Ayiti: Nan direksyon yon nouvo naratif - Dyagnostik sistematik peyi a

Raju Jan Singh Mary Barton-Dock Systematic Country Diagnostic Haiti Toward a New Narrative Haiti Toward a New Narrative Jan Singh and Barton-Dock Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Haiti Toward a New Narrative Raju Jan Singh Mary Barton-Dock © 2015 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 18 17 16 15 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the ­following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Singh, Raju Jan and Mary Barton-Dock. 2015. Haiti: Toward a New Narrative. Systematic Country Diagnostic. Washington, DC: World Bank. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any ­content or error in this translation. Adaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The World Bank. Third-party content—The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party- owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Publishing and Knowledge Division, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Cover photo: © World Bank. Further permission required for reuse. Cover design: Florencia Micheltorena. iii Contents Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii Abo ut the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .x Abbre viations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Coun try Profile: What Makes Haiti Haiti ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Trend s and Profile in Poverty and Shared Prosperity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Trend s and Drivers of Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Sust ainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Prior ities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. Country Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Opp ortunities and a Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 A Brok en Social Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Veste d Interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Polit ical Instability and Violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Natura l Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Migrat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Limite d Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2 . Trends and Profile in Poverty and Shared Prosperity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Trend s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Driver s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3. Trends and Drivers of Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Trend s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Driver s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4. Sustainability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Enviro nment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Socia l Tensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Macroe conomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Recent P rogress in Poverty Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5. Priorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Prior itization Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Quan titative Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Quali tative Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 iv Contents Five Priority Areas for Policy Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Data Ga ps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Referen ces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Appe ndix A: Price Comparison Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Appe ndix B: Bottlenecks and Correlates of Firm Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Appe ndix C: Most Significant Data Gaps in Haiti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Boxes 1.1 Common Features of PIM in Donor-Dependent Countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.2 Product Market Concentration Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.1 Gender Inequalities in Haiti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.1 Petrocaribe and Haiti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.1 Drivers of Conflict in Haiti—An Empirical Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.2 Electricité d’Haïti (EDH). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5.1 Benchmarking the Drivers of Shared Prosperity: An Application to Haiti. . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.2 Conflict and Welfare Spending in Haiti: What Could We Learn from Cross-Country Evidence?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.3 Bank-Sponsored Competition of Academic Papers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Figures 1.1 Inclusiveness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.2 Competition Intensity and Extent of Market Dominance, 2014–15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.3 Business Risks Related to Weak Competition Policies (by Components). . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.4 Concentration Levels Based on HHI in the 18 Most Important Haitian Product Markets, 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.5 Vulnerability Index, 2013 (Average Score of Susceptibility, Coping and Adaptive Capacity). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.6 Migrants International Comparison, 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.7 Migrants by Destination Country, 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.8 Remittances, 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.9 Foreign Flows, 1998–2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.10 Effects of Aid and Transfers on the Trade Balance, 1980–2013. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.11 Imports of Goods and Services—LAC Region, 2011–13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1.12 Merchandise Imports, Aid and Remittances, 2005–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1.13 Statistical Capacity Indicator, 2014 (0=Lowest, 100=Highest). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.1 Trends in Poverty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Contents v 2.2 Food Insecurity, 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3 Change in Composition of Labor Market, Workforce Ages 15+, 2007–12. . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.4 Composition of the Labor Market, Workforce Ages 15+, 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.5 Breakdown of Haiti’s Population by Labor Status (2012). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.6 Born Elsewhere, 2011 (Total Population, Area of Living). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.7 Schooling of Adults Living Outside Department of Birth (15+), 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.8 Contribution to Extreme Poverty Reduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.1 GDP, 1970–2013 (1970 = 100) (Constant 2005). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.2 GDP per Capita, 1970–2013 (1970 = 100) (Constant 2005). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.3 Annual GDP Growth vs. Occurrence of Natural Disasters, 1971–2013. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.4 Annual GDP Growth vs. People Affected by Natural Disasters, 1971–2013. . . . . . . . . . 46 3.5 Annual GDP Growth vs. Changes in Government, 1971–2013. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.6 Economic Structure, 1970–2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.7 Decomposition of Value Added Growth by Sector, 1971–2013. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.8 Urban Population, 1971–2013. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.9 Obstacles to Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.10 Change in Governance Indicators, 2004–13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.11 Credit by Sector, as of Q2 of 2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.12 Logistic Performance Index, 2014 (1=Lowest, 5=Highest). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.13 Port Tariffs Estimated Cost per TEU, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.14 Electric Power Consumption, 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.15 Informal Employment, 2012–22 (Working Age Population 15+). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.1 Population Living in Flood Prone Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.2 Population Exposed to Hurricane Damage—High and Medium Intensity. . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.3 Political Violence, 2003–06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.4 Criminal Activity, 2010–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.5 Macroeconomic Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.6 Effective Exchange Rate, 2006–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.7 Central Government Fiscal Balance, 2004–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.8 Current Account Balance, 2004–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.9 International Aid, 2008–25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.10 Government Deposits, 2009–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.11 Petrocaribe Financing, 2008–17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.12 Project Activities Financed by Petrocaribe, 2008–13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.13 Histogram of Annual Per Capita Consumption, 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5.1 Prioritization Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.2 Extreme Poverty Simulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.3 Economic Magnitude of Estimated Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.4 Life Expectancy at Birth, 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.5 Cabinet Changes, 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.6 Income Effects of Closing the Gap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 vi Contents Maps 2.1 Extreme Poverty Rates by Department, 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.1 Violence and Criminal Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Tables 1.1 Import Quotas for 19 Major Families, 1984–85. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.2 Frequency and Impact of Natural Disasters, 1971–2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.1 Access to Basic Services—Coverage Rates (2001–12). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.2 Basic Sociodemographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Poor, Extreme Poor and Nonpoor Households, 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.1 Contributions to Growth (α = 40%). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.2 Haiti’s Governments, 1971–2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 vii Acknowledgments We would like to thank the members of the Haiti Country Team from all Global Practices, CCSAs, IFC, and MIGA, as well as all the partners and stakeholders in Haiti who have contributed to the preparation of this document in a strong collaborative pro- cess. We are very grateful for the generosity exhibited in providing us with substantive inputs, knowledge and advice, particularly given the time limitations. The table below identifies the full list of team members who have contributed their time, effort and ex- pertise, and their affiliations. The team was led by Raju Jan Singh (Program Leader, LCC8C). The work was carried out jointly with the IFC (Sylvain Kakou) and MIGA (Petal Hacket) under the overall guidance of Mary Barton-Dock (Special Envoy for Haiti, LCC8C) and Jun Zhang (Senior Regional Manager for the Caribbean, IFC). We wish to thank for their helpful sugges- tions and insights the Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) peer reviewers, Nancy Benjamin, Senior Country Economist (GMFDR), Oscar Calvo-Gonzalez, Program Leader (LCC2C), and Philip Keefer, Principal Advisor (IDB), as well as Rolf Parta for moderating our two-day Country Team retreat, and Augusto de la Torre (LCR Chief Economist) and Daniel Lederman (LCR Deputy Chief Economist) for their advice throughout the stages of the SCD process. The SCD not only draws on existing liter- ature from within and outside the Bank, but benefitted from the results of the recent household survey (ECVMAS 2012), as well as access to the MINUSTAH data on crime events across Haiti. In this regard, we wish to express our gratitude to the ONPES, IHSI, and MINUSTAH for making this possible. This report also draws heavily on the recent- ly-completed Poverty Assessment and the ongoing Public Expenditure Review. In ­addition, a number of background papers have been written by the Country Team on specific themes. In this respect, the Team is appreciative to Prof. James Robinson (Harvard University) and Prof. Suresh Naidu (Columbia University) for discussions on the role of Haitian business elites in Haiti’s de- velopment, and particularly to Lauren Young (Columbia University) for presenting pre- liminary results of their research at the World Bank. We wish also to thank Prof. Cristina Bodea and Masaaki Higashijima (both from Michigan State University) for their work on public spending and conflict. The analytical work was validated by wide consultations. In this regard, we wish to thank Bernard Craan, Executive Director of the Private Sector Economic Forum for orga- nizing a meeting with the members of his as- sociation; Delphine Colbeau, UNDP, who coordinated a workshop on violence with the heads of all UN agencies present in Port-au- Prince; Gilles Damais, IDB, for inviting us to present our work at one of its Wednesdays of Reflection with members of the academia, civil society, private sector, and Haitian ad- ministration; Kesner Pharel to provide us with the opportunity to share our ideas on his TV show; and Mariam Yazdani from Vivario for interesting discussions on gang dynamics. We are also very grateful to ­Hans-Muller Thomas, Kore Fanmi National viii Acknowledgments Coordinator, Germanite Phanord, Kore Fanmi Regional Coordinator, and Jean Raynold Saint Hilaire, Chief Social Worker for organizing our field trip to the com- munes of Boucan Carré and Thomassique, Central Plateau Department, as well as to the National Association of Haitian Professionals for having invited us at Harvard University for their Third Annual Conference with the Haitian diaspora. Finally, we wish to thank Ricardo Augustin (Dean, School of Economics— Notre Dame University of Haiti), Raulin Cadet (Dean, School of Economics Dean— Quisqueya University), Fritz Deshommes (Deputy Dean of the State University of Haiti), Amos Durosier (Dean, Advanced Commercial and Economic Studies Institute), and Lionel Metellus (Dean, Quisqueya American University Institute) for setting up our competition of academic papers (“The Twin Goals Awards”), as well as all the members of our Selection Committee from Haiti: Henri Bazin (President, Haiti Conciliation and Arbitration Chamber), Charles Cadet (Ministry of Economy and Finance, Haiti), Kathleen Dorsainvil (American University), Fritz Jean (President, North East Chamber of Commerce, Haiti), Eddy Labossière (President, Association of Haitian Economists) and Guy Pierre (Autonomous University of Mexico), and from the World Bank: Dorsati Madani (Senior Economist, GMFDR), Gael Raballand (Senior Public Sector Specialist, GGODR), and Erik von Uexkull (Country Economist, GMFDR). A special thanks should be given to all our participants from Haiti, Canada and the United States, but particularly to our laureates: Jose Minerve Cayo (State University of Haiti), Jean Ribert Francois (State University of Haiti), Carl-Henri Prophète (Centre d’Études Diplomatiques et Internationales, CEDI), Alendy Saint-Fort (FDSE), Jean Carrington Saintima (IHECE), and Guimard Syvrain (CTPEA). Acknowledgments ix Haiti SCD team Global practice/cross-cutting area Team members Agriculture Pierre Olivier Colleye, Katie Freeman, Christophe Grosjean, Eli Weiss Communication Christelle Chapoy, Berdine Edmond Education Melissa Adelman, Juan Baron, Axelle Latortue Energy and extractives Susana Moreira, Remi Pelon, Frederic Verdol Environment Nyaneba Nkrumah Finance and markets Juan Buchenau, Caroline Cerruti Governance Alexandre Berg, Mamadou Deme, Onur Erdem, Sheila Grandio, Fabienne Mroczka Haiti CMU Mary Barton-Dock, Pierre Bonneau, Gabrielle Dujour, Nellie Sew Kwan Kan, Michelle Keane, David Lighton, Deo Ndikumana, Raju Singh, Kanae Watanabe, Paula White Health, nutrition and population Eleonora Cavagnero, Sunil Rajkumar IFC Ary Naim, Sylvain Kakou, Lina Sun Kee, Jean Francois Pean, Frank Sader, Jun Zhang Macroeconomics and fiscal management Kassia Antoine, Calvin Djiofack, Evans Jadotte, Julie Lohi, Sandra Milord, Konstantin Wacker MIGA Petal Hacket Poverty Facundo Cuevas, Federica Marzo, Aude-Sophie Rodella, Thiago Scot Social protection Lucy Bassett, Carine Clert, Maki Noda Social, urban, rural and resilience Ali Alwahti, Paul Blanchard, Sylvie Debomy, Sergio Dell’Anna, Joan Fomi, Van Anh Vu Hong, Oscar Ishizawa, Peter Lafere, Michel Matera, Bernhard Metz, Claudia Soto Orozco, Rafael Van der Borght, Gaetano Vivo, Javier Sanchez- Reaza, Alys Willman Trade and competitiveness Babatunde Abidoye, Massimiliano Cali, Emiliano Duch, Tanja Goodwin, Maria Kim, Martha Licetti, Siobhan Murray, Georgiana Pop, Lucia Jimena Villaran, Joaquin Zentner Transport and ICT Malaika Becoulet Water and sanitation Jean-Martin Brault x Raju Jan Singh is the program leader for Haiti, leading and overseeing the World Bank’s work on economic policy, private sector de- velopment, and education and social pro- tection, and was previously sector leader and lead economist on Central ­African states, stationed several years in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Prior to joining the World Bank, Raju was working as a senior economist and mission chief at the International Monetary Fund, where he held positions in the Fiscal Affairs, Asian and Pacific, and African De- partments, working on a wide range of countries and leading missions to China, Cyprus, and Tonga. He has been an advisor in the Swiss Executive Director Office, and worked at the Swiss ­Finance Administration in Bern, as well as at Lombard Odier & Cie (private banking) in Geneva. He has also been a consultant for the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, working with the central banks of Rwanda and Tan- zania, and has taught at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva. He has published on a wide set of issues, including fiscal decentralization and public finance, banking, trade, and remittances. Raju holds a master’s degree and a doctorate in eco- nomics from the Graduate Institute of Inter- national Studies in Geneva. Mary Barton-Dock is the special envoy and director for Haiti. Prior to taking this posi- tion, she was the director of climate change and environment for the World Bank. She has also served as the country director for Cameroon, Chad, the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and São Tomé and Principe. Prior to becoming a country director, she was the manager of the World Bank’s Agriculture, Environment, and Social Development programs in West Africa. In addition, she has been the World Bank’s resident representative in Chad, and the team leader from programs in Southern Africa. Prior to joining the Africa region, she also worked in South East Asia, and she started her career with the World Bank working on Bolivia. Mary holds a master’s degree in public policy from Harvard. About the Authors xi Abbreviations ACD Armed Conflict Dataset ACLED Armed Conflict Location & Event Data ASCUYDA Automated System for Customs Data BMPAD  Bureau de Monétisation du Programme d’Aide au Développement (Bureau of Monetization of Development Aid Programs) CCRIF Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility CPIA Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CSCCA  Cour Supérieure des Comptes et du Contentieux Administratif (Supreme Court of Accounts and Contentious Administrative Proceedings) DHS Demographic Health Survey DINEPA Direction de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement (Water and Sanitation Authority) DR Dominican Republic ECVMAS Enquête des Conditions de Vie des Ménages (Household survey) EDE PÈP Social Assistance Program “Help the People” EDH Electricité d’Haiti (Public Electricity Company) EM-DAT Emergency Events Database FDI foreign direct investment FSAP Financial Sector Assessment Program GCI Global Competitiveness Index GDP gross domestic product HELP Haiti Economic Lift Program HHI Herfindahl-Hirschman Index HIPC highly indebted poor country HNP Haiti National Police HS Harmonized Coding System HTG Haitian gourde IFC International Finance Corporation IHSI Institut Haïtien de Statistique et d’Informatique (Haiti’s Statistical Institute) IICA Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture IMF International Monetary Fund IPPs independent power producers LAC Latin America and Caribbean LIC low income countries LPI Logistics Performance Index LSCI Liner Shipping Connectivity Index MDG Millennium Development Goals MDRI Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative xii Abbreviations MEF Ministry of Economy and Finance MENFP Ministère de l’Education Nationale (Ministry of Education) MINUSTAH United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti MSMEs micro, small, and medium enterprises MSPP  Ministère de la Santé Publique and de la Population (Ministry of Public Health and Population) NEER nominal effective exchange rate NGOs non-governmental organizations ODA official development assistance OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ONPES Observation Nationale de la Pauvreté et l’Exclusion Sociale PARDH  Plan d’Action pour le Relèvement et le Développement d’Haiti (Action Plan for the Recovery and Development of Haiti) PDNAs Post-Disaster Needs Assessments PIM public investment management PIP Public Investment Program PIU Project Implementation Units POVCALNET Online Poverty Analysis Tool—World Bank PPP public-private partnership PSDH  Plan Stratégique de Développement d’Haiti (Strategic Plan for Development of Haiti) REER real effective exchange rate PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper SAM Social Accounting Matrix SCD Systematic Country Diagnostic SCI Statistical Capacity Indicator TEU twenty foot equivalent units TFP total factor productivity UN United Nations WDI World Development Indicators WEF World Economic Forum WHO World Health Organization xiii Map To Monte Christi Chaine de la Selle (2680 m ) Île de la Gonâve C e n t r a l P l a t e a u M a s s i f d e l a H o t t e NORD - OUEST NORD NORD - EST ARTIBONITE CENTRE OUEST SUD - EST SUD GRANDE- ANSE Gros-Morne Limbé Ennery Grande Rivière du Nord Saint- Raphaël Verrettes Croix des Bouquets Petit- Goâve Belle- Anse Thiotte Côtes-de-fer Vieux Bourg d'Aquin Les Anglais Camp-Perrin Miragoâne Mirebalais Ferrier Trou- du-Nord Saint Michel de l'Attalaye Maïssade Léogâne Les Trois A r t i b o n i t e Guayam p u o Jacmel Hinche Gonaives Fort-Liberte NORD - OUEST NORD NORD - EST ARTIBONITE CENTRE OUEST SUD - EST SUD GRANDE- ANSE NIPPES Palmiste Môle St.-Nicolas Baie de Henne Gros-Morne Limbé Ennery Grande Rivière du Nord Saint- Raphaël Verrettes Pointe-à-Raquette Croix des Bouquets Marigot Petit- Goâve Belle- Anse Thiotte Côtes-de-fer Vieux Bourg d'Aquin Roseaux Anse d'Hainault Les Anglais Port-Salut Camp-Perrin Anse-à-Galets La Cayenne Mirebalais Ferrier Trou- du-Nord Saint Michel de l'Attalaye Maïssade Léogâne Jacmel Hinche Jeremie Gonaives Les Cayes Cap-Haitien Fort-Liberte Port-de-Paix Miragoâne PORT-AU-PRINCE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Les Trois A r t i b o n i t e Guayam p u o ATLANTIC OCEAN Caribbean Sea W i n d w a r d P a s s a g e Golfe de la Gonâve Lago Enriquillo Étang Saumâtre Lac de Péligre To Monte Christi To Santiago To San Juan To Barahona To Oviedo Île à Vache Grande Cayemite Île de la Gonâve Île de la Tortue C e n t r a l P l a t e a u M a s s i f d e l a H o t t e Chaine de la Selle (2680 m ) 20°N 74°W 74°W W°27 W°37 W°27 W°37 18°N 19°N 20°N 18°N HAITI This map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not impl y, on the pa rt of The World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territo ry, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 Miles 40 Kilometers HAITI SELECTED CITIES AND TOWNS DEPARTMENT CAPITALS NATIONAL CAPITAL RIVERS MAIN ROADS RAILROADS DEPARTMENT BOUNDARIES INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES Executive Summary 1 Haiti has a vision to become an emerg- ing economy by 2030. Haiti’s geography, ­resources, and history provide it with oppor- tunities. The country has comparative advan- tages, including its proximity and access to major markets; a young labor force and a ­dynamic diaspora; and substantial geo- graphic, historical, and cultural assets. Areas of economic opportunity for Haiti include agribusiness, light manufacturing and tour- ism. Building on these opportunities, the Government of Haiti issued in May 2012 a Strategic Development Plan (PSDH), aiming at building a new modern, diversified, resil- ient, competitive and inclusive economy, re- spectful of its environment and in which people’s basic needs are met. This objective would require ambitious double digit growth rates, a significant break from the past, based on an expansion of agriculture, construction, manufacturing, and tourism. Overall, Haiti’s growth performance in the last four decades has been disappointing, however, and poverty remains endemic. A history of vested interests, political instabil- ity, and natural disasters has prevented the country from realizing its aspirations, trap- ping the country in a low equilibrium and keeping it as one of the poorest and least equal countries in the world. GDP per capita fell by 0.7 percent per year on average be- tween 1971 and 2013. As a result, in 2012 59 percent of Haitians remained poor and 24 percent suffered from extreme poverty, indicating that almost 6.3 million Haitians could not meet their basic needs and 2.5 mil- lion could not even cover their food needs. This Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) seeks to identify the most important constraints to and opportunities for inclusive and sustainable growth in Haiti. To identify the key constraints to Haiti’s growth and shared prosperity, an extensive review of the literature (from both within and outside the World Bank) was first carried out. Economic and sector work on Haiti produced in 1980s and the early 1990s had already identified most of the country’s challenges and demon- strated that better functioning institutions, stronger human capital, and improvements in infrastructure were all needed for Haiti’s economic growth and shared prosperity. Rather than listing these again, this report attempts to provide some prioritization and identify the most binding constraints, both quantitatively and through a series of consultations with stakeholders and the country team. Country Profile: What Makes Haiti Haiti ? A social contract is missing between the State and its citizens. While overall income growth is a necessary condition for increas- ing shared prosperity, it is not sufficient. Growth that is inclusive of the poor requires additional mechanisms such as a pro-poor fiscal regime, as well as targeted social pro- grams and expenditures, not only to redis- tribute resources towards the poor but also more importantly to ensure that the less well-off are an integral part of the process Executive Summary 2 Executive Summary and that opportunities improve for all. Previous reports have noted, however, that Haiti has never had a tradition of providing services to the population or creating an en- vironment conducive to sustainable growth. Haiti’s tax system generates limited resources for the government and tends to be regres- sive. Furthermore, public spending in health, education, and social protection remains limited, constraining the government’s abil- ity to provide services and offer equal oppor- tunities to its citizens. In the absence of government, basic services such as health and education are mainly provided by non- ­ government actors, placing a substantial fi- nancial burden on households and delivering achievements closely linked with household income. The reliance on non-government actors has also weakened public investment ­management. Haiti’s public investment man- agement exhibits a number of distinctive fea- tures and practices common to countries that are aid-dependent, including weak ­appraisal capacity and reliance on donors to design good projects, hampering the ­effective use of public resources. Sectoral strategies to guide the prioritization of ­projects are lacking. This leads to a Public Investment Program composed of projects that are neither fully assessed nor prioritized. Furthermore, there is no effective ex-ante control on disbursements based on the phys- ical progress of projects against plans. While progress is being made in fiscal reporting by rolling out the use of a single treasury ac- count, domestically-funded capital expendi- tures are not yet properly accounted for, tracked and reported, creating an environ- ment conducive to a lack of transparency and accountability. The structure of the private sector shows signs of high degrees of concentration, hampering the entry of new actors and re- sulting in high prices for consumers. From the beginning of the twentieth century, au- tocratic leaders in Haiti have traded politi- cal support from the elite for economic advantages to this elite. Though publicly available information on privately held businesses is limited, many of the same families who dominated the Haitian econ- omy during the era of Duvalier in the 1970s and the 1980s seem to remain in control of large segments of the economy today, re- sulting in high concentration in a number of key industries, distorted competition, and non-transparent business practices in many instances. Several of the most impor- tant food products in the Haitian consump- tion basket are sold in concentrated markets, and a preliminary analysis indi- cates that the prices of these products are on average about 30–60 percent higher in Haiti than in other countries from the re- gion. This translates into limited opport ­ unities for a substantial expansion of the formal private sector across most sectors. Few of Haiti’s established private firms have modern capital and governance structures with professional management, limiting their access to long-term financing. Political violence has occurred regularly throughout Haiti’s history, leading to insta- bility. At Independence in 1804, Haiti was at the forefront of history, being the first na- tion to abolish slavery. Since then, however, with some exceptions such as the 30-year ­period of autocratic rule under Francois Duvalier (Papa Doc) and his son Jean- Claude Duvalier (Baby Doc) (1957–86), Haiti has known a succession of short-lived Executive Summary 3 governments. Lacking sufficiently long peri- ods of stability, the country has struggled to develop the institutional mechanisms and policy fundamentals essential to eco- nomic development and the rule of law. Disenfranchised and without effective chan- nels to voice needs and demands, citizens have taken to the streets in protest, some- times violently. While violent airing of griev- ances in Haiti’s early history generally took place in the rural areas, contemporary unrest tends to break out in the cities, reflecting the country’s demographic evolution and urban- ization over the years. Against this backdrop, the post-earthquake period has been com- paratively stable. Furthermore, the Haitian population is one of the most exposed in the world to ­natural disasters—hurricanes, floods and earthquakes. Between 1971 and 2013, Haiti’s economy has been subjected to natural di- sasters almost every year with adverse effects on growth. The country has a higher number of disasters per km 2 than the average of the Caribbean countries. In 2008, tropical storms and hurricanes caused losses esti- mated at 15 percent of GDP. The earthquake on January 12, 2010 killed 220,000 people, displaced 1.5 million people, and destroyed the equivalent of 120 percent of GDP. In this unfavorable environment, migra- tion has become a key avenue for Haitians seeking a better life. Substantial internal mi- gration is taking place, particularly from rural to urban areas, as people seek better economic opportunities and better services. In addition, for both political and economic reasons, large numbers of Haitians have emi- grated throughout the twentieth century building an important diaspora. A vast ma- jority of Haitians who continue to emigrate now seem to do so because they cannot find work opportunities in Haiti. This large dias- pora is a significant source of remittances: remittances received by Haiti are the highest among Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) countries in terms of GDP and the fourth highest in the world in terms of export earnings. Trends and Profile in Poverty and Shared Prosperity While remaining high, poverty has de - clined in Haiti. Recent findings indicate that extreme poverty has declined in Haiti from 31 percent of the population in 2000 to 24 percent in 2012. Progress was mainly con- centrated in urban areas, however. This trend is confirmed by both monetary and non- monetary poverty indicators, with the big- gest non-monetary progress recorded in education. All school-age children go to school in about 90 percent of the households compared to about 80 percent in 2001. Immunization rates are also up. Recent evidence suggests that this decline in extreme poverty was driven by labor ­income, private transfers, and aid. Non- agricultural labor income increased by about 3½ percent on average per year, especially among men, with expansions in construc- tion, telecommunication and transport, all concentrated in urban areas. Formal employ- ment remains small (13 percent of the labor force) with agriculture and urban informal sectors still providing most of the employ- ment with about 40 percent and 47 percent of the labor market, respectively. Workers’ transfers from abroad have represented more 4 Executive Summary than a fifth of Haiti’s GDP in recent years, and the percentage of households receiving private transfers (domestic transfers or re- mittances from abroad) in Haiti increased from 42 percent to 69 percent between 2000 and 2012. Furthermore, the 2010 earthquake resulted in unprecedented aid flows in the form of money, goods and services. These external flows have also contributed in re- ducing poverty over the period, especially in the metropolitan area which attracted most of the assistance (in large part because Port-au-Prince was hit hardest by the earthquake). Trends and Drivers of Growth Overall, Haiti’s growth performance in the last four decades has been disappointing. From 1971 to 2013, GDP growth averaged 1.2 percent a year, much lower than the aver- age of the LAC region (3.5 percent) and the average of economies at the same level of de- velopment (3.3 percent). The few periods of positive growth were short-lived, often fol- lowed by a contraction in economic activity. Furthermore, in light of the country’s impor- tant demographic growth, the level of GDP per capita even fell by 0.7 percent per year on average between 1971 and 2013. Whereas low income countries (LICs) have on average seen their GDP per capita taking off since the mid-1990s, Haiti was left behind. Political instability and natural disasters have taken a toll on growth. Despite invest- ment and increases in the labor force, Haiti’s growth performance has remained weak, re- flecting the natural disasters and political in- stability the country has experienced. The departure of Jean-Claude Duvalier initiated a period of intense political instability in Haiti. Between 1986 and 2014 the country had 18 changes of president and important changes in regime. Such political instability has often been accompanied by violence and a continuous weakening of state institutions, the rule of law, and the investment climate, undermining investor confidence. Uncertainty as to whether investors can ob- tain returns from their investments rep- resents one of the main constraints to growth in Haiti. Political instability has also resulted in a trade embargo in the first half of the 1990s that crippled private sector activities. Haiti’s business environment is hampered by institutional weaknesses. Although gover- nance indicators have improved, Haiti still ranks lowest in the region in control of ­corruption or government effectiveness. Efficient mechanisms for international ­arbitration and mediation are lacking. Guarantees for the protection of investors’ private property rights are insufficient. Legal and regulatory frameworks are fragmented and dysfunctional. In particular, a real prop- erty cadaster and land registry system is needed. Furthermore, access to finance is challenging for both, households and me- dium- and small-sized enterprises. Haiti’s infrastructure also falls short. Island economies are extremely dependent on the quality, frequency and cost of the means of transport that link them to markets which represent both outlets for their prod- ucts and supply sources for the needed im- ported goods. The efficiency and effectiveness of transport, whether by road, by sea, or by air, therefore strongly affects their competi- tiveness. The quality of transport and logistics services in Haiti is low, however, with large parts of the territory still poorly connected. Recent evidence indicates, for instance, that [... middle sections omitted for long document ...] Appendix C: Most Significant Data Gaps in Haiti 97 Sector/ theme Data sets/survey descriptions Frequency Comments Cross sectoral data GAP Population census Every 10 years Last available 2003—Planned but not budgeted for in 2015. GAP Continuous employment/ labor survey Yearly Last available 2003—Urban only if nationwide not achievable (should include informal sector) GAP Yearly vital statistics report Yearly Births, deaths, causes of death and basic demographics—Requires institutional strengthening on collection of data at various institutions Poverty data Periodic GAP Poverty assessment Every 5 years Last available 2014/2015. GAP Poverty headcount by section communal TBD Data on poverty at national level exists, but not for each communal section. Important to make spatial link between risk and poverty. Public financial and governance data Ongoing but many GAPs Regular reporting on government financial data, especially; public investment expenditures commitments, and final payments; local government financial data consolidated financial data for State owned enterprises Monthly Supported by a variety of donors, but broadly unavailable. GAP Data on special public programs/funds Yearly PSUGO, FER, FNE, etc. GAP Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Survey (PEFA) Periodicity TBC Latest available 2011 (EU) GAP Survey on governance and corruption Periodicity TBD Latest available 2007, 2011 (Government Anti-Corruption Unit) Economic data GAP Rebase GDP Periodic (long term) GAP Social Accounting Matrix update Periodicity TBD Last available 1986 table continues next page Appendix C: Most Significant Data Gaps in Haiti 98 Appendix C: Most Significant Data Gaps in Haiti Sector/ theme Data sets/survey descriptions Frequency Comments Education data GAP School census Yearly Needs to be of good quality. Current surveys don’t meet quality standards needed for adequate use. Must include infrastructure questions for Water and Sanitation and schools characteristics. Planned Cartography of all schools Baseline 2015 Yearly update Baseline will be started by IDB January 2015. Health data Periodic GAP Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) Mini-DHS (in between) Every 5 years Every 5 years Last available DHS 2012 Periodic GAPHealth facility census Every 3 years Last available 2013. Quality needs improvement GAP Detailed data set on government and donor programs TBD Includes (a) geographical commune level information on programs, (b) commodities provided, (c) personnel hired (including type), (d)  spending (per category of spending). Baseline to be developed. Periodic GAP Health system indicators collection TBD Collected from National Health Information System, SNIS, include inputs (Human resources, equipment, drugs, etc.), outputs (number of key procedures, consultations, etc.) and intermediate outcome indicators. GAP Improved surveillance systems disease control TBD Building on cholera surveillance systems to track signs of epidemic outbreaks and enable rapid response. Data for disaster risk analysis and prevention Ongoing High resolution digital elevation model Ongoing—WB financing Light detection and ranging, using an airborne laser techniques to densely sample the surface of the earth and produce highly accurate topographic models Ongoing National Emergency Shelter Survey Ongoing—WB financing Information needed: functional survey and ad-hoc structural assessment of all the shelters used in case of emergency; scope countrywide Ongoing Natural Hazards Risk Atlas Ongoing—WB financing First Atlas, will summarize all the major risks to  non-practitioners with a resolution of 1:100,000 scale Ongoing Baseline assessment of hydro-meteorological (including marine) and climate data Planned—WB Financing Estimated available in 2017–2018 Ongoing Systematic and consolidated meteorological and hydrological/hydrogeological database System and baseline planned—WB financing Estimated available in 2017–2018. Will require long term engagement of Government and partners. Ongoing Updated return period for select hazards Planned—WB financing Periodicity of storm; wind; storm surge. Appendix C: Most Significant Data Gaps in Haiti 99 Sector/ theme Data sets/survey descriptions Frequency Comments GAP National public and private critical facilities survey and assessment TBD Assessment of resilience of schools, hospitals, critical administrative offices such as police station, etc., to disaster risk (Earthquakes, Floods, Hurricanes). Financial sector data Ongoing baseline Periodic GAP FINDEX survey on financial inclusion Baseline ongoing— WB financing Ongoing Financial capabilities survey Planned—WB financing GAP Enterprise survey TBD Survey should provide data about firm financing, covering also the informal sector. GAP FinScope surveys TBD In depth surveys about demand and use of financial services (e.g., carried out among households and MSMEs) GAP MixMarket datasets or similar surveys TBD Provide financial data about the structure and performance of all financial cooperatives and microfinance entities and data on the composition and performance of their loan portfolios. Agriculture data GAP Agricultural census Every 5 years Last available 2008 raw data made available recently (FAO). But design and methodology was poor, data is out of date and may not be usable. Survey needs to be consistent across years and digitally collected. Periodic GAP Update/validation of agricultural census/ agricultural survey Yearly Must use representative samples. IHSI tasked  with annual updates but lacks ability to carry out. GAP Time-series satellite imagery TBD Remote sensing to collect data on crop cover, and crop rotations by seasons and years GAP Market information survey agricultural goods TBD Stock and flows of agricultural goods by department, including consumption, imports, exports and goods sold into local markets. Ongoing Updated and scaled-up the National Farmer Registry Ongoing—WB financing Completion date baseline TBD. Water data Planned Comprehensive country baseline for water supply Planned—WB financing Information: boreholes, water networks, household connections, kiosks, etc., and how many people are served by these; Level of detail: community level for the whole territory. Planned National Sanitation Baseline Survey Planned—WB financing Information required: open defecation, improved vs. non improved toilets, collective vs. individual septic tanks, etc., Level of detail: community level for the whole territory. table continues next page 100 Appendix C: Most Significant Data Gaps in Haiti Sector/ theme Data sets/survey descriptions Frequency Comments GAP Survey for water availability in schools and health facilities Periodic TBD Latest available 2009 from Ministry of Education survey of public and private schools. Confirm whether imminent IDB survey of schools includes the water and sanitation. Transport and infrastructure data Ongoing Rural access index Ongoing—WB financing Includes condition of the road networks, road density, and provide reliable geo-referenced and structured road network data. Haiti Toward a New Narrative SKU K8422