(2011-07) CRS - Élections nationales en Haïti : enjeux, préoccupations et résultats

Haiti’s National Elections: Issues, Concerns, and Outcome -name redacted- Specialist in Latin American Affairs July 18, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R41689 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Haiti’s National Elections: Issues, Concerns, and Outcome Summary In proximity to the United States, and with such a chronically unstable political environment and fragile economy, Haiti has been a constant policy issue for the United States. Congress views the stability of the nation with great concern and commitment to improving conditions there. The Obama Administration considers Haiti its top priority in the Latin American and Caribbean region. Both Congress and the international community have invested significant resources in the political, economic, and social development of Haiti, and have closely monitored the election process as a prelude to the next steps in Haiti’s development. For the past 25 years, Haiti has been making the transition from a legacy of authoritarian rule to a democratic government. Elections are a part of that process. In the short term, elections have usually been a source of increased political tensions and instability in Haiti. In the long term, elected governments in Haiti have contributed to the gradual strengthening of government capacity and transparency. Haiti has concluded its latest election cycle, although it is still finalizing the results of a few legislative seats. The United States provided $16 million in election support through the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Like many of the previous Haitian elections, the recent process has been riddled with political tensions, violence, allegations of irregularities, and low voter turnout. The first round of voting for president and the legislature, held on November 28, 2010, was marred by opposition charges of fraud, especially in the presidential race. The Haitian government asked the Organization of American States (OAS) for help and delayed releasing final results, while the OAS team of international elections experts investigated and verified the process. On February 3, following the OAS team’s recommendations, the Haitian Provisional Electoral Council (CEP) reversed their original finding by eliminating Jude Celestin, the governing party’s candidate, from the race by a narrow margin. Instead, Michel “Sweet Micky” Martelly, a popular singer, proceeded to the run-off race against Mirlande Manigat, a constitutional lawyer and university administrator. After months of dispute, the second round of elections took place on March 20. The OAS electoral observation mission reported that the second round was more organized, transparent, and peaceful than the first. When final results were announced, controversy again erupted, this time over legislative races. The CEP’s final tallies changed the outcome in favor of the ruling Inite party for 19 legislative districts. Under pressure from the public and the OAS mission, the CEP eventually reverted to 15 of the 19 original results; four seats in the chamber of deputies are still to be decided. The outcome of the presidential race was not challenged, and Michel Martelly was sworn into office peacefully on May 14. Local elections are due to be held, but haven’t yet been scheduled. President Martelly is having difficulty forming his administration. The legislature passed several constitutional amendments in a flurry of activity in its first three weeks. Since then it has focused on the selection of a prime minister. The majority Inite parliament blocked Martelly’s first choice, and over half of the Senate asked him to rescind his second candidate. In addition to ongoing issues regarding the legitimacy of the March 20 elections, other questions have raised concerns within the international community and Congress. These include the destabilizing presence of former dictator Jean-Claude “Baby Doc” Duvalier and former President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, and the newly elected government’s ability to handle the complex post- earthquake reconstruction process and its relationship with the donor community. Congressional Research Service Haiti’s National Elections: Issues, Concerns, and Outcome Contents Introduction................................................................................................................................1 Background to the Recent Elections............................................................................................1 The Presidential Race............................................................................................................3 The First Round of Voting...............................................................................................3 The Final Round of Voting..............................................................................................6 The Legislative Race.............................................................................................................8 The First Round..............................................................................................................8 The Final Round of Voting: Amid Controversy an Incomplete Legislature is Sworn In......................................................................................................................8 Local Elections Still to be Held.............................................................................................8 The Newly Elected Government..................................................................................................9 President Martelly.................................................................................................................9 The Legislature.....................................................................................................................9 Issues and Concerns Regarding Elections and Post-Election Governance...................................10 Short-term Issues................................................................................................................11 Election Monitoring......................................................................................................11 Concerns about the Electoral Process............................................................................11 The Provisional Electoral Council.................................................................................13 Legitimacy....................................................................................................................14 Long-term Issues.................................................................................................................14 Reconstruction and the Management of Foreign Assistance...........................................14 Security and Human Rights...........................................................................................15 Stability and the Return of Former Leaders...................................................................16 Outlook.....................................................................................................................................17 Tables Table B-1. Representation of Political Parties in Haitian Senate.................................................19 Table B-2. Representation of Political Parties in Haitian Chamber of Deputies..........................19 Appendixes Appendix A. U.S. Elections Assistance......................................................................................18 Appendix B. Make-up of the Parliament....................................................................................19 Contacts Author Contact Information......................................................................................................20 Congressional Research Service Haiti’s National Elections: Issues, Concerns, and Outcome Introduction Congress views the stability of Haiti with great concern and commitment to improving conditions there. Both Congress and the international community have invested significant resources in the political, economic, and social development of Haiti, and closely monitored the conduct of the 2010-2011 elections as a prelude to the next steps in Haiti’s development. Haiti has been struggling to build and strengthen democratic institutions for 25 years, ever since massive popular protests and international pressure forced dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier to abandon his rule and flee the country in 1986. Known as “Baby Doc,” Duvalier came to power in 1971, succeeding his father, Francois “Papa Doc” Duvalier, who had ruled since 1957. Their 29- year dictatorship was marked by repression and corruption. Hoping to reverse almost 200 years of mostly violent and authoritarian rule, Haitians overwhelmingly approved a new constitution creating a democratic government in 1987. De facto military rule, coups and thwarted attempts at democratic elections continued until a provisional civilian government conducted what was widely heralded as Haiti’s first free and fair elections in 1990, in which Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a former Catholic priest, was elected President. In the short term, elections have usually been a source of increased political tensions and instability in Haiti. In the long term, elections in Haiti have contributed to the slow strengthening of government capacity and transparency. Elected governments have developed long-term development plans resulting in international technical and financial assistance. They have developed national budgets and made them public. The number of employees in bloated state enterprises has been reduced. The government carried out the fiscal management and transparency reforms necessary to qualify for debt relief from multilateral and some bilateral creditors under the Enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative in 2009. Human rights violations have been drastically reduced. Despite controversy over some aspects of the 2006 elections, Préval was accepted as the legitimate head of state by Haitians and the world community, and oversaw a period of economic growth and relative internal political stability before a devastating earthquake struck the nation in January 2010. There is still much to be accomplished. Some parts of the government are not fully independent, the judicial system is weak, and corruption and political violence still threaten the nation’s stability. Haitian governance capacities, already limited, were considerably diminished by the earthquake. Poverty is massive and deep, and there is extreme economic disparity between a small privileged class and the majority of the population. The United States and other members of the international community continue to support efforts to hold free and fair elections in Haiti in the belief that in the long run they will contribute to improved governance and, eventually, improved services to Haitian citizens and greater stability which will allow for increased development. Congress has given bipartisan support to this policy approach. Background to the Recent Elections The road to democratic development has been bumpy, and the international community became increasingly involved in trying to keep Haiti on that road. Aristide was overthrown in a military coup eight months after he was inaugurated. For three years, the coup leaders resisted Congressional Research Service 1 Haiti’s National Elections: Issues, Concerns, and Outcome international demands that Aristide be restored to office. Only when faced with a U.S. military intervention did the regime relent. Aristide returned in 1994 under the protection of some 20,000 U.S. troops, who transferred responsibility to a United Nations mission in 1995. With U.S. assistance, President Aristide disbanded the army and began to train a professional civilian police force. In 1996 Haitians saw their first transfer of power between two democratically elected presidents when Aristide was succeeded by Rene Préval. Subsequent elections held under Presidents Aristide and Préval, both of whom served two non- consecutive terms,1 were marred by alleged irregularities, low voter turnout, and opposition boycotts. Some election conflicts left Haiti without a fully functioning government, as when most of the legislators’ terms expired in 1999 without elections being held to replace them. President Préval then ruled by decree for the remaining two years of his first term. The international community, including an OAS mission, tried in vain for several years to mediate negotiations between the Aristide government and the opposition over the elections in which Aristide was reelected in 2000. Tension and political violence continued throughout Aristide’s second term, culminating in his flight into exile in 2004, after the refusal of the opposition to negotiate, an armed rebellion, and loss of international support. There were numerous allegations that Aristide was involved in drug trafficking and other corrupt activities. An interim civilian government was formed and oversaw elections in 2006 in which Préval, after a dispute over the vote calculation, was elected to a new term. Since the earthquake that ravaged the Haitian capital of Port-au-Prince and surrounding areas on January 12, 2010, political stability has been especially uncertain, due to the loss of many political figures and government officials, massive damage to government infrastructure, and mounting frustrations at what is widely perceived as slow progress in reconstruction and distribution of over $9 billion in pledged international assistance. An outbreak of cholera has further complicated the situation. At stake in the recent election process were the offices of President, the entire 99-member Chamber of Deputies, and 11 of 30 Senators. The newly elected officials will be responsible for directing reconstruction efforts. Many observers therefore believe that it was especially important that these elections be conducted fairly, so that the new government be accepted as legitimate by both the Haitian public and international donors, including the United States, who are providing technical and financial support to the election process. The Obama Administration, which considers Haiti its top priority in the Latin American and Caribbean region, provided $16 million in election support through the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). (See Appendix A for details on U.S. elections assistance to Haiti.) The UN Stabilization Mission for Haiti (MINUSTAH) provided security and technical support for the process. Parliamentary elections had originally been scheduled for February 28, 2010, but were postponed because of the earthquake. The terms of all of the Chamber of Deputies and of one-third of the Senate expired on May 10, 2010. Because elections were not held before then, the legislature ceased to function as a whole. Normally, the legislature must approve federal procurement contracts and authorize spending. Before it adjourned, however, the legislature passed a State of Emergency law in April 2010 giving the executive branch those and other broad powers for 18 months, to October 2011. The date mandated in the constitution for any president’s inauguration 1 Jean Bertrand Aristide served as President in Haiti from February through September 1991; 1994-1996; and 2001- 2004. Rene Préval has served as President from 1996-2001; and 2006-2011 (term extended until May 14). Congressional Research Service 2 Haiti’s National Elections: Issues, Concerns, and Outcome is February 7 (the anniversary of Duvalier’s flight into exile). Because of the delays caused by the earthquake, and the difficulty of organizing elections following such a disaster, the legislature also authorized the extension of Préval’s term to May 14, if necessary. The President, Senators, and Deputies are elected to serve five-year terms. The constitution limits presidents to two non-consecutive terms. There are no term limits for the legislature, although turnover for its members has been high. The first round of both the presidential and legislative elections took place on November 28, 2010. According to the Haitian constitution, if no candidate receives an absolute majority of the vote, a runoff vote between the top two candidates is held for presidential and Chamber of Deputy seats. For Senate seats, candidates who lack an absolute majority but have at least 20% more votes than the next candidate are declared the winner. The Presidential Race President Préval was completing his second non-consecutive term, the maximum allowed by the Haitian constitution. Nineteen candidates vied to succeed him in the first round. Like most previous elections in Haiti, this one centered around personalities more than parties or issues. A group of Haitian journalists, the Public Policy Intervention Group, with the support of the National Democratic Institute and the Commission on Presidential Debates, tried to encourage more substantive discussions among the presidential candidates by holding a series of debates that were broadcast nationwide. All 19 presidential candidates participated. The first round produced contested results and politically motivated violence. After the Haitian government accepted the recommendations of international observers, the dispute was resolved and the vote went to a second round. Michel Martelly was declared the winner and was inaugurated on May 14. The First Round of Voting The top three candidates, according to polls before the first round, were Mirlande Manigat, Jude Celestin, and Michel “Sweet Micky” Martelly.2 Manigat is a Vice Rector and professor of constitutional law at the private Université Quisqueya in Port-au-Prince. She is a former Senator and First Lady—her husband Leslie Manigat was elected in 1988 in elections held under a military regime, and overthrown four months later. Mirlande Manigat describes herself and her Rassemblement des Democrates Nationaux (RDNP , Assembly of Progressive National Democrats) party as center-left, or as “capitalist with a human face,” in the tradition of Brazil’s moderate leftist President Lula da Silva.3 Some other analysts regard her as more of a conservative. Jude Celestin, a technocrat, was little known before Préval chose him to run as his successor on the ticket of the Inite (Unity) party created by the President. As Director of the National Equipment Center, Celestin oversaw the construction of hundreds of miles of roads that made remote villages and farmlands accessible. He was reportedly described by many as an extremely focused workaholic. Questions had arisen about his background: he claimed an engineering 2 It is important to note that polls have been historically unreliable in Haiti. 3 Time, “The Woman Who Would be Haiti’s New President,” November 15, 2010. Congressional Research Service 3 Haiti’s National Elections: Issues, Concerns, and Outcome degree from the Swiss Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne, which reportedly has no records of his attendance or graduation, and he has four properties in Florida in foreclosure. Polling at a distant third was Michel Martelly, a famous Haitian kompa dance musician, known for his bawdy performances, and popular with young voters. He acknowledges his political inexperience, but said he would seek expert international advice to guide him in developing foreign investments and tourism to stimulate the economy. Martelly, also a businessman, has personal financial issues. He defaulted on over $1 million in loans and had three properties in Florida go into foreclosure, raising questions about his financial management skills.4 Of the 16 remaining candidates, eight were former government officials. Most prominent among them were: Jacques-Edouard Alexis, prime minister under Préval who was dismissed in 2008 by the legislature following violent protests over high food and cost-of-living prices; Yvon Neptune, prime minister under former President Jean-Bertrand Aristide; and Leslie Voltaire, an urban planner who has served as Minister of Education, and of Haitians Living Abroad, as Chief of Staff to Aristide, advisor to Préval, and a coordinator for the government’s reconstruction planning. Both international and domestic election observers said that November’s election day was “marred by disorganization, dysfunction, various types of irregularities, ballot stuffing and incidents of intimidation, vandalism of polling stations and violence.”5 These problems were reported throughout the country, but were most prevalent in the capital of Port-au-Prince. According to the OAS observation team, More subversive of the process was the toxic atmosphere created by the allegations of “massive fraud”. The JEOM [OAS /Caribbean Community Joint Election Observation Mission]observed instances where even before the voting started, any inconvenience or small problem led to the immediate cry of fraud. Such conduct continued during the day.6 The Joint Election Observation Mission concluded that the irregularities, “serious as they were,” did not necessarily invalidate the electoral process. Several Haitian civil society groups and election observation groups presented their reports to the OAS mission; although they gave a “scathing indictment of the shortcomings, irregularities and fraud that tarnished” the elections, they did not call for the elections to be cancelled.7 (See “Election Monitoring” below for further information on the observation process.) Some critics, including some Members of Congress, called for the elections to be annulled and new elections to be held, and criticized the OAS electoral mission for having a pro-government bias.8 Some critics continued to charge that former President Aristide’s Lavalas party had been 4 Frances Robles, “Haiti candidate Martelly lost three S. Florida properties to foreclosure,” Miami Herald, March 7, 2011. 5 Organization of American States, Report of the OAS-Caricom Joint Electoral Observation Mission on the First Round of the Presidential and Legislative Elections of 28 November 2010 in Haiti, February 2011, p. 4. 6 Organization of American States, OAS-CARICOM Joint Electoral Observation Mission on Haiti’s Presidential and Legislative Elections of 28 November 2010, press release E-461-10, November 29, 2010, http://www.oas.org/en/ media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-461/10. 7 Organization of American States, Report of …February 2011, op. cit, p. 7. 8 See, for example, Congressional Black Caucus Task Force on Foreign Policy and International Affairs, “Statement on Haiti Elections and OAS Report,” press release, February 1, 2011, as reprinted by Center for Economic and Policy Research, http://www.cepr.net/index.php/blogs/relief-and-reconstruction-watch/congressional-black-caucus-statement- (continued...) Congressional Research Service 4 Haiti’s National Elections: Issues, Concerns, and Outcome excluded from the current elections, although according to the Provisional Electoral Council (CEP), the Haitian government body responsible for organizing the elections, and the OAS, no Lavalas faction submitted the document required to register its legislative candidates as the ones authorized to represent the Lavalas party. Furthermore, no faction of Lavalas submitted any candidate for the presidential elections. Many former Lavalas members ran under other parties’ banners. Contested Results And An Impasse On December 7, 2010, the CEP announced preliminary results. Voter turnout was a historically low 22.8% of registered voters. The reported tally for President was 31.37% of votes cast for Mirlande Manigat, 22.48% for Jude Celestin, and 21.84% for Michel Martelly. Although it appeared that all but one legislative race would need to proceed to a second round as well, the most controversy surrounded the presidential results. The U.S. Embassy stated that it was “concerned” by official preliminary results that were “inconsistent with the published results” of various domestic and international observers.9 The CEP’s announcement was followed by three days of violent protests, with Martelly supporters charging that fraud had put Celestin ahead, and that their candidate should have placed second. Tensions continued, as various actors called for action across a range of options, including but not limited to, accepting the preliminary results, sending the top three candidates to a run-off (although the constitution calls for only the top two candidates to proceed), holding new elections, or re-counting the ballots. Investigations And Revised Results Negotiations between the OAS and the Haitian government ensued, resulting in the OAS sending a team of election experts to Haiti on December 30, 2010, to verify the results of the presidential election. The team conducted a statistical analysis of a national random sample of the vote count, finding that as voter participation rates rose above the national average of about 23%, so also rose the probability of serious irregularities.10 The expert mission then reviewed the result sheets from all polling places where participation rate was 50% or higher and a single candidate garnered 150 votes or more, and from all polling places where the participation rate was greater than 100%. Using criteria established in Haitian electoral law, the expert mission recommended that votes from some of these polling places be excluded from the final tally. Some votes for all the candidates were excluded because of irregularities; the top three candidates had by far the most votes excluded. The revised tally reversed the second and third place candidates, giving Martelly 22.2%, and Celestin 21.9% of the vote, still less than one percent difference between the two. Manigat remained in first place with 31.6% of the vote. (...continued) on-elections. See also James Morrell, “Haiti-Elections: Send this mission packing,” AlterPresse, January 5, 2011; some of the “facts” in this article are, by the author’s own account, “incomplete” and “unconfirmed.” 9 Embassy of the United States, Dept. of State, “Statement by the Embassy of the United States Following the Publication of Results of the November 28 National Elections by the CEP,” press release, December 7, 2010, http://haiti.usembassy.gov/press-releases-2012/untitled6.html. 10 Information and quotes in this section on the expert mission’s findings are from: Organization of American States, Expert Verification Mission of the Vote Tabulation of the November 28, 2010 Presidential Election in the Republic of Haiti, Final Report, Port-au-Prince, Haiti, January 13, 2011. Congressional Research Service 5 Haiti’s National Elections: Issues, Concerns, and Outcome Although the expert mission said that, “By any measure, these were problematic elections,” it ruled out the option of conducting a new national election. Because the irregularities most affected the top three candidates, the mission concluded that “a new election would involve more contests and candidacies than the evidence warranted.” The mission made recommendations for improving the process in the second round, including improving poll worker training, creating a more transparent and consistent verification process at the central vote tabulation center, and replacing poll workers at locations where irregularities occurred. The expert verification mission submitted its report to then-President Préval on January 13, 2011. Préval was reported to be displeased with some of the team’s methodology, what was seen as its usurping of the CEP’s role, and that the report had been leaked. Some advocacy groups and other critics also objected to their methodology.11 Other long-time Haiti observers said that there was “no reason to question its impartiality and seriousness of purpose.”12 Worried that Préval would insist on his candidate advancing to the second round, the United States and other major donors applied pressure on the Préval Administration to accept the OAS recommendations. The State Department revoked some Haitian officials’ visas, and warned it might review U.S. aid to Haiti if the recommendations were ignored. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton traveled to Haiti January 30, saying that the U.S. was not about to cut off aid, but she pressed President Préval to accept the OAS recommendations. Préval sent the report to the CEP on January 18 for implementation. The CEP said that it would implement the technical recommendations for improving the second round, and take the recommendation regarding the second and third place candidates into consideration as it resumed the dispute resolution phase of the electoral process that had been suspended during the verification process. Tension continued as observers wondered whether the CEP would accept or reject the OAS recommendations. A second OAS team of legal experts accompanied the CEP’s disputes and challenges phase and the adjudication of complaints. Concluding that phase, the CEP released the final presidential and legislative election results on February 3, accepting that Mirlande Manigat and Michel Martelly would proceed to the second round of presidential elections. The public response was calm. The candidates resumed campaigning on February 17. The Final Round of Voting The final round of voting for president and the legislature was held on March 20, 2011. Mirlande Manigat was still the frontrunner in early March, although a poll by Haiti’s private sector showed Michel Martelly pulling ahead by March 9.13 The extremely popular Haitian-born hip-hop musician Wyclef Jean, who was ruled ineligible to run for president himself because he did not meet Haitian residency requirements, threw his support behind Martelly. 11 See, for example, Mark Weisbrot and Jake Johnston, Analysis of the OAS Mission’s Draft Report on Haiti’s Election, Center for Economic and Policy Research, Issue Brief, January 2011, http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/ haiti-oas-analysis-2011-01.pdf. 12 Editorial, “Haiti’s decision,” Miami Herald, February 3, 2011. 13 Mateos, March 4, 2011, op.cit.; and Jacqueline Charles, “Manigat, Martelly kept to script in rare debate for Haiti presidency; Haiti presidential candidates offered little clarity on policies Wednesday in a televised presidential debate,” Miami Herald, March 9, 2011. Congressional Research Service 6 Haiti’s National Elections: Issues, Concerns, and Outcome Political tensions had initially decreased following the announcement of the second-round presidential candidates. On March 8, however, three men putting up posters in support of Manigat were found dead, showing signs of mutilation, suggesting that political tensions could still erupt at any moment. Asked what her priorities were, Mirlande Manigat echoed a common feeling that “everything is a priority.”14 She went on to say that her immediate priorities would be solving the cholera problem and addressing the situation of displaced Haitians living in camps. In terms of long-term development, she said that education is key as a tool for development and for reducing frustration among Haiti’s youth. She also said that Haiti’s “very unacceptable” social inequalities required profound changes to reduce social volatility. Opponents disparage her age (she is 70) and criticize her for being more comfortable speaking in French than Creole and for being removed from Haiti’s impoverished masses. In her later campaign stops, she addressed Haitian crowds and press in Creole, and appeared in a Port-au-Prince slum.15 Michel Martelly, age 50, also emphasizes education, along with agricultural production and the importance of family. He said his campaign was “to bring joy, to bring music, to bring love, to bring peace, prosperity, development and change in every corner of the country of Haiti.”16 Critics raised concern about his lack of education (he does not have a college degree) and lack of political or institutional management experience, and his personal financial problems. Martelly, who often performs in outlandish costumes, was trying to shift his image, and started wearing three-piece suits. He also hired a Spanish public relations firm to handle his campaign. The OAS-CARICOM electoral observation mission reported that the second round of elections were “quite an improvement in many ways on the first round,” characterizing them as more peaceful and better organized.17 The mission acknowledged that were still problems and some violence, but said that the Provisional Electoral Council had taken effective measures to correct problems, and the Haitian National Police had coordinated more closely with MINUSTAH and taken more actions to prevent violent disruptions of the process. Preliminary results were expected by March 31, but the CEP said it delayed their release until April 4 because of irregularities. The CEP announced final results April 16 and declared Martelly the winner. Martelly received almost 68% of the votes cast to Manigat’s 32%. The presidential election results were accepted without dispute, unlike the legislative results (see below for more details). Voter turnout was even lower than the first round’s 22.8%, however, so the 716,989 votes cast for Martelly constitute only 15% of the 4.7 million registered voters. Both previous presidents were elected with stronger mandates. Aristide received over 1 million votes in 1990, and Préval received almost 1 million votes in 1995, when the pool of registered voters was only 3.5 million.18 14 Trenton Daniel, “Professor, first lady and ( maybe) president,” Miami Herald, February 13, 2011. 15 Jacqueline Charles, “Campaign opens for Haiti’s presidential runoff,” Miami Herald, February 21, 2011. 16 Jacqueline Charles, Feb. 21, 2011, op.cit. 17 Organization of American States, “Press statement on the second round of presidential and legislative elections in Haiti,” press release E-580/11, March 21, 2011. 18 “Martelly has the X factor,” Latin American Weekly Report, Latin American Newsletters, April 7, 2011, p. 2 (for all figures in this paragraph). Congressional Research Service 7 Haiti’s National Elections: Issues, Concerns, and Outcome The Legislative Race19 The legislative offices up for election included the entire 99-member Chamber of Deputies, and 11 of 30 Senate seats. The First Round While some critics charged that fraud had been used to advance Inite legislative candidates in the first round, the mandate of the OAS election expert mission brought in to help resolve the first round dispute was only to examine the presidential results, not the legislative ones. The CEP handled legislative disputes and challenges and the adjudication of complaints, and was accompanied during this phase by the second OAS team of legal experts. The legal expert mission “observed with satisfaction” that legislative candidates submitted a large number of complaints, “demonstrating that grievances can be effectively addressed by rule of the law procedures.”20 In the Senate, four races were determined by the first round, seating three Inite and one Altenativ candidate. Seven contests proceeded to a second round, with seven Inite candidates facing candidates from three other parties. In the Chamber of Deputies, Préval’s party won or proceeded to runoffs in 68 of the 99 races. The Final Round of Voting: Amid Controversy an Incomplete Legislature is Sworn In The results of the second round of voting for legislative seats were contentious. Charges of fraud led to violent demonstrations across the country and resulting in the deaths of at least two people, including the director of a hospital that was set on fire. The legislature sworn in on April 25 was incomplete: the results in 19 districts were challenged. International observers reported that the final results released by the CEP for those districts had been changed to favor candidates associated with Préval’s Inite coalition, and demanded that all 19 results be annulled. The CEP reviewed the cases and endorsed 15 of the 19 original results, the government published the official results, and the legislators were able to take their seats. Four seats in the chamber of deputies are still to be decided. President Martelly has said he will address the issue once his cabinet is in place. Local Elections Still to be Held Local elections for municipal councils, town delegates, and other posts are due to be held as well. USAID’s post-disaster election assessment suggested they be held in mid-2011. So far there is no date scheduled to hold them. 19 Official results from Conseil Electoral Provisoire, at http://cephaiti2010.org/. Translated by author. 20 Organization of American States, Report of …February 2011, op. cit, p. 8. Congressional Research Service 8 Haiti’s National Elections: Issues, Concerns, and Outcome The Newly Elected Government President Martelly Michel Martelly was sworn into office as Haiti’s new President on May 14, 2011. When outgoing President Rene Préval gave him the presidential sash it was the first time in Haitian history that a peaceful, democratic transfer of power occurred between Presidents of opposing parties. Martelly’s lack of political or management experience causes concern among many observers about the former carnival performer’s ability to carry out his promises of free and compulsory education, job creation, agricultural development, and strengthened rule of law. Martelly’s close connections to supporters of the Duvalier dictatorship (1957-1986) and perpetrators of the 1991 military coup that overthrew Haiti’s first democratically elected president raise concerns among some critics that he may have autocratic leanings. Some Haitians said they saw a vote for him as a rejection of the traditional political class and of what they viewed as Préval’s lackluster approach to reconstruction after the earthquake. Before he was sworn in, President-elect Martelly met with Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in Washington. Clinton endorsed Martelly, and made suggestions as to how his government could speed the pace of reconstruction. These included simplifying the transfer the ownership of state- owned land for affordable housing, and streamlining the currently cumbersome process of starting a new business in Haiti. Martelly called the reconstruction process “despairingly slow” and asked for a restructuring of foreign aid.21 Martelly is having difficulty forming his new government. The parliament rejected his first nominee for prime minister, an economist and businessman named Daniel Rouzier. The President has proposed another candidate, but is not faring well with that choice, either. Martelly’s second nominee is Bernard Gousse, who was justice minister under the interim government that followed the violent ouster of then-President Jean-Bertrand Aristide in 2004. Human rights groups accused Gousse of persecuting Aristide supporters during his tenure. Concern over his record led 16 of 30 senators to petition Martelly to rescind Gousse’s nomination, with some alleging that several sitting members of both houses of parliament were victims of Gousse’s arbitrary arrests and detentions.22 A Haitian law firm subsequently asked the legislature to investigate Gousse, alleging he is also guilty of being “an accomplice to murder” while he was justice minister.23 Martelly is still finalizing the list of other cabinet ministers. The Legislature The new legislature began to work three weeks before Martelly was sworn in, as winners of the uncontested legislative races were sworn in and convened on April 25. 21 Lesley Clark and Jacqueline Charles, "Haiti's Martelly meets with Clinton during first visit to Washington since election," The Miami Herald, April 20, 2011. 22 "Haiti president confident second PM passes," AP, July 10, 2011, and "Haiti leader tries again with second PM- designate," Reuters News, July 6, 2011. 23 "Haiti law firm files for probe against PM pick," AP, July 15, 2011. Congressional Research Service 9 Haiti’s National Elections: Issues, Concerns, and Outcome The legislature immediately considered constitutional reforms that had been passed under the previous legislature, so that they could go into effect this year. Constitutional amendments passed by two consecutive legislatures go into effect when the next president takes office. Both chambers approved an amendment allowing dual citizenship, a big issue among the Haitian expatriate community, some of whom were ruled ineligible to run for office by the previous prohibition against dual citizenship. Other amendments passed include provisions providing for an increase in women’s representation in public administration, and creating a Constitutional Council to review the constitutionality of laws. Controversy has arisen around the status of these amendments, which Martelly has said he will also address once his government is formed.24 Haitian political parties tend to be platforms more for individuals than for clear agendas, leading to a proliferation of many, often short-lived parties. This is reflected in the distribution of parties within each chamber. There are seven parties in the Senate, which has 30 seats, and 17 parties in the Chamber of Deputies, which has 99 seats. (See Appendix B for the distribution of seats among parties in the legislature.) The Inite coalition captured a majority in both houses of the legislature, so President Martelly will have to negotiate with them to get his proposals passed. The nature of Haitian political parties also contributes to the low re-election rate in the Haitian parliament. Of the 99 contested seats in the Chamber of Deputies, about 25 went to incumbents. One former Deputy won a seat in the Senate. The leaders of the two chambers have varying amounts of previous legislative experience. The President of the Chamber of Deputies, Sorel Jacinthe, is serving his third term in the lower chamber. He immigrated to New York in 1979; he began college studies at the University Maryland, and finished them in Haiti when he returned there in the late 1980s. The President of the Senate, Jean Rodolphe Joazile, was a member of the Senate in 2000, and served as Treasurer, but resigned in 2001. He was a captain in the Haitian army, and, according to the State Department, studied at the former U.S. Army School of the Americas in Fort Benning, Georgia. Since the flurry of activity passing amendments between their installation and that of the president, the legislature has focused primarily on consideration of a new prime minister. Issues and Concerns Regarding Elections and Post- Election Governance The concerns over this particular election cycle in Haiti are shared by the international donor community, Congress, and the Obama Administration. Each group is deeply concerned about the political stability of the government, its ability to move forward with a clearly defined plan for the reconstruction and development of post-earthquake Haitian society, and the effectiveness of the foreign aid each provides. In the long term, elections in Haiti have contibuted to the slow 24 The amendments are in a state of constitutional limbo. To become law, bills passed by the legislature must be published by the executive branch. The wording of the amendments sent to be published by the outgoing Préval Administration differed from that actually passed by the legislature, and there are no constitutional provisions for correcting such errors, according to the State Department, so the amendments have not yet become law. Congressional Research Service 10 Haiti’s National Elections: Issues, Concerns, and Outcome strengthening of government capacity and transparency. In the short term, elections have usually been a source of increased political tensions and instability. Short-term Issues Election Monitoring The Organization of American States (OAS) /Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Joint Election Observation Mission was the only major international monitor of the recent election process. The mission had long-term observers on the ground since August 3, 2010. By November 19, 2010, it had 68 observers dispersed across Haiti’s 10 departments (political subdivisions).25 It deployed more observers the week leading up to and on the November 28 election day, when there were 118 observers. The joint mission has been observing the various phases of the electoral process, and will continue to do so until all official results of the second round elections are finalized. The mission has met regularly with the Provisional Electoral Council, making suggestions based on its observations. It has also met with political parties, passing on their concerns to the CEP as well. Some people believed there should have been more long-term international observers, but donors thought that given the difficulty in logistics posed by post-earthquake conditions, and Haiti’s relatively small size, the single, smaller mission would suffice. The OAS deployed 200 observers for the March 20 second round elections. Some observers criticized the mission for not questioning the validity of the elections earlier in the process. Others criticized the mission for being both part of the process, through its technical assistance to the office providing identity cards, and judge of that same process. Other smaller organizations and diplomatic missions, including the U.S. and Canadian embassies, and about 6,000 nonpartisan domestic election observers monitored voting on election day across the country during the first round. Many of these groups observed the March 20th round as well. Concerns about the Electoral Process The OAS/CARICOM observation mission expressed ongoing concerns about election security. Some opposition candidates alleged during the first round of voting that candidates and supporters of the ruling Inite party distributed weapons. The OAS mission asked those making accusations to present evidence so that investigations could be carried out.26 In November the OAS/CARICOM election monitoring team expressed concern about election-related violence, and asked candidates to “carry out their campaigning in a calm atmosphere and to display tolerance, friendliness and mutual respect.”27 Almost up to the last moment, observers worried 25 Organization of American States, The Joint Mission OAS/CARICOM in Haiti provides an update after more than three months of activity, November 19, 2010, http://wwww.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/VDUX-8BCRQE? OpenDocument. 26 [Ambassador Colin Granderson], “Presentation made to the Extraordinary Meeting of the Group of Friends of Haiti: Update on Elections and Perspectives on Reconstruction Efforts,” OAS General Services Building, Washington, DC, Oct. 27, 2010. 27 “The OAS/CARICOM Joint Election Observation Mission in Haiti calls on Political Actors to Conduct Campaigning in Atmosphere of Tolerance and Friendliness,” States News Service, November 11, 2010. Congressional Research Service 11 Haiti’s National Elections: Issues, Concerns, and Outcome that the eruption of violence or political unrest could possibly cause a postponement before, or trouble after, the elections. Angered by rumors that UN troops may have introduced cholera to Haiti, Haitians attacked UN soldiers in late 2010.28 Any further attacks against UN troops could have been particularly problematic, as MINUSTAH was responsible for providing security for the election process, as well as transportation of ballots and other election material. There are 9,000 MINUSTAH security personnel, and 3,500 Haitian National Police (PNH) providing security. UN officials revised security plans for the second round.29 An early assessment of the elections issued a reminder that MINUSTAH’s mandate is mostly to observe and support the PNH, not to handle situations directly.30 After the first-round elections, the U.S. State Department issued a new travel warning strongly urging U.S. citizens to avoid non-essential travel to Haiti in part because of “continued high crime, the cholera outbreak, frequent disturbances in Port-au-Prince and in provincial cities, and limited police protection” and because “travel within Haiti is hazardous.”31 Since the first-round elections, there have been violent protests resulting in deaths. Once the final results were announced, the atmosphere was calmer. Nonetheless, the situation remained volatile. Observers of the electoral process also voiced concern about the level of voter participation because it affects the legitimacy of the election’s results. In April and June 2009, voter turnout for partial Senate elections was a meager 11% of the electorate. Turnout is usually much higher for presidential elections, however, and the observation mission viewed active campaigning and large numbers of voters going to verification centers as signs that turnout would be healthy. Although turnout was higher than in 2009, it was only about 22% in the