Potansyèl Mikwo-rezo Solè Ayisyen: Rapò Klasman Vil yo

P U B L I C V E R S I O N Mailing and Delivery Address: 1000 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1600, Arlington, VA 22209 - 3901 Phone: 703 – 875 – 4357 • Fax: 703 – 875 – 4009 • Web site: www.ustda.gov Haitian Solar - Powered Micro - grid Potential: Town Ranking Report Client: Enèji Pwòp , SA Contractor: Energy and Security Group This report was funded by the U.S. Trade and Development Agency (USTDA), an agency of the U.S. Government. The opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this document are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of USTDA. USTDA makes no representation about, nor does it accept responsibility for, the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this report. Mailing and Delivery Address: 1000 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1600, Arlington, VA 22209 - 3901 Phone: 703 – 875 – 4357 • Fax: 703 – 875 – 4009 • Web site: www.ustda.gov The U.S. Trade and Development Agency The U.S. Trade and Development Agency help s companies create U.S. jobs through the export of U.S. goods and services for priority development projects in emerging economies. USTDA links U.S. businesses to export opportunities by funding project planning activities, pilot projects, and reverse trad e missions while creating sustainable infrastructure and economic growth in partner countries. 1 Table of Content Acknowledgements ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 2 Executive Summary ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 3 Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 6 Feasibility Study Process ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 6 Energy Access Context ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 6 Issues and Challenges ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 6 Methodology ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 7 Results and Analysis ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 8 Legal Landscape Analysis ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 8 Town Rankings, Version 1 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 8 Town Rankings, Version 2 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 14 Top 41 Towns ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 21 Remaining Towns ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 63 Prospective U.S. Sources of Supply ................................ ................................ ........... 105 2 Acknowledgements This project would not have been possible without the determined and dedicated efforts of many collaborating partners. The project would like to acknowledge its deep appreciation of the nearly 40 Microgrid Field Researchers who spent up to two months visi ting remote towns under challenging conditions. Similar gratitude is extended to Thunder Capital, working in immediate collaboration with the Haitian Institute for Energy, for its flexibility and ability to recruit and manage an extensive team of research ers, all on a tight timeline. Dr. René Jean - Jume au of the Haiti Institute for Energy , in particular, lent enormous value to the context and research components of this effort. He was supported by a talented team, including: Raymond Lerebours, Lesly Dumont, Leslie Gervais , Evenson Calixte, Cassimir Chatelier, Patrick Conde, Clampitch Louissaint, Markenson Nozine, and Betonus Pierre . The project is also grateful to Haitian universities, including Université Quisqueya, Université d’Etat d’Haïti and Enstiti Tra vay Sosyal ak Syans Sosyal (The Institute for Social Work and Social Sciences) , that kindly cooperated to nominate field researcher candidates. Fritz Frederic and Marcia Nordgren provided valuable analysis on the legal landscape. EarthSpark International a nd its team and volunteers bolstered research, offered guidance, and filled gaps as they arose. The Enèji Pwòp team itself and the people of Les Anglais offered invaluable support, from expanding on the existing microgrid context to hosting the entire tea m in Les Anglais in the summer of 2015. Finally, many thanks to Brian Gurr who supported the project from start to finish and Alex Fisher and Ayscha Hamdani, who worked tirelessly to support project management in Haiti. We offer special thanks to the foll owing m icro - g rid f ield r esearchers: Jimmy Alfred Ricardo Accus Yves Junior Beaubrun Peterson Belizaire Phara Bellevue Benan Berhan Johnson Bessard Grace Cineas Ruth Dorméus Vildens Dorvilier Emmanuel Phillipe Eder Joanne Gaillard Laurence Huneault Wilem Jean Danel Jean Denis Jesula Christine Jean Simon Davermann Joseph Stefan Koester Ganyelar Laurent Geralda Louis Marie - Hélène Marcelin Damhillahnhillah Mondélus Alizé Osner Louiceus Ozias Eventz Delly Pierre Mary Reintsma Luxone Samedy Fedner St.Cimé Alyssa Teddy Marie Judith Theodore Paul Veillard 3 Executive Summary Energy access is low in Haiti, where an estimated 70% of the population lacks a connection. In the absence of reliable electricity, economic growth is stifled and households must resort to costly fuel - based lighting and cooking solutions. Enèji Pwòp, S.A, a Haitian social enterprise, seeks to directly resolve this shortcoming with the development of town - sized solar - powered smart grids. Enèj i Pwòp operates one such grid in Les Anglais, Haiti, providing nearly 500 homes and businesses with 24 - hour electricity, and has set the goal of building 80 more grids in the country in the next 5 years . Unfortunately, a serious shortage of town - specific data has hindered an informed selection of future potentially viable towns , which prevents expansion. The legal and regulatory environment for rural electricity in Haiti has been uncertain and is in flux. In order for any microgrid developments to happen a t scale, these problems will need to be solved. This report address es th ese shortfall s . For the market data, this report documents the results and analysis of a nationwide study of 89 rural towns in Haiti assessing the feasibility of microgrid developmen t. Over the course of several months in 2015, a team of 40 field researchers visited the towns, undertaking surveys on economic activities, political will, energy demand, infrastructure and strength of civic organizations. From the data, the towns were sc ored and ranked based on their potential suit abi lity for a viable micro - grid. S coring is subject to the weighting of data, which can vary widely, as understanding of micro - grid feasibility criteria evolve s . This report presents two different scoring metho dologies . Tables below present the town rankings according to the two methodologies. Table 1 . Town Rankings, Version 1 Town Name Rank Town Name Rank Town Name Rank Limbé 1 L’Estère 31 Gressier 61 Petite - Rivière - de - l’Artibonite 2 Arniquet 32 Fonds - Parisien 62 La Victoire 3 Mont - Organisé 33 Dame - Marie 63 Desdunes 4 Désarmes 34 Savanette 64 Dessalines / Marchand 5 Belladère 35 Randel 65 Verrettes 6 Baie - de - Henne 36 Bois de Laurence 66 Anse - d’A inault 7 Roseaux 37 Capotille 67 Liancourt 8 Bahon 38 Beaumont 68 Belle - Anse 9 Cerca - Ca r vajal 39 Chantal 69 Maïssade 10 Bord de mer de Limonade 40 Duchity 70 Anse - à - Foleur 11 Cornillon 41 Marfranc 71 Labadie 12 Arnaud 42 Momb i n - Crochu 72 Pilate 13 Fond - des - Blancs 43 Mare - Rouge 73 Vallières 14 Ferrier 44 Thiotte 74 4 Town Name Rank Town Name Rank Town Name Rank Grande - Rivière - du - Nord 15 Thomassique 45 Acul - du - Nord 75 Luly 16 Anse - à - Pitre 46 Paillant 76 Plaisance - du - Sud 17 L’Ïle - à - Vache 47 Carice 77 Côtes - de - Fer 18 Plaisance 48 Borgne 78 Dondon 19 Terre - Neuve 49 Ca z ale 79 Anse - Rouge 20 Grand - Gosier 50 La Vallée - de - Jacmel 80 Abricot 21 Moron 51 Carcasse 81 Ennery 22 Ganthier 52 Port - Margot 82 Boucan - Carré 23 La Tortue 53 Cahoane * 83 Pointe - à - Raquette 24 Perches 54 Pont - sondé 25 Bas - Limbé 55 Pestel 26 Bonbon 56 Les Irois 27 Petit Bourg de Port Margot 57 Corail 28 Milot 58 Fonds - Ver r ettes 29 Chambellan 59 Ranquitte 30 Tiburon 60 * Note: The following six towns were not assessed under this methodology because sufficient data was not available at the time: Anse - à - Veau, Casse, Cerca - La - Source , Grande Saline, Les Cayemites, and Sainte Suzanne . Table 2 . Town Rankings, Version 2 Town Name Rank Town Name Rank Town Name Rank Dessalines / Marchand 1 Thomassique 29 Baie - de - Henne 60 Verrettes 2 Arnaud 32 Grande Saline 60 Les Irois 3 Cerca - La - Source 32 Gressier 60 L’Estère 4 Ferrier 32 L’Ïle - à - Vache 60 Limbé 5 Ganthier 32 La Vallée - de - Jacmel 60 Petite - Rivière - de - l’Artibonite 6 Pont - sondé 32 Ranquitte 60 Cerca - Carvajal 7 Sainte Suzanne 32 Chantal 67 Fond - des - Blancs 7 Anse - à - Veau 38 Cornillon 67 Fonds - Parisien 9 Bord de mer de Limonade 38 Fonds - Verrettes 67 Anse - d’Ainault 10 La Tortue 38 Mombin - Crochu 67 Bas - Limbé 11 Luly 38 Pestel 67 Beaumont 11 Anse - à - Foleur 42 Plaisance - du - Sud 67 Perches 11 Arniquet 42 Pointe - à - Raquette (La Gonâve) 67 Belladères 14 Boucan - Carré 42 Roseaux 67 5 Town Name Rank Town Name Rank Town Name Rank Desdunes 15 Paillant 42 Bois de Laurence 75 Dame - Marie 16 Plaisance 42 Carice 75 Désarmes 16 Thiotte 42 Grand - Gosier 75 Liancourt 18 Tiburon 42 La Victoire 75 Milot 19 Bonbon 49 Marfranc 75 Anse - Rouge 20 Dondon 49 Terre - Neuve 80 Maïssade 20 Duchity 49 Casse 81 Mare - Rouge 20 Pilate 49 Savanette 81 Belle - Anse 23 Port - Margot 49 Abricot 83 Ennery 23 Borgne 54 Corail 83 Côtes - de - Fer 25 Capotille 54 Randel 85 Vallières 25 Cazale 54 Cahouane 86 Acul - du - Nord 27 Labadie 54 Petit Bourg de Port Margot 86 Anse - à - Pitre 27 Les Cayemites 54 Carcasse 88 Grande - Rivière - du - Nord 29 Mont - Organisé 54 Chambellan 89 Moron 29 Bahon 60 For the legal and regulatory landscape assessment, this report draws some conclusions and makes some recommendations, however recent developments i n the evolving landscape render these findings merely reference points in a larger energy policy transition that will require further assessment as time passes. We contend that energy access microgrids do indeed offer an enormous opportunity for rural electrification in rural Haitian towns, unlocking decentralized, rural economic opportunities for local enterprises and offering an exciting market for energy busine ss opportunities with the potential to demonstrate in Haiti what is possible in other countries around the world. That said, the ongoing political crisis combined with the ‘process risks’ of microgrid development in Haiti lead us to conclude that further m icrogrid demonstrations would be helpful in order to prove the viability of the model. 6 Introductio n Enèji Pwòp , S.A., a Haitian social enterprise, has the goal of electrifying 80 towns in Haiti by 2020. Currently, it operates a solar - powered, town - sized microgrid in the town of Les Anglais. The energy scale - up for the next 40 grids will involve the construction of specialized grids that are tailored to the physical infrastructure, energy demand, resource potential, and community and political context of each town. Feasibility Study Process Following a desk study of over 100 small, unelectrified Haitian towns, f ield research for a feasibility study of 89 rural towns was undertaken across Haiti from July - October of 2015 to determine potential for solar - pow ered town - sized microgrids. Electricité d’Haiti (EdH) The research in each town focused on political will, economic activities , energy demand, infrastructure, and strength of civic organizations. This feasibility report has ranked the towns based on their potential and provides additional context for each of the top towns. Energy Access Context In Haiti, 70% of the population lacks access to electricity. For the approximately 30% of the population that is connected to a grid 1 , service is often erratic and electricity rates are some of the highest in the world. Despite the high rates, cost - recovery for utilities remains elusive. While the central utility, Electricité d’Haiti , works to improve service to its customer base, th ere remains a big opportunity to expand energy access in Haiti through de - centralized solutions. Some innovation is already taking place. In Les Anglais, in the Sud department, EarthSpark International has built a 100 kW solar - powered micro - grid serving 50 0 connections. In neighboring towns, including C ô teaux, Roche - à - Bateau and Port - à - Piment, the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA) established an electric co - op, serving 1600 customers via a solar - diesel hybrid system. This project ant icipates that the research and analysis it provides will facilitate the way for replication of similar micro - grids in other towns where conditions are favorable. Issues and Challenges Risks to Microgrid Development in Haiti While there are many reasons to be optimistic for microgrid development in bringing sustainable energy to Haiti’s rural towns, there nevertheless remain many risks to energy access microgrid development in Haiti. The three biggest risks are discussed here. None of them are insurmountable , but each will need to be carefully 1 (2013) Population without Electricity. Inter - American Development Bank and Latin American Energy Organization. 7 addressed and mitigated in order for any viable microgrid development plan to succeed. Ongoing P olitical R isk As of mid - summer 2016, delayed presidential elections have led to a protracted political crisis in Haiti. Unc ertainty around the national political cycle and outcomes is leading to widespread hesitation on the part of international organizations and external funders as well as difficulty in gaining clarity in the regulatory environment. Regulatory R isk After the completion of the legal analysis performed for this report, the then - outgoing President Michelle Martelly issued new, wide - reaching energy decrees, published in Haiti’s Le Moniteur newspaper on February 3, 2016. The nearly 60 pages of decrees have the pot ential to upend the existing legal and regulatory environment for all aspects of the electricity sector in Haiti. The decrees themselves have positive and potentially negative implications for rural microgrid development in Haiti, however uncertainty aroun d if and how the decrees will be implemented is currently posing the greatest set of challenges. For example, the Decrees name and give broad authority to a new national electricity regulatory body, but as of the release of this report, no body had been fo rmed, and no funding for the establishment of such a regulator had been allocated. According to the decrees, the new regulator, if indeed it is created, would have purview over all companies offering service throughout the country, and would require compan ies to obtain a concession or a license. Process R isk Beyond the large and immediate political and regulatory risks, both of which may be solved by a smooth election and a productive legislative session, process risk remains high for microgrid development in Haiti. Best practices for microgrid development remain anecdotal, and, while EarthSpark, Limye Pa’ w, and NRECA have all gained some experience in the development of energy access microgrids in Haiti in recent years, there remain many gaps in the standar dization of development and operation processes. From logistics to customs to legal structures, technology, and community engagement, many problems were encountered throughout the development of the recent microgrids in Haiti, and likely more unknown issue s remain to be discovered during the development phase of the next grids. More good examples of successful microgrids in Haiti are likely necessary before developers will be able to attract investment capital to achieve microgrid development at scale. Meth odology The microgrid market survey was undertaken by 40 researchers hailing mostly from Haiti, the US, and Canada. The researchers were paired into teams of two, spending four days to one week in each town. Four Regional Coordinators handled logistics for ten researchers each . The surveys were designed by a team of 8 anthropologists, microgrid consultants, and energy policy advisors, w ho have experience with the Hait ian energy and cultural context . Each research team used two Android devices equipped with Open Data Kit to undertake five different survey types: political, community organization, community leader, business, and household. S urvey s focused on the following: • Political interview: presenc e of organizations, how to contact town leaders, major energy users, existence of infrastructure • Community Organization interview: organizational activities, presence of NGOs and diaspora groups, major economic drivers of town, major energy users in town, existence of town infrastructure • Community Leader interview: major economic drivers of town, presence of organizations (community organizations, diaspora organizations, NGOs ), major energy users in town, existence of town infrastructure • Business interview: energy use, appliance ownership, business type • Household interview: energy use, appliance ownership Researchers were teamed with a local guide in each town to connect them with the identified leaders . After meeting with leaders, researchers interviewed t he businesses in the town, and then used the remainder of the time to complete household interviews. In addition, the researchers took two walk - throughs of the town: one in the daytime and another in the nighttime. Upon completion of the town surveys, the researchers filled out a summary report of the town research before traveling to the next town. Additionally, an in - house geospatial analysis was undertaken of each of the towns to determine the following: estimate of potential connections / number of bu ildings, building density, and flood risk. Results and Analysis Legal Landscape Analysis This project analyzed the relevant laws, regulations and decrees relevant to micro - grid development and operation, outlining the potential benefits and challenges. T he full analysis can be found in the appendix of this report, in the section Legal Analysis . However, as noted in the Regulatory Risk subsection of this report, the legal landscape has been potentially upended by the release of new energy decrees since th is analysis was conducted. The landscape remains in a state of flux, requiring regular review and interpretation. Town Rankings, Version 1 After the completion of the data collection process, the town ranking methodology was developed. However, scoring can change substantially, depending on how different categories are weighted. This report presents two different scoring 9 methodologies. The raw data will be provided by ESG to Enèji Pwòp, as interpretation of the data may change in the future. Data Analy sis A quantitative methodology was designed to score and rank each town based upon suitability for microgrid development. The methodology adhered to the following process: 1. Of the over 300 parameters gathered by the surveys in each town, 27 were selected as the most indicative of a town’s microgrid suitability. 2. The data value for each parameter was normalized by converting it to a score on a 0 - 100 scale, called the Normalized Score, where the score is represented as a ratio of the data value in question to the highest value recorded for that parameter. For example, if the population of Anse - Rouge is 12,691 and the highest population recorded among towns was 150,000, then the normalized score is: 12,691 / 150,000 = 8.5 3. Each parameter and each category of parameters was weighted on a scale of 1 - 100 depending on its influence on microgrid suitability, called Parameter Weight and Parameter Category Weight, respectively. (See table below). For example, Population has a Parameter weight of 90 whereas the Pres ence of a Bank was weighted as 43. Parameter Weight Parameter Weight Economics 93 Political Will 62 Population 90 Mayor legitimately elected? 57 Household Energy Costs (G) 83 Budget / Local contribution 63 Large potential customer (max 30) 62 Municipal Committee 70 Potential Residential Customers (kW) 78 Local association 60 Formal Business 73 Potential Partners 67 Bank 42 Backed government 60 Market days per week 57 Investor Interest 83 Natural Resource Potential 43 Diaspora / Resident association 43 Physical Infrastructure 75 NGO 33 Road access quality 80 University and technical school 63 Port 35 Electrical grid 57 Functional electrical grid 38 Gas station 65 Distributed solar products 57 Hotel quality 43 10 Court / police station 68 car/bike/bus station 45 Renewable energy potential (hydro, wind, solar) 65 The weighted score of a given parameter was calculated by: Parameter Weighted Score = (Normalized Score) * (Parameter Weight) * (Parameter Category Weight) / 10,000 For example, given these inputs for Population in the town of Anse - Rouge: Normalized Score = 8.5 Parameter Weight = 90 Parameter Category Weight (Economics) = 93 The Parameter Weighted Score is: = 8.5 * 90 * 93 / 10,000 = 7.1 The Parameter Weighted Score was calculated for all 27 key parameters for each town. To produce a town’s final score, the Parameter Weighted Scores for the 27 key parameters were summed together. Final scores were ranked from highest to lowest to yield the final results of towns according to suitability for microgrid development. (See appendix for all scores) Results With each parameter weighted, scored and totaled, the calculations yielded the final score for each town. Town Score Rank Limbé 606 1 Petite - Rivière - de - l’Artibonite 598 2 La Victoire 565 3 Desdunes 563 4 Dessalines / Marchand 562 5 Verrettes 560 6 Anse - d’ Ha inault 556 7 Liancourt 523 8 Belle - Anse 510 9 11 Town Score Rank Maïssade 485 10 Anse - à - Foleur 483 11 Labadie 481 12 Pilate 465 13 Vallières 462 14 Grande - Rivière - du - Nord 461 15 Luly 456 16 Plaisance - du - Sud 456 17 Côtes - de - F er 452 18 Dondon 449 19 Anse - Rouge 447 20 Abricot 436 21 Ennery 433 22 Boucan - Carré 430 23 Pointe - à - Raquette 425 24 Pont - sondé 424 25 Pestel 417 26 Les Irois 416 27 Corail 410 28 Fonds - Verrettes 408 29 Ranquitte 405 30 L’Estère 403 31 Arniquet 399 32 Mont - Organisé 398 33 Désarmes 397 34 12 Town Score Rank Belladères 395 35 Baie - de - Henne 374 36 Roseaux 371 37 Bahon 369 38 Cerca - Carvajal 359 39 Bord de mer de Limonade 349 40 Cornillon 349 41 Arnaud 344 42 Fond - des - Blancs 337 43 Ferrier 334 44 Thomassique 332 45 Anse - à - Pitre 329 46 L’Ïle - à - Vache 329 47 Plaisance 327 48 Terre - Neuve 326 49 Grand - Gosier 324 50 Moron 324 51 Ganthier 312 52 La Tortue 310 53 Perches 309 54 Bas - Limbé 295 55 Bonbon 293 56 Petit Bourg de Port Margot 292 57 Milot 287 58 Chambellan 279 59 13 Town Score Rank Tiburon 277 60 Gressier 277 61 Fonds - Parisien 273 62 Dame - Marie 265 63 Savanette 264 64 Randel 263 65 Bois Laurence 262 66 Capotille 258 67 Beaumont 255 68 Chantal 249 69 Duchity 249 70 Marfranc 247 71 Mombin - Crochu 239 72 Mare - Rouge 230 73 Thiotte 227 74 Acul - du - Nord 217 75 Paillant 212 76 Carice 207 77 Borgne 202 78 Cazale 145 79 La Vallée - de - Jacmel 143 80 Carcasse 130 81 Port - Margot 90 82 Cahoane 41 83 14 Note: The following six towns were not assessed under this methodology because sufficient data was not available at the time: Anse - à - Veau, Casse, Cerca - La - Source , Grande Saline, Les Cayemites, and Sainte Suzanne. Town Rankings, Version 2 Scoring Categories Scores were assigned to each tow n for four separate categories. Category 1: Weekly Business Energy Expenditures Interviews were conducted of the major businesses in each town. The interview questions included the cost of gasoline, diesel, kerosene, and candles that were used by each business on a weekly basis. The sum of these weekly expenditures has been assigned a score out of a total possible 20 points for each town . Category 2: Total Weekly Energy Expenditures and Fuel Consumption Total energy expenditures were based upon two metrics: 1) measured weekly expenditures , and 2) estimated expenditures. The measured w eekly expenditures were a sum of data regarding the cost of gasoline, diesel, kerosene, and candles used by all households, businesse s, and community organizations that were interviewed. Geospatial analysis was undertaken to approximate the number of poten tial connections in each town. In order to estimate overall energy expenditures for the town, the average household weekly energy expenditure was assigned for those potential connections not interviewed. Fuel consumption was based upon gallons of gasoline and diesel used each week by each town’s large energy consumers. The score for Category 2 was out of a potential 10 points. Category 3: Economic and Energy Potential This category looked at business size and potential, NGO presence, strength of local organizations, diaspora presence, town size and density, and presence of existing electricity infrastructure. The total score for Category 3 was out of a possible 19 point s. Category 4: Ease of Access and Flood Risk This category was based on an assessment of the accessibility of the town, including the condition of roads and potential for year - round access. Additionally, points were awarded for towns that were not in low - lying areas near bodies of water in order to account for the risk of flooding. The total possible score for Category 4 was 10 points. Scoring Results The following table lists the scores for each town, including the score by category and the total score. All 89 towns are ranked according to total score, based upon their potential for development of a viable micro - grid. 15 Table 3 - Scores for E ach Town Town Name Categor y 1 Categor y 2 Categor y 3 Categor y 4 Total Score Dessalines / Marchand 20 10 18 10 58 Verrettes 20 10 17 8 55 Les Irois 20 10 16 8 54 L’Estère 20 10 14 8 52 Limbé 16 10 17 8 51 Petite - Rivière - de - l’Artibonite 16 10 17 6 49 Cerca - Carvajal 12 9 17 10 48 Fond - des - Blancs 20 10 10 8 48 Fonds - Parisien 20 6 14 6 46 Anse - d’ Ha inault 12 7 17 8 44 Bas - Limbé 12 7 16 6 41 Beaumont 12 7 12 10 41 Perches 12 8 11 10 41 Belladères 8 9 13 10 40 Desdunes 4 7 18 10 39 Dame - Marie 8 8 16 6 38 Désarmes 8 7 13 10 38 Liancourt 4 10 15 8 37 Milot 4 6 15 10 35 Anse - Rouge 4 7 17 6 34 Maïssade 8 6 16 4 34 Mare - Rouge 8 6 16 4 34 Belle - Anse 8 7 14 4 33 16 Town Name Categor y 1 Categor y 2 Categor y 3 Categor y 4 Total Score Ennery 4 6 13 10 33 Côtes - de - Fer 8 8 12 4 32 Vallières 12 4 10 6 32 Acul - du - Nord 4 5 14 8 31 Anse - à - Pitre 4 4 17 6 31 Grande - Rivière - du - Nord 4 6 16 4 30 Moron 4 8 14 4 30 Thomassique 4 5 15 6 30 Arnaud 4 6 11 8 29 Cerca - La - Source 4 4 15 6 29 Ferrier 4 3 14 8 29 Ganthier 4 3 12 10 29 Pont - sondé 4 5 16 4 29 Sainte Suzanne 4 3 14 8 29 Anse - à - Veau 4 5 13 6 28 Bord de mer de Limonade 4 5 13 6 28 La Tortue 8 4 12 4 28 Luly 4 8 10 6 28 Anse - à - Foleur 4 7 14 2 27 Arniquet 4 5 10 8 27 Boucan - Carré 4 5 12 6 27 Paillant 4 4 9 10 27 Plaisance 4 5 12 6 27 Thiotte 4 5 10 8 27 17 Town Name Categor y 1 Categor y 2 Categor y 3 Categor y 4 Total Score Tiburon 4 6 13 4 27 Bonbon 4 4 12 6 26 Dondon 4 3 13 6 26 Duchity 4 4 10 8 26 Pilate 4 4 12 6 26 Port - Margot 4 3 13 6 26 Borgne 4 3 12 6 25 Capotille 4 2 9 10 25 Cazale 4 4 13 4 25 Labadie 8 3 12 2 25 Les Cayemites 4 8 11 2 25 Mont - Organisé 4 3 10 8 25 Bahon 4 3 13 4 24 Baie - de - Henne 4 4 12 4 24 Grande Saline 4 3 11 6 24 Gressier 4 1 13 6 24 L’Ïle - à - Vache 4 5 11 4 24 La Vallée - de - Jacmel 4 2 10 8 24 Ranquitte 4 2 12 6 24 Chantal 4 2 9 8 23 Cornillon 4 3 10 6 23 Fonds - Verrettes 4 4 11 4 23 Mombin - Crochu 4 2 11 6 23 Pestel 4 2 13 4 23 Plaisance - du - Sud 4 2 9 8 23 18 Town Name Categor y 1 Categor y 2 Categor y 3 Categor y 4 Total Score Pointe - à - Raquette (La Gonâve) 4 3 14 2 23 Roseaux 4 5 10 4 23 Bois de Laurence 4 2 8 8 22 Carice 4 4 8 6 22 Grand - Gosier 4 3 11 4 22 La Victoire 4 1 11 6 22 Marfranc 4 4 10 4 22 Terre - Neuve 4 3 8 6 21 Casse 4 3 9 4 20 Savanette 4 3 11 2 20 Abricot 4 2 11 2 19 Corail 4 3 10 2 19 Randel 4 2 10 2 18 Cahouane 4 2 7 4 17 Petit Bourg de Port Margot 4 2 7 4 17 Carcasse 4 2 8 2 16 Chambellan 0 1 9 4 14 The map in Figure 1 presents the data graphically, with the larger circles representing the towns with the most favorable conditions for microgrid development . Color coding aligns with circle size. T he larger th e circle, the darker the shade of green; the smaller the circle, the darker the shade of red. 19 Figure 1 – Overall Microgrid Suitability (Version 2 Town Ranking Methodology) (Map Imagery: Bing) 20 Towns, Ranked Table 4 - Town Rankings , using Town Ranking Methodology 2 Town Name Rank Town Name Rank Town Name Rank Town Name Rank Dessalines / Marchand 1 Ennery 23 Plaisance 42 Cornillon 67 Verrettes 2 Côtes - de - Fer 25 Thiotte 42 Fonds - Verrettes 67 Les Irois 3 Vallières 25 Tiburon 42 Mombin - Crochu 67 L’Estère 4 Acul - du - Nord 27 Bonbon 49 Pestel 67 Limbé 5 Anse - à - Pitre 27 Dondon 49 Plaisance - du - Sud 67 Petite - Rivière - de - l’Artibonite 6 Grande - Rivière - du - Nord 29 Duchity 49 Pointe - à - Raquette (La Gonâve) 67 Cerca - Carvajal 7 Moron 29 Pilate 49 Roseaux 67 Fond - des - Blancs 7 Thomassique 29 Port - Margot 49 Bois de Laurence 75 Fonds - Parisien 9 Arnaud 32 Borgne 54 Carice 75 Anse - d’ Ha inault 10 Cerca - La - Source 32 Capotille 54 Grand - Gosier 75 Bas - Limbé 11 Ferrier 32 Cazale 54 La Victoire 75 Beaumont 11 Ganthier 32 Labadie 54 Marfranc 75 Perches 11 Pont - sondé 32 Les Cayemites 54 Terre - Neuve 80 Belladères 14 Sainte Suzanne 32 Mont - Organisé 54 Casse 81 Desdunes 15 Anse - à - Veau 38 Bahon 60 Savanette 81 Dame - Marie 16 Bord de mer de Limonade 38 Baie - de - Henne 60 Abricot 83 Désarmes 16 La Tortue 38 Grande Saline 60 Corail 83 Liancourt 18 Luly 38 Gressier 60 Randel 85 Milot 19 Anse - à - Foleur 42 L’Ïle - à - Vache 60 Cahouane 86 Anse - Rouge 20 Arniquet 42 La Vallée - de - Jacmel 60 Petit Bourg de Port Margot 86 Maïssade 20 Boucan - Carré 42 Ranquitte 60 Carcasse 88 Mare - Rouge 20 Paillant 42 Chantal 67 Chambellan 89 Belle - Anse 23 21 Top 4 1 Towns This section of the report contains a detailed description of each of the top 4 1 towns (there was a f our - way tie for 3 8 th ) asses sed under the market study, in order of rank according to Town Ranking Version 2 , as well as their suitability and potential cha llenges moving forward. This section also details what makes these top towns particularly suited to a solar - powered microgrid, as well as some potential challenges to microgrid development moving forward. Suitability The top towns that have been identified through this survey exhibit many of the same characteristics that make them potentially ideal sites for solar - powered micro g rids. For one, these towns each exhibit a relatively high energy demand. Additionally, many of them have existing energy infrastructure, as well as strong local organizations. These towns are also generally larger, have more potential connections, and have generally high densities. 2 All of these criteria are important for a microgrid to be successful. Additionally, the existence of a potential for business growth is crucial, to ensure that the town is able to afford the cost of a grid going forward. The project intentionally target ed towns assumed not to already be served by EdH ( Electricit é d’Haiti), but as the results indicate, many towns were indeed served by EdH. The level of service, however, was often very low, ranging from just a couple of hours per day for a few days per we ek, to not operating at all. Dessalines / Marchand, Rank: 1 Dessalines / Marchand is a town of approximately 165,000 people located in the Artibonite department of Haiti . The microgrid survey of Dessalines / Marchand was undertaken from the 18 th to 22 nd of August, 2015. Energy Expenditures and Business Development Potential The major economic drivers of Dessalines / Marchand are agriculture (rice, onions, and beans) and the businesses, which include hotels, shops, markets, water purifiers, ice - making, g as stations, hospitals, and schools. All of the businesses interviewed in Dessalines / Marchand are connected to the grid and also have their own generators. This indicates that there is already a high demand for energy in the business sector. Fuel costs 2 00 HTG per gallon for gasoline, 170 HTG per gallon of diesel, and 40 - 50 HTG per bidon 3 of kerosene. There are approximately 1800 2 Generating density maps was particular l y time - intensive. Maps are provided for those towns for which ti me allowed. 3 A “bidon” is a vessel used to purchase kerosene – the size of a bidon is not standardized and varies from household to household. 22 buildings that could be potentially connected to a micro - grid in Dessalines / Marchand. The current major energy users in the t own are the businesses, the hotels, and the hospital, and some wealth y households. Table 5 – Energy Expenditures in Dessalines / Marchand Expenditure Type Amount (HTG) Weekly Business Expenditures 234 , 170 Weekly Household Expenditures 1 , 143 , 763 Total Weekly Expenditures 1 , 377 , 933 Gasoline and Diesel Consumed Weekly 1 , 416 gallons Dessalines / Marchand has a brownfield microgrid , a pre - existing grid which is no longer operational. The microgrid is managed by the national utility, “Electricité d’Haïti” (EdH) . All of the businesses and most of the households interviewed are connected to the grid, which runs one or two times per month. Thus, there is some operational energy infrastructure already p resent in Dessalines / Marchand. Strength of Community - Based Organizations There are community - based organizations in Dessalines / Marchand, serving groups of youth, and involved in water, sanitation, and hygiene. Some activities undertaken by NGOs in Des salines / Marchand include rehabilitation of school buildings, education, and water and sanitation. Accessibility and Potential Setbacks Dessalines / Marchand is easily accessible by ground transportation. One of the potential setbacks for the developmen t of a micro - grid in Dessalines / Marchand is the existence of an EdH microgrid . Verrettes, Rank: 2 Verrettes is a town of approximately 132,000 people located in the Artibonite department of Haiti. The microgrid survey of Verrettes was undertaken from September 9 th to 12 th , 2015. Energy Expenditures and Business Development Potential The major economic driver of Verrettes is agriculture ( beans, rice, and corn) . The businesses interviewed in Verrettes all have their own source of generation, whether gen erators or solar panels. This indicates that there is already a high demand for energy in the business sector. Fuel costs 200 - 250 HTG per gallon for gasoline , 165 - 195 HTG per gallon of diesel, and 40 - 50 HTG per bidon of kerosene . There are approximately 10 00 buildings that could be potentially connected to a micro - grid in Verrettes. The current major energy users in the town are the ice producer and the hotels. 23 Table 6 – Energy Expenditures in Verrettes Expenditure Type Amount (HTG) Weekly Business Expenditures 287,000 Weekly Household Expenditures 480,000 Total Weekly Expenditures 767,000 Gasoline and Diesel Consumed Weekly 1455 gal Verrettes has brownfield grid infrastructure that is managed by EdH . Some of the businesses and households interviewed are connected to the grid, but it no longer functions. Thus, there is some energy infrastructure already present in Verrettes. Strength of Community - Based Organizations There are t hree community - based or ganizations in town, serving women, youth and agricultural technicians, and focusing on development and social and cultural activities. NGOs in town work in sanitation, potable water, and livestock management. Accessibility and Potential Setbacks Verrettes is easily accessible by Route 11, which is paved. One potential setback for microgrid development in Ver r ettes is that it sits on the bank of a small river, which may result in flooding. Les Irois, Rank: 3 Les Irois has a population of about 21, 000 and is located in the Grand’Anse department of Haiti. The microgrid survey of Les Irois was undertaken from the 1 st to 6 th of September, 2015. Energy Expenditures and Business Development Potential The major economic drivers of Les Irois are fishing and cocoa processing. The businesses interviewed in Les Irois all have their own source of generation, consisting almost of both generators and solar panels. Fuel costs 250 HTG per gallon for gasoline, 157 - 225 HTG per gallon of diesel, and 25 - 50 HTG per bidon of ke rosene. There are approximately 7 50 buildings that could be potentially connected to a micro - grid in Les Irois. The current major energy users in the town are the ice producers, cocoa processors and the small stores. Table 7 – Ener gy Expenditures in Les Irois Expenditure Type Amount (HTG) Weekly Business Expenditures 130,000 Weekly Household Expenditures 267,000 Total Weekly Expenditures 397,000 Gasoline and Diesel Consumed Weekly 796 gallons 24 There is a brownfield microgrid in Les Irois , which is managed by a local committee. Many of the businesses and households interviewed reported being connected to it. Electricity is available 2 hours a day, every day. Strength of Community - Based Organizations There are six reported commun ity - based organizations in town. Most are focused on social, political and economic development and organization. One is focused on supporting the cocoa processing industry while another focuses on management of the existing grid. NGO activities in Les I rois include: health (Red Cross), developing markets for cocoa products, and training for farmers. Accessibility and Potential Setbacks The town is accessible by ground transportation, including large trucks . Political problems appear to hamper management of the current grid, as there are reports of near - violent confrontations when a misunderstanding arises. Additionally, Les Irois is located in a low - lying coastal area, making it susceptible to flooding. Figure 2 – Potential Co nnections in Le s Irois (Map Imagery: Google Earth, DigitalGlobe) L’Estère , Rank: 4 L’Estère is a town of approximately 41,000 people located in the Artibonite department of Haiti. The microgrid survey of L’Estère was undertaken from the 20 th to 22 nd of August, 2015. Energy Expenditures and Business Development Potential The major economic driver of L’Estère is agriculture (rice, sorghum , and maize). The businesses interviewed in L’Estère all have their own source of generation, whether generators or solar panels. This indicates that there is already a high demand for energy in the business sector. Fuel costs 200 HTG per gallon for gasoline, and 25 HTG per bidon of kerosene. There are appr oximately 1000 buildings that could be 25 potentially connected to a micro - grid in L’Estère . The current major energy users in the town are the hospital and, to a lesser degree, a welding shop and small shops running freezers. Table 8 – Energy Expenditures in L’Estère Expenditure Type Amount (HTG) Weekly Business Expenditures 86,000 Weekly Household Expenditures 315,000 Total Weekly Expenditures 400,000 Gasoline and Diesel Consumed Weekly 1 , 200 gal L’Estère has some brownfield electricity infrastructure . There is electricity that comes from the EdH power plant at Gonaïves, but only 1 - 2 days a month for a few hours. Some of the businesses and households interviewed are connected to the grid, but very few reported receiving any actual electricity. Accessibility and Potential Setbacks Access is possible with large trucks throughout the year. One potential setback to microgrid development in L’Estère is that the town is buil t along the banks of a river, making it susceptible to fl ooding. Limbé, Rank: 5 Limbé is a town of approximately 19,000 people located in the Nord department of Haiti. The microgrid survey of Limbé was undertaken from the 23 rd to the 26 th of September, 2015. Energy Expenditures and Business Development Potent ial The major economic driver of Limbé is agriculture (cassava, rice, sugar cane, pineapple, and corn) . The businesses interviewed in Limbé all have their own source of generation, whether generators or solar panels. This indicates that there is already a high demand for energy in the business sector. Fuel costs 200 HTG per gallon for gasoline , 185 - 200 HTG per gallon of diesel, and 20 - 70 HTG per bidon of kerosene . There are approximately 1200 buildings that could be potentially connected to a micro - grid in Limbé. The current major energy users in the town are the hotels in the center of town and the health center. Table 9 – Energy Expenditures in Limbé Expenditure Type Amount (HTG) Weekly Business Expenditures 77,000 Weekly Household Expenditures 249,000 Total Weekly Expenditures 326,000 26 Gasoline and Diesel Consumed Weekly 476 gal Limbé is connected to the EdH grid coming out of a generation station in Cap Haïtien . Many of the businesses and households interviewed report being connected to the grid, but not receiving any electricity . Thus, there is some energy infrastructure already present in Limbé . Strength of Community - Based Organizations There are a number of community - based organizations in Limbé , focusing on social and cultural activities, economic development, and energy. The NGO presence focuses mainly on agricultural activities. Accessibility and Potential Setbacks Transportation accessibility to the town is good year - round, for large trucks as well. One potential setback for the development of a microgrid in Limbé is that it is located on the bank of a river, which may make it susceptible to flooding. Petite - Rivière - de - l’Artibonite , Rank: 6 Petite - Rivière - de - l’Artibonite is a town of approximately 155, 000 people located in the Artibonite department of Haiti. The microgrid survey of Petite - Rivière - de - l’Artibonite was undertaken from September 8 th to 11 th , 2015. Energy Expenditures and Business Development Potential The major economic drivers of Petite - Rivière - de - l’Artibonite are agriculture (rice, corn, peas , and potatoes) and trade, with a market occurring twice per week. The businesses interviewed in Petite - Rivière - de - l’Artibonite all have their own source of generation, whether generators or s olar panels. This indicates that there is already a high demand for energy in the business sector. Fuel costs 200 - 30 0 HTG per gallon of gasoline and 40 - 55 HTG per bidon of kerosene. There are approximately 1200 buildings that could be potentially connected to a micro - grid in Petite - Rivière - de - l’Artibonite . The current major energy user in town is the municipal market. Table 10 – Energy Expenditures in Petite Rivière de l’Artob i nite Expenditure Type Amount (HTG) Weekly Business Expenditures 63,000 Weekly Household Expenditures 141,000 Total Weekly Expenditures 205,000 Gasoline and Diesel Consumed Weekly 456 gal Petite - Rivière - de - l’Artibonite is served by a grid run by E d H that operates up to two days per week for about 2 hours per day. 27 Strength of Community - Based Organizations Three organizations were identified, focusing on issues such as micro - credit, schooling , and trade skills development. The NGO presence in town fo cuses mainly on health (Red Cross) and running a school. Accessibility and Potential Setbacks Road access is good, even for large trucks, year - round. One potential setback for the development of a microgrid in Petite - Rivière - de - l’Artibonite is that it is located on the bank of a river, which may make it susceptible to flooding. Cerca - Carvajal , Rank: 7 Cerca - Carvajal is a town of approximately 21,000 people located in the Centre department of Haiti . The microgrid survey of Cerca - Carvajal was undertaken fro m the 2 nd to 5 th of September, 2015. Energy Expenditures and Business Development Potential The major economic drivers of Cerca - Carvajal are agriculture (beans, pistachio, and corn) and livestock . Almost all of the businesses interviewed in Cerca - Carvajal are connected to the grid and have their own source of generation, whether generators or solar panels. This indicates that there is already a high demand for energy in the business sector. Fuel costs 240 - 250 HTG per gallon for gasoline, 220 - 250 HTG per ga llon of diesel, and 15 - 30 HTG per bidon of kerosene. There are approximately 900 buildings that could be potentially connected to a micro - grid in Cerca - Carvajal . The businesses are the major energy users in the town. Table 11 – En ergy Expenditures in Cerca - Carvajal Expenditure Type Amount (HTG) Weekly Business Expenditures 48 , 805 Weekly Household Expenditures 340 , 820 Total Weekly Expenditures 389 , 625 Gasoline and Diesel Consumed Weekly 176 gallons Most of the businesses and households in Cerca - Carvajal r e port being connected to the grid, which runs 3 days per week, for 5 - 12 hours per day. This grid is managed by EdH. Thus, there is some operational energy infrastructure already present in Cerca - Carvajal . Strength of Community - Based Organizations There is a community - based organization in Cerca - Carvajal , focusing on education. Some activities undertaken by NGOs in Cerca - Carvajal include selling farming materials, education, reforestation, and health support. Accessibi lity and Potential Setbacks Cerca - Carvajal , is easily accessible by any type of ground transportation. One of the potential setbacks for the development of a micro - grid in Cerca - Carvajal is the 28 presence of E d H and a working grid. Also, Cerca - Carvajal is cl ose proximity of two rivers, making it susceptible to flooding. Fond - des - Blancs , Rank: 7 Fond - des - Blancs is a town of approximately 8,000 people located in the Sud department of Haiti . The microgrid survey of Fond - des - Blancs was undertaken from the 12 th t o 14 th of August, 2015. Energy Expenditures and Business Development Potential The major economic drivers of Fond - des - Blancs are the market, moto transport, and agriculture (charcoal, corn, and beans). All of the businesses interviewed in Fond - des - Blancs have their own source of generation, whether generators or solar panels. This indicates that there is already a high demand for energy in the business sector. Fuel costs 250 HTG per gallon for gasoline, 250 HTG per gallon of diesel, and 30 - 60 HTG per bido n of kerosene. There are approximately 300 buildings that could be potentially connected to a micro - grid in Fond - des - Blancs . The current major energy users in the town are the hospital, the hotel, and the school. Table 12 – Energy Expenditures in Fond - des - Blancs Expenditure Type Amount (HTG) Weekly Business Expenditures 395 , 000 Weekly Household Expenditures 66 , 352 Total Weekly Expenditures 461 , 352 Gasoline and Diesel Consumed Weekly 1 , 590 gallons Strength of Community - Based Organizations There is a community - based organization in Fond - des - Blancs , serving a group of women. The NGO presence in Fond - des - Blancs focuses on health, agriculture, and education. Accessibility and Potential Setbacks The road into Fond - de - Blancs is eas ily accessible, except in the case of heavy rains. Another potential setback for the development of a micro - grid in Fond - des - Blancs is that the buildings are located far away from each other. 29 Figure 3 – Potential Connections in Fond - des - Blancs (Map Imagery: Google Earth, DigitalGlobe) Fonds - Parisien , Rank: 9 Fonds - Parisien is a town of approximately 18,000 people located in the Ouest department of Haiti. The microgrid survey of Fonds - Parisien was undertaken from the 2 nd to 4 th of September, 2015. Energy Expenditures and Business Development Potential The major economic drivers of Fonds - Parisien are agriculture (cassava, plantains, and papaya), fishing,