likely  to  support  modernisation,  as  producers  in   this  area  have  already  started  to  convert  to  the  new  method  on  their  own,  and  the   owners  of  the  unused  land  in  the  area  are  proponents  of  modernisation.       21    Cox  &  Speller  are  available  for  an  initial  supervisory  role  but  the  work  should  be   executed  and  managed  by  a  Haitian  Contractor.   22    The  process  that  the  project  manager  must  follow  to  construct  the  bridge  is  to  (1)   get  sign  off  from  the  Mayor’s  Office;  (2)  get  sign  off  from  regional  government  that   the  purpose  of  the  project  is  in  alignment  with  government  priorities;  (3)  have  an   engineer  design  the  specifications  for  the  bridge;  (4)  have  the  engineer  visit  the  site   with  an  engineer  from  the  Ministry  of  Planning;  (5)  have  the  plans  approved  by  the   Ministry  of  Planning;  (6)  in  conjunction  with  the  Mayor’s  Office,  plan  for  the   construction  in  such  a  way  as  to  appropriately  divert  existing  traffic.       23    Although  the  weight-­‐bearing  load  of  the  bridge  far  surpasses  what  could  possibly  be   needed  at  that  location,  the  bridge  is  insufficient  for  the  volumes  of  water  that  will   pass  once  appropriate  diversion  dykes  are  constructed.  So  it  has  to  be  widened  –   unless  the  scope  of  engineering  is  widened  to  include  irrigation  schemes  that,  as  a   by-­‐product,  would  reduce  the  rate  of  flow  of  flood  waters  at  this  point.       24    Pre-­‐feasibility  Report  on  a  salt-­‐exporting  opportunity  to  be  located  in  Commune   Anse  Rouge,  Dr.  John  Cox  (Cox  &  Speller)  &  Amber  Lynn  Munger  (Article  29   organization,  June  2010.   25    Services  Agreement  between  Oxfam  America  and  Cox  &  Speller,  Exhibit  A,   Responsibilities.     26    ibid   27    Services  Agreement  between  Oxfam  America  and  Cox  &  Speller,  Exhibit  A,   description  of  Research,  Research  Topics   28    ibid   29    Pre-­‐feasibility  Report  on  a  salt-­‐exporting  opportunity  to  be  located  in  Commune   Anse  Rouge,  Dr.  John  Cox  (Cox  &  Speller)  &  Amber  Lynn  Munger  (Article  29   Organization,  June  2010.     “Water  and  Electricity”,  Letter  to  Amber  Lynn  Munger  from  John  Cox,  July  2010       -­‐  27  -­‐