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Gender and T ransport in Haiti Gender D iagnostic and G ender A ction P lan Camilla Gandini Andrea Monje Silva Pablo Guerrero Editor : Amanda Beaujon Marin Transport Division Gender and Diversity Division TECHNICAL NOTE Nº IDB-TN-02086 February 2021 Gender and T ransport in Hait i Gender D iagnostic and G ender A ction P lan Camilla Gandini Andrea Monje Silva Pablo Guerrero Editor : Amanda Beaujon Marin February 2021 Cataloging-in-Publication data provided by the Inter-American Development Bank Felipe Herrera Library Gandini, Camilla. Gender and transport in Haiti: gender diagnostic and gender action plan / Camilla Gandini, Andrea Monje Silva, Pablo Guerrero; editor, Amanda Beaujon Marin. p. cm. — (IDB Technical Note ; 2086) Includes bibliographic references. 1. Women-Transportation-Haiti. 2. Women construction workers-Haiti. 3. Women- Violence against-Haiti-Prevention. 4. Gender mainstreaming-Haiti. I. Monje Silva, Andrea. II. Guerrero, Pablo. III. Beaujon Marin, Amanda, editor. IV. Inter-American Development Bank. Transport Division. V. Inter-American Development Bank. Gender and Diversity Division. VI. Title. VII. Series. IDB-TN-2086 JEL Codes: J16, L91, R41, O18 Keywords: Gender, Infrastructure, Rural Development, Rural Transportation, Security, Sexual Harassment, Transport Graphic Design: Valeria Bernal Carvajal Copyright © Inter-American Development Bank. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons IGO 3.0 Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC-IGO BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/ legalcode) and may be reproduced with attribution to the IDB and for any non-commercial purpose. No derivative work is allowed. Any dispute related to the use of the works of the IDB that cannot be settled amicably shall be submitted to arbitration pursuant to the UNCITRAL rules. 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The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Inter-American Development Bank, its Board of Directors, or the countries they represent. http://www.iadb.org 2021 Gender and Transport in Haiti |1 HAITI Gender and Transport in A I I Gender Diagnostic and Gender Action Plan ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report is authored by Camilla Gandini (External Consultant), Andrea Monje Silva (Gender Specialist, IADB) and Pablo Guerrero (Senior Transport Specialist, IADB), under the guidance of Nestor Roa (Transport Division Chief, IADB), and Agustin Aguerre (Manager Infrastructure and Energy Sector, IADB), with overall editorial work by Amanda Beaujon Marin (Gender and Infrastructure Consultant, IADB). The team would like to thank the peer reviewers Raphael Dewez (Transport Specialist, IADB) and Rodrigo Rosa Da Silva Cruvinel (Transport Consultant, IADB). The team also extends thanks to Alejandro Taddia (Transport Principal Specialist, IADB) and Paola Katherine Rodriguez Cabezas (Transport Consultant, IADB) for coordinating the review process. We would also like to thank Valeria Bernal (Designer Transport Gender Lab, IADB), Michaël De Landsheer (Transport Consultant, IADB), Laureen Montes (Transport Specialist, IADB) and Anne-Marie Urban (Social Development Lead Specialist, IADB). The authors gratefully acknowledge the women who shared their experience during focus group discussions, as well as the valuable inputs from key specialists interviewed from multilateral and nonprofit organizations, and independent experts: World Bank (WB) : Malaika Becoulet (Transport Specialist), Barbara Cohello (Agriculture and Gender Specialist), Christophe Grosjean (Agriculture Specialist), Maria Deborah Kim (Private Sector Specialist), Peter Lafer (Senior Social Development Specialist), Emilie Perge (Country Economist), Aude-Sophie Rodella (Senior Economist), Raju Singh (Program Leader) and Franck Taillandier (Senior Transport Specialist). Inter-American Development Bank (IADB): Gilles Mori (Transport Specialist), Luana Ozemela (Gender Specialist), Manuel Pastor (Transport Consultant), Lina Salazar (Agriculture Specialist), Paolo de Salvo (Agriculture Specialist) and Soraya Senosier (Gender and Safeguards Specialist). United States Agency for International Development (USAID): Lovesun Parent (Gender Advisor). United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women (UNWOMEN): Liliana Pardo Guerrero (M&E Specialist). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): Rita Sciarra (Head of Unit). Techno-Serve: James Obarowsky (Country Director). Konesans Fanmi: Marie Antoinette Toureau (Director – Gender Specialist). Independent Experts: Sandra Jean-Gilles (Gender Specialist), Michele Romulus (Gender Specialist) and Michel Vallée (Transport Specialist). Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms .............................................................................................5 Introduction .............................................................................................................................7 Rationale....................................................................................................................................7 Methodology ...........................................................................................................................8 Haiti Gender Assessment ....................................................................................................9 Legal and Institutional Framework for Gender Equality .........................................10 Access and Quality of Education and Health ...............................................................10 Economic Opportunities and Labor Market .................................................................11 Agency and Gender Roles ...................................................................................................12 Recommendations.................................................................................................................12 Gender Interventions in Haiti’s Transport Sector .......................................................15 The Women and Men Equality Program (EFH) ............................................................17 The Integration of Gender, HIV/AIDS & First Aid in Reconstruction Campsites Program (IGHFA) .....................................................................................................................26 Other Initiatives ......................................................................................................................33 Qualitative Resources for the Development of Haiti’s Transport Gender Action Plan ..............................................................................................................................35 Focus Groups with Madan Sara and Women in the Mango Value Chain...........36 In-depth Interviews with Key Actors Working in Haiti .............................................45 Gender Action Plan for Haiti’s Transport Sector .........................................................51 Focus 1: Improve the Transport Sector’s Gender Knowledge.................................52 Focus 2: Invest in Productivity Corridors .......................................................................54 Focus 3: Focus on Women as Transport Service Users .............................................55 Focus 4: Support Women’s Access to Credit ...............................................................57 Focus 5: Strengthen Women’s Personal Security .......................................................58 Focus 6: Improve Accessibility to Health Care Services through Transport Infrastructure ..........................................................................................................................59 Conclusions and Recommendations ..............................................................................61 The Haitian Gender and Transport Agenda ..................................................................61 Recommendations: Areas of Intervention to Promote the Haitian Gender and Transport Agenda ..................................................................................................................64 References ................................................................................................................................68 Annexes .....................................................................................................................................70 Annex I - Madan Sara FGs Questionnaires ....................................................................70 Annex II – Mango Producers and Traders FGs Questionnaire ................................71 Annex III - Questionnaire for Gender Specialists ........................................................72 Annex IV- Questionnaire for Transport Specialists ....................................................73 Annex V - Questionnaire for Agricultural/Rural Development Specialists .......74 Annex VI - Gender Action Plan for the Haitian Transport Sector (2021-2026) ..75 51 Gender and Transport in Haiti Abbreviations and Acronyms AGI Adolescent Girl Initiative AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AP Action Plan CBO Community-based organization CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CSO Civil Society Organizations EFH Women and Men Equality Program EU European Union GA Gender Assessment GAP Gender Action Plan GBV Gender-Based Violence GDI IADB Gender and Diversity Division GDP Gross Domestic Product HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IADB Inter-American Development Bank IDI In-Depth Interview IGHFA HIV/AIDS and First Aid in Reconstruction Campsites Program ILO International Labour Organization KF Konesans Fanmi Se Lespwa Timoun MA Madan Sara Avion (Madan Sara Plane) MC Madan Sara Camion (Madan Sara Truck) MCFDF Ministry for Women Status and Women’s Rights MDB Multilateral Development Banks MDG Millennium Development Goal MI International Madan Sara MIF Multilateral Investment Fund MN National Madan Sara MPT Mango Producers and Traders MR Rural Madan Sara MS Madan Sara Gender and Transport in Haiti |6 MTPTC Ministère des Travaux Publics, Transports et Communications (Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communication) MU Urban Madan Sara PPP Public Private Partnership STI Sexually Transmitted Infection TF Trust Fund TSP IADB Transport Division UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNWOMEN United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women USAID United States Agency for International Development WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization 71 Gender and Transport in Haiti Introduction During the last decades, Haiti has made considerable strides in the promotion of inclusive development. Partly due to a global focus on enhancing international and regional instruments that promote gender equality, Haiti has also developed national legislation to protect women and men’s rights. However, gender gaps continue being significant in terms of education, health and labor outcomes. Since 2011, the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) has been supporting a series of gender-targeted interventions to reduce gender gaps and promote an inclusive and equitable development in the Haitian transport sector. This report encompasses Haiti’s gender assessment, and evaluates the success of gender specific actions implemented between 2011-2017, as well as a Gender and Transport Action Plan (GAP). The GAP’s main aim is to guide IADB investments in Haiti’s transport sector in conceptualizing and designing gender-sensitive operations. By proposing specific gender actions and outcomes, the GAP establishes a clear path to integrate a gender dimension into operations’ design, implementation and, monitoring and evaluation. The GAP presents an overall plan to support the development of Haitian women. However, it focuses in the needs of women as transport services users and devotes specific attention to two female sub-groups, which are integrated by Haitian women engaged in informal trade of local and regional products. These women are known as Madan Sara (MS), and local female mango producers and traders (MPT). The decision of focusing on MS is related to their vital role in the Haitian local labor market and the peculiarity of their work, which has specific transport needs. With regard to the selection of women working in the mango value chain, the IADB is planning future transport investments in the Artibonite region, the main mango production area in Haiti. Mango production and local trade are mainly carried out by women, and roads are essential for the sustainability and functioning of this market (Faucheux, B. et al., 2014). Understanding and addressing these female group’s transport constrains could strategically improve the outcomes of upcoming transport investments and bring more benefits to its beneficiaries. Rationale Transport infrastructures aim at improving people’s wellbeing by providing better access to services and goods, as well as promoting economic and social benefits. Although construction of transport infrastructure is intended to equally benefiting the entire population, the Haitian experience teaches that men and women benefit differently from these services. Beyond the differences that they experience as consumers of the provided services, men and women do not equally benefit from the working opportunities emerging during the development of a transport infrastructure. 1 As a matter of fact, statistics across the globe demonstrate that the transport sector is a male-dominated area where women are often invisible in all three: as consumers, suppliers and decision makers (ILO, 2013). The low representation of women in the transport sector is rooted into two main factors: i) gender stereotypes, which define what women and men can and cannot do, including the idea that women lack the physical strength necessary to engage in the construction works; and ii) challenges faced by women in combining their mutual roles as mothers, caregivers and housekeepers with the time and place inherent to the work. This situation represents a lost opportunity for the entire population, specifically for the female one, contributing at perpetuating gender discriminatory dynamics that hinder women’s socio-economic advancement and their participation in decision-making processes. Gender occupational segregation negatively impacts the infrastructure sector as well, as half of the productive potential and human capital is under-utilized or unutilized. Promoting women’s 1 The Haitian transport sector is still a male-dominated area where women are often underrepresented, both as labor force and decision makers. The ILO estimated that, in 2018, women represented only 11 percent of the total of people working in the transport, storage and communication sector (ILO, 2019). Gender and Transport in Haiti |8 integration in transport occupations brings several direct and indirect benefits to women, their families and their communities, such as the provision of a source of income that can enhance children’s education, health and nutrition, as well as to better represent the needs of all transport users (Jones, N. et al., 2007). Besides the rights-based equality rationale, narrowing these gender gaps has also an economic efficiency rationale. It is estimated that narrowing the labor market’s gender gap can boost the economy of emerging markets up to 14 percent of their GDP (Goldman Sachs, 2008). Furthermore, women’s participation in the economy at equal rate than men could increase up to 26 percent of the annual global gross domestic product (GDP) in 2025 (McKinsey & Company, 2015). Furthermore, global experiences show that tailoring transport services and infrastructure investments with a gender-sensitive approach maximizes transport services and also increases infrastructure’s benefits, and could produce direct social benefits, including travel costs, time reduction, and security and safety improvement (ADB, 2013; World Bank, 2010 and 2020). In any society, social norms, cultural habits, and religious traditions define roles and identities based on gender. These gender-based differentiations influence women and men’s transport needs and use. Understanding the gender dimension of the transport sector helps conceiving strategies tailored to the needs of the targeted population. It also increases services and infrastructures’ functionality, and fosters their sustainability (World Bank, 2010). Methodology Between 2016 and 2017, several studies have been carried out to provide guidance to the GAP in identifying gender transport constraints and challenges in Haiti, as well as analyzing potential areas of improvement. The studies consisted of both primary and secondary data collection, qualitative research and desk reviews. Twenty-three in-depth interviews were conducted among Gender, Transport and Agriculture Specialists working in Haiti. Other 9 specialists were also interviewed, including Economists, Social Development and Private Sector Specialists, as they were previously or currently engaged in interventions related to the three afore-mentioned areas. Interviewees were independent consultants or working for non-governmental and multilateral organizations, including the European Union, IADB, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women (UNWomen), and the World Bank (WB). Interviews’ main purpose was to discuss gender and transport challenges and opportunities with key actors involved in Haiti’s development. Discussions also aimed at scoping potential gender areas where the IADB could add value, reinforce current interventions, and complement financing. Given the specific attention devoted to MS and MPT groups, a series of focus groups (FGs) were conducted with MS in Port-au-Prince, as well as with MPT in the Artibonite zone. The FGs objective was to identify their transport constraints and propose measures to address them. The FGs with women working in the mango value chain were conducted in Gros Morne (Département de l’Artibonite). Half of the participants were mango producers and the remaining were mango traders. A review of existing IADB gender and transport interventions was also conducted to learn from previous experience and guide the GAP development. Finally, a Gender Assessment (GA) laid the basis to identify Haiti’s main gender issues and inform the GAP with updated figures and priority areas. 91 Gender and Transport in Haiti Haiti Gender Assessment The Gender Assessment’s (GA) intent is to analyze the gender dimension of Haiti’s main development challenges in order to provide a background for the GAP’s development. The assessment will focus on the following areas: i) legal and institutional framework for gender equality; ii) poverty and economic growth; iii) access and quality of education and health; iv) economic opportunities and labor market; and v) agency and gender roles. Since 1950, the Haitian society has been trapped in a vicious cycle that has prevented its social, political and economic development. Recurring recessions, socio-political crisis, and natural disasters have affected Haiti’s population and its government. Around 60 percent of the population lives below the poverty line, and resources are unevenly distributed, with 10 percent of the population owning 47.7 percent of the country’s wealth (WB, 2016b; IADB, 2010). Health distribution in Haiti is calculated to be 10 years behind compared to other Latin American countries (WB, 2015c). Regarding infrastructure, quality of transport and electricity services are low, only 40 percent of the rural communities having access to all-weather roads and 35 percent of the total population to electricity (WB, 2015c). Figure 1. Haiti’s Gender Profile POVERTY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH - 152nd in the Gender Inequality Index (2019) - 170th in the Human Development Index (2019) - GINI coefficient of 59.2 (2013) - Women represent 50.7% of the population (2019) - 40.6% of the households have women as head figures (2012) HEALTH - Highest mortality rates in the Western Hemisphere for pregnant women, infants and children under 5 - Maternal mortality: 359 deaths per 100,000 live births (2017) - Neonatal mortality rate of 26 per 1000 live births (2018) - 75% of childhood deaths occur before a child’s first birthday ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES AND LABOUR MARKET - Women are 5 percentage points more likely to be unemployed compared to men (16% vs 11%, respectively) (2017) - 53% of women's time is dedicated to domestic work - Women move 80% of the informal market - 3 out of 4 women are employed in the informal market and in low wage jobs - Business’ informality is the main obstacle to women's access to credits AGENCY - Women's share of ministerial positions: 20% (2017) - National parliament seats held by women: 3% (2017) - 37% of adolescents giving birth between 15 and 19 years old (2017) - 15% of women marrying during their adolescence (2017) - 86,000 women live with HIV compared to 58,000 men - Women are not granted the same land ownership and usage rights as men EDUCATION - Women have on average 2 years less of education than men - Just 6.1% of women 35-39 years old finished tertiary education - Men are 7 percentage points more likely to be literate than women (2016) Gender and Transport in Haiti |10 Legal and Institutional Framework for Gender Equality Haiti has signed the main international and regional instruments that promote gender equality, such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the Inter- American Convention on the Prevention and Eradication of Violence Against Women, the Cairo Program of Action on Population and Development, and the Beijing Platform for Action. The country also developed national legislation and mechanisms to protect women and men’s rights. Haitian women and men are constitutionally granted equal rights. In 2012, an amendment to the 1950 Constitution moved the gender agenda even further, by establishing a 30 percent female participation quota in public services to foster women representation in public decision- taking positions. National institutions have been established to create policies and implement programs to address gender-based inequalities and support women’s empowerment. The Ministry for the Status of Women and Women’s Rights (MCFDF) was established as the main institution promoting, coordinating and supervising gender equality commitments. The Gender Equality Office for the Parliament and Gender Focal points in different ministries were created to mainstream gender equality principles and their operationalization in governmental organisms. Core development policies include standalone gender goals, such as in the National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction, the Development Strategy for Haiti 2030, and the 2014-2016 Triennial Program of Investment. Despite considerable efforts, a weak judicial system and the lack of institutional capacity in the implementarion of these measures, paired with socio-cultural norms that perpetuate discriminatory practices among girls and women, still hinder the advancement of Haitian women. Laws criminalizing rape and domestic violence were enacted in 2005 and often times law enforcement lag behind, leading to a vicious cycle where victims are blamed for abuses and rape, facing further re-victimization. Access and Quality of Education and Health Education Women have on average 2 years less of education than men and only 6.1 percent of women between 35 and 39 years old finished their tertiary education, compared with 11.8 percent of men (WB, 2015c). Adult women are also more likely to be illiterate, and adult men are 10 percent points more likely to be literate than adult women (Idem). Besides formal education, there is a need of developing vocational and life skills trainings that focus on building women’s technical and soft skills that can be used in a specific occupation or domain. Disaster-risk management skills and coping mechanisms related to natural disasters are also among the main priorities in the non-formal learning area. Health Maternal mortality is among the main challenges faced by the female population. In 2017, Haiti had 359 deaths per 100,000 live births, 5 times higher than the regional average (WB, 2019; WHO, 2015). Shortage of proper health institutions and lack of services to assist women during and after pregnancy, including health skilled staff to attend births, continue to put women and their children’s life in danger. 111 Gender and Transport in Haiti Economic Opportunities and Labor Market Despite Haitian women representing 50.7 percent of the population, as well as being the head of 40.6 percent of households, they are 5 percentage points more likely to be unemployed compared to men (WB, 2019; WB, 2015c). Additionally, three out of four women are employed in the informal market and in low-wage jobs, such as domestic work, in the agriculture sector, and in the commercialization of agriculture products and manufactured goods (WB, 2019). Women engaged in the agriculture sector tend to have lower education and incomes than men (Coello et al., 2011). There is also a strong link between informality and poverty. With 60 percent of the population living below the poverty line, 95 percent of the country’s business pertains to the informal market (WB, 2016b). Informal employment might become the only available opportunity and, thus, the last resort for those excluded from formal employment. This informality is currently causing many difficulties, both in terms of business’ sustainability, which directly affects women, and financial benefits deriving from it, which affect the country’s economy. Shortage of access to formal jobs, unpaid work and difficulties in accessing credits are different representations and/ or consequences of informality. Women in the informal sector do not benefit from workplace regulations and social protection schemes; they are locked in low productivity activities with few opportunities for economic mobility and more economic and social instability, as they are extremely vulnerable to any issue (natural disasters, economic downturns, political issues, etc.). Business’ informality is the main obstacle to access credits and remains among the main factors hindering women’s business development. Despite the existence of microcredit institutions and the promotion of pioneering programs piloted by a few banks in the country to support access to credits for informal works, interest rates are extremely high and women have difficulties accessing them or fall behind in repaying when they subscribe to these credits. 2 Additionally, multilateral development banks (MDBs), including the IADB and its Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF), tend to promote access to credit among formal enterprises, leaving behind the biggest part of the real Haitian work market. Women’s time availability is also a major obstacle to their economic development. More than half of women’s time is primarily dedicated to domestic work (53 percent), including care activities and household chores. Even if domestic work is essential to the functioning of society and economy for any member of a given society, women carry the heaviest burden by spending twice the time in domestic activities compared to men (respectively 28 and 12 hours per week) (UNDP, 2015). Women’s time poverty has negatively impacted their participation in economic activities. Devoting most of their time to care and household chores, women’s remaining time for income generating activities is limited. Gender occupational segregation is particularly evident in the transport, infrastructure and construction sectors, which often tend to be better remunerated and more competitive than others. During the Haitian post-earthquake reconstruction, trainings and income- generating opportunities promoted by infrastructure projects tended to benefit more men than women (PDNA, 2010). Furthermore, infrastructure investments have often disregarded women’s specific needs and challenges with the subsequent result of broadening the already existing gaps between women and men, including the economic and employment ones. 2 Refer to December 2016, Haiti Mission and Focus Groups Report for further details. Gender and Transport in Haiti |12 Agency and Gender Roles Public Life and Decision Making Female representation in higher political office is quite low, with women occupying 11.1 percent of national parliament seats and 20 percent of ministerial level positions (WB, 2019). 3 This is strongly related to the patriarchal and masculine social order that characterizes the Haitian society. As many other countries in different regions of the world, this data shows a society that is still lagging behind in properly recognizing the importance of women’s role and position in both public and private spheres. Representation of women in public positions does not only influence the society’s perception towards a woman’s critical public role, but also influences her perception in many other domains as well, including the domestic and working spheres, as well as in female versus male relation. It also fosters a more positive self-perception among women. According to some studies, representation of women in public positions is correlated with the implementation of social public policies that greater benefit women, children and vulnerable groups (Chattopadhyay and Duflo, 2004). Land Rights Due to customary law that still favors men in detriment of women, the latter are not granted the same land ownership and usage rights as men, and they rarely own land. Fertility Adolescent pregnancy is also a great challenge in the Haitian society as there are 44 births per 1,000 women from ages 15–19, and 17 percent of women marrying during their adolescence, compared with 2 percent of men (WB, 2019; WB, 2015c). Gender-based Violence Gender-based violence (GBV) prevalence, which tends to increase in emergency situations, such as natural disasters, is high; 27 percent of Haitian women reported having experienced physical violence and 13 percent sexual violence, from the age of 15 (UNFPA, 2016). GBV is among the gender priorities in the transport sector, as women often face numerous personal security challenges while travelling, including armed and personal attacks that can exacerbate into physical violence and rape. Recommendations Gender technical assistance at governmental level • Support gender mainstreaming in public policies, projects and programs related to poverty alleviation, education, health and economic opportunities; • Assist MCFDF, Gender Equality Office and gender focal points in the development of gender policies, action plans, indicators and their implementation and supervision; • Incorporate gender analysis and actions in the design, and monitoring and evaluation of governmental programs; • Improve technical skills to develop sex-disaggregated indicators, especially those related to labor market and GBV. 3 28.7 percent is the regional average of female parliament seats and 21.9 percent of female ministerial level positions. 131 Gender and Transport in Haiti Poverty • Provide technical and financial support to design poverty alleviation strategies tailored to assist the most at-risk population such as female-headed households, adolescent mothers, and out of school youth; • Establish social safety network programs to assist single parents and provide tailored financial contributions to larger families; • Strengthen the administration of social safety funds to make sure that the target population receives the required assistance. Education • Target girls’ weak educational outcomes fostering knowledge dissemination on best practices in gender-responsive early grade participation; • Support gender-responsive educational opportunities and skills-building for out of school girls and boys; • Provide “second chance” learning programs improving quality and quantity of vocational training and work force development, which include life skills components; • Strengthen public and private collaboration by linking the educational system’s “second chance learning” to available employment opportunities; • Increase parental engagement in students’ education. Health • Review health policies and plans to incorporate gender-sensitive objectives, actions and indicators; • Train healthcare professionals’ in maternal health care, HIV/AIDS and GBV; • Establish GBV one stop centers for GBV survivors; • Encourage sex education in school curricula to educate children at an early age, as well as educating adults to change social norms from the top level; • Address the norms and behaviors that led to the epidemic of girls’ pregnancy and HIV/ AIDS through the implementation of behavioral change programs. Labor Market and Access to Finance • Improve formal employment opportunities, especially among women and youth; • Set up business advisory services to promote women’s business development and provide consulting and training on business expansion; • Work closely with the education sectors in order to coordinate vocational trainings and work force development programs tailored to market’s demands; • Develop tailored programs, training and workshops to improve women’s economic empowerment through business skills development and knowledge; • Provide micro-credit programs to facilitate women’s access to credit; • Collaborate with local banks needing to diversify financial products and services, in order to develop products that address the needs of informal entrepreneurial women; • Conduct a field study to investigate men and women’s different financial needs, constraints and necessities, especially in the informal market. Gender and Transport in Haiti |14 Gender-Based Violence • Incorporate gender issues, including GBV, in schools’ curricula to introduce the topic at an early stage; • Set up community centers to educate youth and adults regarding partners and spouses relationships; • Encourage community and religious leaders in promoting zero-tolerance attitudes towards GBV; • Tackle male behaviors leading to GBV and provide different ideals of masculinity and male identity. Participation in Decision-Making Space • Encourage a political will from the top level to pave the way for women’s participation in local, regional and national leadership roles; • Increase merit-based quotas for women in enterprises and promote female-led enterprises; • Recognize and reward successful businesswomen, including the informal sector, to create role models for future generations. 151 Gender and Transport in Haiti Gender Interventions in Haiti’s Transport Sector To date, in Haiti, only few interventions have been developed in the area of intersection between gender and transport with the support of the IADB, the WB and USAID. Said interventions have focused on non-traditional jobs trainings and capacity building activities for women, including masonry, heavy machine operation, road maintenance and carpentry. In the last decade, the IADB Transport Division (TSP) started two programs: The Women and Men Equality Program (EFH) and the Integration of Gender, HIV/AIDS and First Aid in Reconstruction Campsites Program (IGHFA). 4 IADB approach focused mainly on: i) promoting women’s inclusion in the transport infrastructure construction labor force; and ii) addressing the social and gender- specific risks related to the development of transport infrastructure and labor influx (see table 1). Source: IADB 4 The EFH was part of the HA-L1019, which aimed at improving the Haitian Southwest Departments roads through the: i) promotion of female trainings on the utilization of heavy machineries, the maintenance of roads and the development of micro entrepreneurial skills; and ii) the creation of transport microenterprises managed by mainly female projects’ beneficiaries. EFH’s main objective was to create equal working opportunities for both women and men in the transport sector. The IGHAF was part of the HA-L1079, a transport project aiming at improving connectivity between different country regions by reducing transportation costs and time, thus supporting; i) trainings on construction techniques among women; ii) HIV/AIDS and GBV awareness raising interventions among local community and construction workers; and iii) first aid trainings for construction workers. The IGHAF aimed at facilitating women’s inclusion in road construction market as well as reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS and GBV and the risks of accidents at the workplace. Gender and Transport in Haiti |16 Table 1: IADB’s Gender-Sensitive Transport Operations in Haiti 5 6 7 5 The “yes” and “no” columns refer to the possibility of having used a gender-sensitive lens in IADB transport operations in Haiti. 6 Transport safety is defined as “…vulnerability to accidental injury (usually involving at least one vehicle as the instrument causing the injury). WB. 2002. Cities on the move. 7 Transport security is defined as “vulnerability to intentional criminal or antisocial acts suffered by those engaged in trip making” WB. 2002. Cities on the move. 1 The “yes” and “no” columns refer to the possibility of having used a gender-sensitive lens in IDB transport operations in Haiti. 2 Transport safety is defined as “…vulnerability to accidental injury (usually involving at least one vehicle as the instrument causing the injury). Transport security is defined as “vulnerability to intentional criminal or antisocial acts suffered by those engaged in trip making”, WB Cities on the move , 2002. IADB’s Gender-Sensitive Transport Operations in Haiti Categories Areas of intervention Interventions sub-areas Donor GOH recipient YES NO 5 Gender-Sensitive Interventions for Beneficiaries as Transport Service Users Road infrastructure Primary roads IADB MTPTC X Secondary roads IADB MTPTC X Tertiary roads X Maritime infrastructure X Air infrastructure X Railway infrastructure X Intermediate modes of transport X Non-motorized transport X Pedestrian environment X Public transport X Vehicle and facility design X Transport safety 6 IADB & CIDA MTPTC X Transport security X Livelihood support X Production enhancement X Marketing enhancement X Gender-Sensitive Interventions for Beneficiaries as Transport Service Providers Women’s training on traditionally male occupations IADB & CIDA MTPTC X Internship opportunities X Employment opportunities X Safety at work IADB & CIDA MTPTC X Security at work X Awareness raising on gender segregation in the construction sector Government IADB & CIDA MTPTC X Private sector IADB & CIDA MTPTC X CSOs IADB & CIDA MTPTC X Communities IADB & CIDA MTPTC X Interventions targeting men X Social Safeguards Displacement and resettlement X Land rights X Livelihood support X Social risks related to labor influx STIs IADB MTPTC X HIV transmission IADB MTPTC X GBV IADB MTPTC X Transactional and commercial sex X Adolescent pregnancy X Child marriage X 7 171 Gender and Transport in Haiti The Women and Men Equality Program (EFH) The EFH was implemented between 2012-2013 by the IADB Transport Division (TSP), in partnership with the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). The program was integrated in two IADB projects: Rehabilitation of Roads Infrastructure for Integration of the Territory (HA- L1019) and Program for Rehabilitation of Basic Economic Infrastructure Projects (HA-0093). The EFH rooted its foundation in the promotion of equal and inclusive working opportunities for both women and men in the transport sectors. The program’s main objective was to promote and advance the inclusion of women in the transport sector’s labor force. To achieve this, the EFH had three specific objectives: i) improving the quality and conditions of Haitian women by providing them with the technical skills and theoretical knowledge to be able to perform in the transport sector; ii) promoting the creation and development of female-headed microenterprises focused on infrastructure to provide women with new sources of incomes and support their agency in a male-dominated sector; and iii) raising awareness among citizens and actors working in the transport sector on the importance and benefits of providing equal employment opportunities for men and women. A GAP guided the program’s implementation. The GAP identified EFH’s main objectives, activities, beneficiaries, implementation areas, as well as actors involved. Beneficiaries The main beneficiaries were women living in RRITP implementation areas, and RBEIP projects. However, youngsters and people living under economic constraints and/or with low educational background were also included among the Program’s beneficiaries. Criteria for the beneficiaries’ selection: i) be 15-25 years old; ii) belong to a vulnerable household; iii) belong to household led by women; and iv) belong to a household located in a rural area exposed to droughts; or belong to youth population with problems in accessing the labor market due to lack of qualifications. Additionally, among the preconditions to access the Program, beneficiaries had to be a part of a civil society organization (CSO) based in the RRITP and RBEIP project areas. BOX 1 HA-L1019 (RRITP) and HA-0093 For decades, the IADB has been supporting the Haitian government in the improvement and modernization of its transport sector and economic performance, including the rehabilitation of its economic infrastructures for the development of the financial market. As part of these efforts, in 2007 the IADB and the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), financed the Rehabilitation of Roads Infrastructure for Integration of the Territory (RRITP) and the Program for Rehabilitation of Basic Economic Infrastructure. The HA-L1019 aimed at improving the Haitian Southwest Departments roads by rehabilitating part of the principal, secondary and rural road networks, including its bridges, and paving the urban areas of the surrounding populated centers. The HA-0093 intended to rehabilitate basic economic infrastructures in areas with economic potential supporting their functioning, maintenance and sustainability as well as creating a flexible mechanism to fund their rehabilitation. The HA-L1019 project sat under the Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communication (MPWTC) and was managed by the MPWTC’s Central Execution Unit (CEU) and the Technical Execution Unit (TEU) of the Ministry of Economy and Finance. The HA-0093 project was executed by the Ministry of Economy and Finance. Gender and Transport in Haiti |18 Areas of Implementation The areas of implementation of the EFH were the regions of Grande-Anse and Sud. The EFH also included among the implementation areas the North region, specifically the territory of La Borgne (see map 1). Map 1: Haiti Roads Map and areas of EFH’s implementation by region Source: World Bank, Systematic Country Diagnostic, 2015. Main institutions and actors involved in the EFH The IADB and CIDA supervised the Program, while the Central Executing Unit (CEU) of the Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communication (MPWTC) was responsible for its implementation. Local organizations conducted the program’s activities and many partnerships were established for the implementation. The Training Centre Maurice Bonnefil (CMB) and the Institution Sacred Heart of Cap-Haitien (ISC) were selected for the development of the training on heavy machineries in the South and North areas, respectively. Collaboration between the CEU and the Road Maintenance Fund (RMF), a government agency under the MPWTC, was established to execute the trainings on road maintenance. Also, the Program hired consultants to support specific components, including a Gender Specialist appointed at the CEU to coordinate and supervise the EFH implementation. Activities The activities started at the end of 2012 and finished at the end of 2013. The main EFH activities consisted of: i) trainings focused on the utilization of heavy machineries, the maintenance of roads and the development of micro-entrepreneurial skills; ii) the creation and development of transport microenterprises managed by projects’ beneficiaries; and iii) communication and awareness raising campaigns to sensitize communities from the areas of intervention on the benefits and importance of integrating women in the transport sector. 191 Gender and Transport in Haiti Activity 1: Trainings on the operation of heavy machineries Photo 1: Haitian women managing heavy machine Photo credit: IADB Despite the fact that the GAP set the objective of training 165 people under Activity 1 only 159 beneficiaries were trained on heavy machineries, and received a certification of successful completion and a license allowing them to drive and manage the afore-mentioned machineries. Among the 159 participants who successfully completed the training, 106 were women (66 percent) (see Table 2). Table 2: People trained in the Operation of Heavy Machineries Activity 1 did not include any measures to support the integration of the certified participants in the labor market in its work plan. Due to the existing gender discriminations related to the participation of women in the infrastructure sector, some women experienced challenges in finding employment opportunities. As a corrective measure, the CEU established partnerships with national agencies and a private constructing enterprise to provide internship and/or working opportunities to certificated participants. This strategy demonstrated the necessity of including specific measures after the training in order to facilitate the absorption of trained people in the specific field of work. After the partnerships, 43 certified participants, of whom 37 women, started an internship, and 15 found a permanent work position (10 were women). Despite these improvements, the gap between the people with the knowledge to develop the work and those who obtained an internship (27 percent) or were hired (9.5 percent) is still too wide and additional measures should be implemented in future interventions. The first activity focused on providing participants with the theoretical knowledge and the technical skills necessary for the correct and safe operation of heavy machineries. Five modules were developed under the training, focusing on the use of the most common machineries in the development of transport infrastructure. This included modules on the use of: i) steamroller; ii) bulldozer; iii) excavator; iv) loading machine; and v) backhoe. To provide financial support to beneficiaries, and address logistical problems related to the distance between the training centers and their home, the Program financed lodging and transport costs during the trainings. The calculated cost for the completion of the training per participant was of US$ 5,329, including transport and lodging expenses, and the total cost for training delivery was US$ 276,692. People Trained in the Operation of Heavy Machineries Region - City Location Women Men Total Percentage of Women Le Borgne North 20 24 44 45.4% Camp-Perrin South 59 16 75 78.6% Grande-Anse South 27 13 40 67.5% TOTAL 106 53 159 66.6% Gender and Transport in Haiti |20 Activity 2: Trainings on Road Maintenance Techniques Table 3: People Trained in Road Maintenance Techniques In Haiti, like in other countries in the region, road maintenance is, in fact, managed by microenterprises created and lead by the local population. Activity 2 objective was to support preexisting maintenance structures focusing on the provision of knowledge and skills on how to maintain roads. The EFH decided to promote trainings in road maintenance techniques in order to promote job opportunities for local women and the most in need population. The specific methodology used in Haiti to maintain road networks provided a favorable context for the development of Activity 2. • Trained beneficiaries: 200 participants in the South (144 w.) and 50 in the North (32 w.); • Areas of implementation: Grande-Anse, Camp-Perrin and the city of La Borgne; • Training duration: 11 days per each area between December 2012 and February 2013; • Implementing organizations: Road Maintenance Fund (RMF); • Cost per participant: US$ 302; • Total cost: US$ 75,642. Activity 3: Trainings on microenterprise development As part of a comprehensive strategy to facilitate business opportunities among women in the transport sector