BIDeconomics Haïti: Panorama des opportunités

HAITI BIDeconomics 2024 Authors: Giulia Lotti Maricruz Arteaga Editor: Andrés Gómez Osorio HAITI HAITI BIDeconomics Landscape of Opportunities Acknowledgements This BIDeconomics provides a map of opportunities with actionable recommendations rooted in international best practices, based on the IDB's knowledge and experience. It is our contribution to fostering more inclusive and sustainable development for the Haitian population. We extend our gratitude to everyone who made this possible, with special thanks to: • Tomás Bermúdez, General Manager of the Department of Central America, Haiti, Mexico, Panama, and the Dominican Republic (CID). • Marta Ruiz-Arranz, Regional Economic Advisor of CID. • Corinne Cathala, Representative in Haiti. • The economics and operations teams, and all the specialists of the IDB Group, in particular: María Cecilia Acevedo, Géraud Albaret, Jeff Colo, Mathieu Cros, Gilles Damais, Raúl Delgado, Jean Emmanuel Desmornes, Raphael Dewez, Dulce Benigna Dias, Daniel Fonseca, Aurélie Gilles, Nerlyne Jean Baptiste, Kawala Jean, Nicola Magri, Sarah Matthieussent, Nadin Medellin, Claudia Mendieta, Gerardo Reyes Tagle, Manuel Rodríguez, Ana María Sáiz, Marie Evane Tamagnan, Jesús Tejeda, Wilkferg Vanegas, Karelia Villa Mar, and Levi Zegarra. • The designer, Sara Ochoa. We also express our highest recognition to all public, private, and civil society agents in Haiti who trust in our work and value the contributions we make for the well-being of the people. | 5 | 4 BIDeconomics Landscape of Opportunities HAITI Contents INTRODUCTION From Fragility to Stability We are all aware of the reality: Haiti faces profound socio-political and economic challenges. The current situation is marked by fragility, conflict, and criminal violence, yet it also presents an opportunity for transformative change and progress. For the last 30 years, Haiti has endured numerous political crises and prolonged civil unrest, severely undermining the country’s governance and institutions. According to the United Nations (UN), the number of people killed in armed violence increased by 120% in 2023 compared to 2022—and is increasing even further in 2024—while kidnappings surged by 83%. In areas controlled by armed groups, 70% of women and girls have experienced some form of gender-based violence. As of September 2024, over 700,000 people have been internally displaced. As of mid-October 2024, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) reported more than 153,000 deportations back to Haiti. Food insecurity affects nearly half the population (48%), according to the Integrated Food Security Situation. Although post-earthquake reconstruction efforts were made, the country recorded successive contractions in real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), marking its worst economic performance in three decades. In fact, fiscal year (FY) 2024 was the sixth consecutive year of negative growth. The nation suffers from the lowest GDP per capita in the Western Hemisphere, while the private sector continues to face significant challenges in initiating and expanding operations. The Human Development Report 2020 revealed that informal employment in the non-agricultural sector accounts for 88.1%, with 93.8% of the female population engaged in informal jobs. An estimated 60% of the workforce earns below the minimum wage, and women earn, on average, 32% less than men. This multidimensional crisis hampers the delivery of public services and exacerbates structural challenges. Access to quality education is limited at all levels, as is healthcare. Only 2 out of 3 people have basic water services, and 1 in 2 has electricity. Despite these challenges, policy reforms have been implemented in collaboration with the International Monetary Fund, encompassing areas such as governance and anti-corruption, tax and revenue administration, public finance management, and Central Bank independence. Thanks to grant-based financing from international partners and debt relief, the average debt stock, which was 29.6% of GDP between FY2000 and FY2010, fell to 24.1% between FY2011 and FY2021. It is projected to decrease further to 14% in FY2024, driven by Venezuela's debt forgiveness and repayments. Improved public finances, reduced monetary financing, the slowdown in economic activity, and Central Bank regulatory measures have contributed to the appreciation of the Haitian Gourde (HTG). Since its highest peak at 154 HTG/USD in April 2023, the gourde appreciated to 131 HTG/USD in November 2024. Additionally, inflation decelerated from an unprecedented 49.3% year-on-year rate in January 2023 to 27.9% by September 2024. The Inter-American Development Bank Group (IDB Group) has outlined a series of recommendations to help Haiti overcome its current challenges. For this, we took into account the recently approved IDB Framework to Support Populations in Situations of Fragility, Conflict, and Criminal Violence (FCCV) 2024-2027, a document that emphasizes practical implementation over the mere establishment of new laws and regulations. The proposed recommendations are organized in three sets: 1. State Capacity via Institutional Strengthening. 2. Provision of Public Services through Better Planning. 3. Economic Development by Creating a Conducive Business Environment. The journey from fragility to stability is complex, yet attainable with the right strategies and support. There is room for optimism and hope for a brighter future. Achieving prosperity will be tremendously difficult, but it is a duty we cannot forsake. INTRODUCTION From Fragility to Stability 5 HAITI OVERVIEW 6 PATH OF OPPORTUNITIES 3 sets of recommendations 8 1. STATE CAPACITY VIA INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING 10 Rule of Law 12 Government Management 14 2. PROVISION OF PUBLIC SERVICES THROUGH BETTER PLANNING 16 Food Security and Healthcare 18 Education 20 Resilient Infrastructure 22 3. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BY CREATING A CONDUCIVE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT 24 Labor Market, Entrepreneurship, and Financial Inclusion 26 Sources of Revenue: FDI, Cross-Border Trade, and Remittances 28 Private Involvement in Critical Sectors 30 BIDeconomics Landscape of Opportunities HAITI Source: United Nations. Source: WEO. Source: IMF, WEO. April 2024. Source: IPC Analysis of Acute Food Insecurity. Source: UNICEF. Source: WEO (World Economic Outlook) and IHSI (French acronym for the Haitian Institute of Statistics and Informatics). Source: IHSI (French acronym for the Haitian Institute of Statistics and Informatics). Haiti Overview Challenges That Can Be Overcome | 6 BIDeconomics State capacity must be strengthened Access to basic services should be enhanced to improve social indicators The economy needs to be reactivated Gang violence drastically escalated Consecutive real GDP contractions (FY*) Prior average growth was 2.5% between 2011 and 2018 Food insecurity has become endemic and malnourishment has climbed Total revenues are low (GDP %) Domestic revenue collection (GDP %) went up Non-financial public sector fiscal balance (GDP %) Haitians who do not have enough to eat: Year-on-year inflation went from a historical peak to a significant deceleration 207,000 school-age children have been displaced since the unrest of February and March 2 out of 3 households have experienced a reduction in income | 7 Public debt has decreased over the last 20 years, thanks to grants and concessions from global partners The reduction in monetary financing contributed to a slowdown in price growth The gasoline subsidies were eliminated in 2022 33% as of February 2019 48% by June 2025 2022 2023 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 (estimated) As of September 2024 Essential Conditions Have Begun to Emerge 9th out of 177 10.4 out of 100 countries on the Fragile States Index 2023 (a report assessing state vulnerability to collapse) (partly due to deteriorating labor market conditions and a drop in remittances from abroad) Another 160,000 have been affected by the closure of schools score in the Worldwide Governance Index 2022 (which estimates political stability and the absence of violence) Homicides -1.7% -3.3% -1.8% -1.7% -1.9% -4.0% 29.6 average FY2000-2010 24.1 average FY2011-2021 FY2021 FY2022 January 2023 September 2024 0.8 –1.9 –2.4 FY2023 FY2022 6.6 FY2023 6.7 FY2022 5.3 FY2023 5.8 49.3% 27.9% Total public debt stock (GDP %): *The fiscal year (FY) in Haiti runs from October to September. FY2022 FY 2023 FY2024* *Projection due to Venezuela's debt forgiveness and repayment. Even though revenues are low, new measures for customs revenue collection were implemented Larger revenues and lower expenditures in FY2023 drove a fiscal surplus 2,183 4,789 5,107 14.0% 28.5% 29.5% | 9 | 8 BIDeconomics Landscape of Opportunities HAITI PATH OF OPPORTUNITIES 3 SETS OF RECOMMENDATIONS State Capacity via Institutional Strengthening › Rule of Law › Government Management 2. Provision of Public Services through Better Planning › Food Security and Healthcare › Education › Resilient Infrastructure 3. Economic Development by Creating a Conducive Business Environment › Labor Market, Entrepreneurship, and Financial Inclusion › Sources of Revenue: FDI, Cross-Border Trade, and Remittances › Private Involvement in Critical Sectors 1. Ecosistema productivo | 11 | 10 BIDeconomics Landscape of Opportunities HAITI 1. STATE CAPACITY VIA INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING The country needs to reestablish essential conditions for governance, political stability, and the protection of its citizens. Democratic order and public safety are fundamental, as are effective management and the proper administrative skills to prioritize and execute strategies with due accountability. It is crucial to work on the following areas: › Rule of Law › Government Management | 13 | 12 BIDeconomics Landscape of Opportunities HAITI RULE OF LAW Haiti has a long history of social and political turmoil, struggling with violence. Since 2016 the country has not held elections, leaving the nation in a deepening crisis. The high perception of impunity affects society’s confidence. The institutional framework for legality and integrity faces significant challenges. United Nations experts say that gangs have “more firepower than the police” Gender-based violence has surged Deaths due to armed violence have skyrocketed 75% were cases of sexual violence 15% constituted physical assault 10% involved psychological or emotional violence 1. STATE CAPACITY VIA INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING | RULE OF LAW FOUNDATIONAL POLITICAL FRAMEWORK Ensuring fair electoral processes is crucial for democratic governance and accountability. This includes clarifying the roles of key agencies and boosting their capacities. Bolstering the Center of Government (COG) can enable better strategic management, policy coordination, and expenditure oversight. This involves strengthening the COG agencies (the Primature and the Ministry of Economy and Finance) to set and achieve government-wide priorities such as security, public services, employment, and business environment challenges. TRANSFORMATION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT Modernizing police training should enhance effectiveness against threats such as organized crime. Criminal investigation skills need to be improved, along with meritocracy in police career paths. » Technology and preventative measures could be very useful, in addition to community partnerships and creating care units for victims of violence. » Social violence prevention programs and local collaborations targeting at-risk youth would boost the national capacity to decrease crime. Tightening firearms legislation should facilitate stricter regulations on firearm possession, sale, and distribution, and intensified efforts to apprehend those involved in the illegal trade. » It is advisable to increase border and port surveillance and collaborate with international agencies to intercept illicit arms shipments. Strengthening the ULCC (French acronym for Anti-Corruption Unit) is vital for transparency. It is necessary to handle corruption complaints, enforce regulations, and establish an independent commission to investigate corruption. Preventing gender-based violence (GBV) is possible with improved services, such as a one- stop shop model for survivors, targeted training on GBV awareness, and collaboration with community centers, schools, and healthcare facilities. Public campaigns are also key to challenge harmful attitudes. NATIONAL AND FOREIGN SPECIALIZED SUPPORT Engaging with local and international organizations that uphold human rights and the rule of law would bolster justice institutions like the police and criminal investigation agencies. This can be achieved by focusing on police reform, organized crime, and firearms trafficking. » It is important to start with a proper diagnosis of police and prosecutor's services, while enhancing anti-financial crime measures. » Conducting a national risk assessment of anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) would help authorities reinforce the legal framework on these matters. Likewise, it would be useful to improve the capabilities of the Financial Crimes Intelligence Unit and establish a national coordinating institution for AML/CFT efforts. RECOMMENDATIONS 80% to 90% of the capital is controlled by criminal groups 40.9 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants (2023) 36% LAC average 17 out of 100 score* 18 LAC average 5.6 World average Source: United Nations. Source: Basel AML Index 2022. *The score reflects the opinions of experts and businessmen on the levels of corruption in the public sector. Source: LAPOP, 2018. 1,005 sexual violence survivors were assisted by Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) in Port-au-Prince from January to May 2023, almost double the number from the same period in 2022 Nearly 1,800 incidents from January to March 2024 were reported by the United Nations 70% of respondents said the police took over 30 minutes to 3 hours to respond to a crime or never arrived 172nd out of 180 countries in the Corruption Perceptions Index 2023, published by Transparency International Only 23% of the population trusts the police 2nd country in the world at high risk of money laundering and terrorist financing | 15 | 14 BIDeconomics Landscape of Opportunities HAITI GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT THREE main challenges: Size of the public sector* The tax system is primarily reliant on indirect taxes The gaps in digital government exacerbate public management challenges Deficiencies in public administration have translated into ineffective execution. Clientelism, patronage, and absence of meritocracy in the public service remain, presenting a bureaucracy in need of strengthening, as well as low wages and a deficient scheme of incentives. Revenue administration has improved, especially customs, but revenue mobilization is affected by weak policies and the institutional capacity of tax ad- ministration agencies. Better public expenditure and performance indica- tors are required. 1. STATE CAPACITY VIA INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING | GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT PUBLIC MODERNIZATION Improving capabilities at the country level (e.g., civil service and digital transformation) and the sector level (e.g., health and education) would reinforce public management. It is crucial to focus on practical implementation to ensure the effectiveness of regulatory frameworks. » Ongoing initiatives to foster state transformation should be supported, such as the deployment of the Integrated Public Financial Management System. » Data collection is valuable for transparency and for evidence-based policies. Developing a national digital strategy with investments in infrastructure (e.g., connectivity and cloud services) would enhance the provision of public services. Digital identity, e-signatures, and improved online services are fundamental, as is fostering digital skills among public employees and citizens. Cybersecurity and streamlined administrative processes are also vital. Promoting comprehensive civil service reforms is necessary to introduce a merit-based salary system and improve gender equality. Other changes may include redesigning pay scales, creating a sustainable pension system, and establishing service delivery standards. » A digital human resources management system (e-HRMS) would streamline recruitment and payroll. » Transparency in public servant asset declarations and a robust whistleblower office are desirable. RESPONSIBLE AND TECHNICAL FINANCES Strengthening the National Public Procurement Commission (CNMP in French) is important for boosting public investment and acquisition efficiency. This can be achieved by revamping the system's principles and rules, ensuring transparency, and monitoring contracts. » It is essential to establish a publicly accessible registry of buyers and suppliers with transparent selection mechanisms, leveraging digital tools. » Other efforts should focus on fortifying the Supreme Audit Court (Cour Supérieure des Comptes). Open budgeting practices, regular audits, and transparency in government spending are fundamental for building public trust. Some pivotal steps include creating platforms for public engagement in decision-making and involving civil society in government oversight. Formulating a medium-term budget framework using a top-down approach can establish expenditure limits that guide budget planning at the line ministry level. Enhancing governance and accountability in tax and customs administration can be decisive for revenue mobilization. Simplifying the tax system may broaden the tax base and reduce exemptions. » Refining the general inspection for taxes in the Ministry of Economy and Finance is feasible through investments in staffing, training, and annual audit work plans. RECOMMENDATIONS » Limited organizational and technical capabilities. » Feeble accountability and rule of law framework. » Lack of consensus and support for reforms. 187th out of 193 countries in the UN E-Government Index 2022 FOUR crosscutting public administration functions need to be updated with digital technologies Budget Strategic planning Public investment Human resources Budgeting and spending systems… » Do not adequately link sector strategies to budget allocations. » Do not incentivize fiscal discipline. » Do not have proper checks and balances. Public procurement processes face a shortage of data and poor planning » Oversight is limited by the lack of independence of the Public Procurement Commission (CNMP in French), situated within the Prime Minister's Office. of GDP constitutes the public sector wage bill is the LAC average 3.2% 8.8% Public employment represents: Almost HALF of formal employment… but only 3% of total employment (vs 11% of LAC average). Sources of total revenue (FY2023) *Information from the last available date. Source: Worldwide Bureaucracy Indicators Dashboard. Source: Ministry of Economy and Finance. *Taxe sur le Chiffre d'Affaires, French acronym for Turnover Tax. Customs duties TCA* sales tax Income taxes 35% 20% 10% 2. PILAR | 17 | 16 BIDeconomics Landscape of Opportunities HAITI 2. PROVISION OF PUBLIC SERVICES THROUGH BETTER PLANNING Improving the delivery of basic services for citizens is fundamental, with strategic investments, enhanced governance, and effective regulation. This section provides a contextual analysis and offers recommendations on the following key areas: › Food Security and Healthcare › Education › Resilient Infrastructure | 19 | 18 BIDeconomics Landscape of Opportunities HAITI FOOD SECURITY AND HEALTHCARE 2.1 is the average in Latin America and the Caribbean Source: Coordination Nationale de la Sécurité Alimentaire (CNSA). Source: World Food Program, April 2023. Source: “Assessing the Quality of Primary Care in Haiti”, Bull World Health Orgwan, 2017. Source: UNICEF/WHO, 2019. Source: World Bank. There is less than 1 hospital bed per 1,000 people, far below international standards 2. PROVISION OF PUBLIC SERVICES THROUGH BETTER PLANNING | FOOD SECURITY AND HEALTHCARE FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR CITIZENS Unconditional and conditional cash transfers enable the population to access food. Utilizing electronic systems for enrollment and payment delivery is crucial for expanding coverage, tracking progress, and minimizing corruption in these processes. CLIMATE-RESILIENT PRACTICES Improving water provision while mitigating pollution and sedimentation may be achieved through the rehabilitation of forests and riverbanks, implementing payments for ecosystem services, and adapting agricultural practices. Facilitating access to basic education for local farmers supports the adoption of sustainable approaches, such as ecosystem-based adaptation. » Financial initiatives, like subsidies for climate-friendly producers, can significantly impact by providing resources for food procurement. HEALTH PROGRAMS Widening access to primary care services, particularly those focused on maternal and child health, is crucial. This includes areas like family planning, immunizations, nutrition, prenatal care, neonatology, and obstetric hospital services. Providing free healthcare services to producers and vulnerable populations in rural areas can improve access to the system, ease financial burdens, and thereby enhance food security while fostering long-term resilience. Investing in infrastructure, equipment, mobile units, personnel training, and retention initiatives for skilled healthcare staff is vital. Strengthening the Ministry of Public Health and Population would enhance the management of fundamental infrastructure, including the National Center for the Supply of Essential Medicines (PROMESS in French). » Developing accessible telemedicine for remote areas is also key to bridging the gap between urban and rural healthcare. SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT Refining governance and coordination among different stakeholders is critical to avoid overlapping responsibilities. » The water and sanitation sector needs the completion of legal frameworks for decentralization and the clear separation of functions. Defining a Public Utility Policy and a tariff policy based on efficiency and sustainability is also necessary. » Strengthening the planning, operational, monitoring, and regulatory functions of the Water and Sanitation National Directorate (DINEPA in French) is instrumental for service coverage and quality. » Collaboration between the Ministry of Public Health and Population, Departmental Directorates, and the private healthcare network would lead to better coverage, regulation, and a more efficient referral system. RECOMMENDATIONS Malnutrition is a major problem exacerbated by high inflation, extreme weather events, and violence. Medical care requires improvement, especially for maternal and child health. Access is more restricted in rural and semi-urban areas. Under-resourced water and sanitation services remain a significant problem. 1 out of 2 Haitians faces acute levels of food insecurity The system is understaffed and under-resourced The lack of waste management leads to health issues in a situation of low access to healthcare delivery The health sector is fragmented 5,800 hectares of cropland have been lost since 2022 in Artibonite, the main agricultural region, due to gang-related displacement 112th out of 113 countries in the Global Food Security Index 2022 (designed by Economist Impact) A multi-year cycle of drought has negatively impacted local food production Only 23% of the population have access to primary care of good quality » Non-public providers, including NGOs, churches, and for-profit organizations, operate with limited government oversight. » Lack of coordination between healthcare centers for referrals complicates access to essential services. » The provision of water and sanitation is overly centralized. » The Water and Sanitation National Directorate (DINEPA) is intended to be a regulatory entity, but it has focused on project execution. Only 67% of the population has access to improved water sources 98% is the LAC average The organizational structure of these sectors is a major obstacle | 21 | 20 BIDeconomics Landscape of Opportunities HAITI EDUCATION The Ministry of National Education and Professional Training has the lowest budget allocation in the region Given the limited provision of public education… Fiscal year 2025: USD 321 million 1.2% of GDP Private providers operate over 80% of schools Source: World Bank, 2017. Source: World Bank Group, 2018. Source: Own calculations based on Ministry of Economy and Finance budget data. Source: UNICEF. Source: World Bank 2. PROVISION OF PUBLIC SERVICES THROUGH BETTER PLANNING | EDUCATION ADMINISTRATIVE BREAKTHROUGHS Efficient spending of the existing budget is imperative to ensure both quality and coverage. It is also essential to distribute resources equitably across the general directorates and regional offices of the Ministry of National Education and Professional Training. Strengthening and implementing the Education Management and Information System (EMIS) is crucial for regulating and accrediting institutions to meet high standards. This requires a national budget allocation to operationalize the system and maintain interconnections be- tween the Ministry's technical and departmental directorates and the EMIS. Basing decision-making on data is essential. This can be accomplished by providing training to Ministry staff and partners, establishing the necessary technological infrastructure, integrating data use into sectoral projects, and consolidating data generation and governance to improve the efficiency of data collection efforts. Curriculum development is critical and should be supported by the implementation of quality assurance systems. The new curriculum should be standardized to ensure its use in both public and private schools. An aligned evaluation framework should be developed to measure student performance based on their participation in international assessments. INCLUSION MEASURES Assuring access for marginalized groups and regions, particularly in rural areas, requires special attention to people with disabilities and adolescent girls. » A safe-schools initiative would help prevent sexual harassment. » A distance tutoring program could provide additional support to students at risk of dropping out, helping them stay engaged and succeed academically. » A national school feeding strategy is necessary to attract out-of-school children, increase en- rollment rates, and keep the most vulnerable students in class. Moreover, it would contribute to enhancing their academic performance. » Providing childcare facilities to support female participation in education is crucial for advancing gender equality. EARLY CHILDHOOD INITIATIVES Experiences from similar fragile and vulnerable contexts can be effectively adapted in Haiti to improve early childhood development (ECD). » A promising approach is the high-impact Reach Up and Learn (RUL) program, which or- ganizes home visits with play-based activities to promote interactions between adults and chil- dren in vulnerable environments, benefiting both child development and parenting practices. RECOMMENDATIONS It is urgent to improve sector governance, management capacity, and public investment. Youth is a powerful asset Women are a crucial group too, representing 41% of heads of household The net primary enrollment rate increased from 60% in the early 2000s to 70% in 2015. However, access to school remains limited. Children enter 1st grade 2 years later than expected Just half of 1st graders reach the 6th grade Very few infants are enrolled in center-based programs 13% of 1st graders repeat the year 1 out of 2 Haitians is under 25 Source: Ministry of National Education and Professional Training. Source: IDB Grant Proposal HA-J0008. Source: Ministère des Affaires Sociales et du Travail (MAST), 2013. Poor learning outcomes stem from inadequate teaching quality, an outdated curriculum, and insufficient materials. Diversity challenges persist in classrooms. Teen pregnancy prevents many girls from entering or continuing their studies, and people with disabilities face significant barriers. The quality of the home environment is low, with a majority of children lacking access to early stimulation, responsive care activities, and age- appropriate books. A 4th grade math assessment by the Ministry of Education in public and private schools in 2015 found that student scores were only slightly better than random guessing Only 3.5% of children with disabilities have access to education in Port-au-Prince 3% of children under 2 years old 58% of children from 3 to 5 years old | 23 | 22 BIDeconomics Landscape of Opportunities HAITI 70% of Port-au-Prince inhabitants live in informal constructions RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE Basic public works face complex procurement processes, capacity constraints, political and economic instability, and weaknesses in the legal and regulatory framework. Haiti experiences one of the fastest urbanization rates in LAC, but territorial planning has been deficient. Climate change adaptation needs to be correctly addressed. Extreme weather events and seismic activities represent a national threat. Source: ”Haiti: Selected Issues”, International Monetary Fund. Source: IDB Grant Proposal HA-L1130. Source: The Global Competitiveness Report. 2019. World Economic Forum. Source: https://hashaiti.org/stories/blog/rough-road-conditions-haiti/ Source: IDB, December 2023. Source: ”Haitian Cities: Actions for Today with an Eye on Tomorrow”, World Bank. *The score “measures a country’s ability to leverage investments and convert them to adaptation actions”. Source: ”Haitian Cities: Actions for Today with an Eye on Tomorrow”, World Bank. Inadequate infrastructure, governance, and regulations hinder access to reliable electricity The weak performance of transport infrastructure impacts socioeconomic development, affecting businesses and connectivity 2. PROVISION OF PUBLIC SERVICES THROUGH BETTER PLANNING | RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE PIVOTAL ASSETS Transforming governance in the energy sector is decisive for improving coverage and service quality. A comprehensive regulatory framework is imperative to expand electrification. Improving access to digital connectivity, quality, and affordability is vital for economic development. Modernizing transport roads, safety, and management demands institutional reforms and sustainable financing mechanisms for both new projects and ongoing maintenance. » Encouraging local firm participation in tenders can enhance transportation efficiency, while leveraging technical expertise from organizations like the Haitian Association of Construction Firms and the National College of Haitian Architects and Engineers. » Further investment in the road network is critical in the Northwest department, which faces severe food insecurity and lacks connectivity with the rest of the country. » Clearly defining obligations between the Ministry of Public Works and the Ministry of Agriculture would ease coordination for rural road network upgrades and maintenance, thereby enhancing connectivity for remote areas and improving agricultural market access. PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITIES Ensuring that regulatory frameworks are updated, clear, consistent, and compliant with international standards might boost investor confidence. » Laws governing infrastructure projects must facilitate private sector participation while safeguarding public interests and promoting sustainable development. » Simplifying procurement procedures and implementing electronic payments would contribute to efficiency and transparency. Capacity-building can foster infrastructure development by strengthening the abilities of public workers and institutions, particularly in project management, procurement, and governance. This requires training, technical assistance, and partnerships with international organizations. CLIMATE ADAPTATION Integrating climate change considerations into infrastructure is essential for protecting investments. The Ministry of Environment should lead the development of regulations with robust and effective social and environmental safeguards. » Nature-based solutions in public policy may cost-effectively mitigate disaster risk. Developing an urban growth strategy for cities is necessary in Haiti's North and Northeastern regions, focusing on resilient infrastructure. » Disaster risk prevention measures must be incorporated into urban planning, including the creation of a building code adapted to the country's climate and seismic risks. » Territorial planning, rather than sectoral planning, is suggested through a process involving municipalities and civil society. » A comprehensive assessment of existing infrastructure would help identify areas requiring intervention and modernization. Implementing disaster risk management is vital in both rural and urban areas. RECOMMENDATIONS 2 out of 5 Haitians have an electricity connection, the lowest in LAC 39 kWh is the yearly per capita energy consumption, the lowest in the world Lowest rank in infrastructure among 141 countries Only 40% of people in rural areas have access to all-weather roads 80% of roads are not deemed to be in good condition Between 2000 and 2015, urban residents doubled, reaching 60% of the total population 66% of Greater Port-au-Prince is exposed to high seismic risk 185th out of 192 countries in the readiness score* for climate adaptation, according to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN) 2021 | 25 | 24 BIDeconomics Landscape of Opportunities HAITI 2. PILAR 3. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BY CREATING A CONDUCIVE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT A favorable investment climate and essential conditions for businesses are crucial to overcoming the crisis and advancing toward prosperity. This requires creating employment opportunities, expanding access to credit, and establishing the necessary infrastructure and institutional frameworks for international commerce, with active participation from corporate entities. These are the suggested fields of intervention: › Labor Market, Entrepreneurship, and Financial Inclusion › Sources of Revenue: FDI, Cross-Border Trade, and Remittances › Private Involvement in Critical Sectors | 27 | 26 BIDeconomics Landscape of Opportunities HAITI LABOR MARKET, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION Unemployment rates are among the highest in Latin America and the Caribbean Agriculture, for instance, significantly contributes to GDP and employment, yet it receives minimal financing from the banking system High levels of unemployment, underemployment, and informality pose significant obstacles to productivity and household income. Inadequate regulatory and institutional frameworks hamper private sector efforts, entrepreneurship, and innovation. The very low penetration of financial services restricts access to credit, an issue particularly relevant for MSMEs (micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises). In the Caracol and Codevi industrial parks, tens of thousands of jobs have been suspended. *Estimated Source: World Bank. Source: United Nations Development Program, 2020. Source: Doing Business 2020. 19% Total 2023* 34% Youth (2nd highest in the region) 3. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | LABOR MARKET, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION JOBS PRESERVATION AND CREATION Establishing incentives for recruiting and retaining workers is essential. Equally important is providing access to fast, high-quality training programs aligned with industry standards. Reassigning workers to emerging sectors through labor intermediation remains imperative. Policies should prioritize strategic and growing industries such as green technologies, textiles, technology, and infrastructure. » The Ministry of Social Affairs and Labor must amend occupational health and safety standards to address potential human rights issues. Implementing a robust labor market information system is fundamental for analyzing trends and guiding strategic planning for employment interventions. Improving industrial efficiency and infrastructure to attract investment and generate job opportunities can be achieved by streamlining further customs procedures, optimizing the shipment of raw materials and inputs, and facilitating the transit of goods across borders. » It is crucial to enforce effective inventory management systems within industrial parks, as well as to restore and optimize operations in the Industrial Park of Caracol. Postponing and temporarily reducing social security contributions would alleviate financial pressure on businesses and help preserve jobs. NEW VENTURE OPPORTUNITIES Promoting entrepreneurship can be accomplished by improving the business climate, enhancing regulatory dialogue, and providing flexible financing instruments tailored to the Haitian context. Legislative measures should be considered to support ventures led by women and increase their participation, as well as that of diverse groups, in the labor market. These measures should explicitly prohibit sexual harassment and address domestic violence. » Short-term vocational training programs and credit initiatives for women microentrepreneurs should be developed, alongside strategies to enhance their access to financial services. » Collaboration with women's organizations can strengthen support for both emerging and established women entrepreneurs. ENABLING BANKING SERVICES Creating a centralized credit rating bureau would improve access to financing by standardizing and systematically disseminating risk data among financial intermediaries. Developing guarantee schemes for underserved segments could help close the financing gap while mitigating credit risk concerns. This can be achieved through government resources, blended finance, and the involvement of multilateral development banks. » Financial services should specifically target micro, small and medium-sized enterprises. Advancing a regulatory framework for leasing —considering its early adoption and potential— and encouraging factoring alternatives would help broaden financing options. RECOMMENDATIONS 7 out of 10 jobs are categorized as vulnerable and short-term in nature The textile sector faces a shortage of orders The closures of the Haitian-Dominican border have put further strain on the arrival of raw materials Women experience lower labor force participation rates compared to men 179th out of 190 countries in the ease of doing business index 180% of the average per capita income is the cost of starting a business. 97 days is the average time required 28.8 days in LAC 80% of employment comes from these companies MSMEs are underserved by banks, partly due to the lack of reliable credit scoring systems The absence of regulations governing leasing and factoring limits the availability of financial services | 29 | 28 BIDeconomics Landscape of Opportunities HAITI SOURCES OF REVENUE: FDI, CROSS-BORDER TRADE, AND REMITTANCES The country attracts very low levels of foreign direct investment (FDI). In addition to security issues, several other factors contribute to this situation: Low trade openness and limited integration into international supply chains increase transaction costs and restrict productivity. Exports are weak, while the import bill is large, creating economic risks. Despite the recent decrease, imports remain sizable Exports represented only 5.1% of GDP in FY2023, the lowest in the region Haiti relies heavily on diaspora remittances Non-tariff barriers (NTBs) are high, hindering trade and economic growth Ranked 139th out of 141 in the 2019 Global Competitiveness Index for NTBs Trade is highly concentrated Over 83% of exports went to the United States in 2020 The export base is narrow 90% consists of clothing and apparel 1.77 million in 2020 A 21% increase from 2015 Transferring USD 200 to Haiti costs an average of 7.7% of that amount These fees, among the highest in the region, reduce the effectiveness of remittances as a source of financial support Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2024. Source: “Haiti’s Troubled Path to Development”, Council on Foreign Relations. Source: United States Department of State. Source: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Source: Own calculations. Source: Remittance Prices Worldwide. Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2024. 3. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOURCES OF REVENUE CONDITIONS FOR INVESTORS Fortifying the Center for Facilitation of Investments (CFI) would ameliorate the overall investment environment. This includes aligning its operations with international standards. » Establishing a post-investment support unit would help ensure effective assistance for investors after their commitments are made. Creating a one-stop investment window (Guichet Unique pour les Investisseurs – GUI) is equally important. This requires reviewing business procedures and implementing an electronic GUI. Boosting institutional capacity to attract and retain foreign direct investment (FDI) involves professionalizing technical support for promotion, updating strategic and operational plans to meet global standards, and appointing experts to lead key sectors within the CFI. » Hardening management and technical teams with training in trade, investment, and soft skills is essential. » Fostering sustainable FDI that promotes deeper manufacturing integration, expands market reach, and involves more sophisticated products should also be prioritized. INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE Revising and reinforcing legal and institutional frameworks for trade promotion and investment is feasible if processes are simplified. Taking advantage of least-developed country flexibilities in trade agreements and accelerating integration with regional organizations like CARICOM would be beneficial. Invigorating free zone activities and coordinating efforts with neighboring authorities — such as cross-border transport corridors and tourism zones—would stimulate development. Crafting export policies, identifying strategic niche markets, and pursuing sustainable product opportunities are vital for increasing revenue streams. » Offering business development services would support companies' efforts to go global and bolster small- and medium-sized enterprises. OVERSEAS TRANSFERS Leveraging modern technologies for remittances can reduce transaction fees and improve engagement with the diaspora. Partnering with financial institutions to create innovative products that utilize remittance flows, such as remittance-backed mortgages, can maximize the impact of diaspora contributions. Collecting data on migrant networks, demographics, returnees, and vulnerabilities would enable better decision-making and targeted interventions. Setting up effective mechanisms to channel diaspora resources into investments, development projects, and economic growth could be transformative. Key initiatives may include diaspora development bonds, public-private investment programs, and business networks that connect Haitians abroad with those in the country. RECOMMENDATIONS Limited effectiveness of the Center for Facilitation of Investments (CFI), the national promotion agency A poor perception of the country abroad Lack of interest from companies to invest or expand due to inadequate infrastructure Complex administrative processes 2021 24% 2022 27.5% 2023 24.6% 15% of Haitians reside abroad Remittances account for 15.2% of GDP in FY2023 | 31 | 30 BIDeconomics Landscape of Opportunities HAITI PRIVATE INVOLVEMENT IN CRITICAL SECTORS Public-private partnerships (PPPs) have partially served as a vehicle to engage business organizations in infrastructure development. Transportation infrastructure also poses a challenge for trade. Divided opinions on the PPP instrument and limited project development capabilities deter potential investors. The lack of a formal relationship between the Water and Sanitation Regional Offices (OREPAs in French) and the public, private, or public- private entities responsible for providing services in urban areas hampers effective service delivery. The shortage of vital resources for export and import, such as electricity, contributes to an unreliable supply chain. Ongoing regulatory challenges, the absence of a cohesive framework, and insufficient incentives remain significant obstacles A PPP Unit was established within the Ministry of Finance in 2012, but it operates without a guiding policy, and project prioritization depends on political will Private-led and joint public-private investments aimed at addressing electricity challenges in certain areas face significant constraints The experience with rural electrification has been mixed 3. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | PRIVATE INVOLVEMENT IN CRITICAL SECTORS AN ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR THE PRIVATE SECTOR Establishing a clear policy framework and enhancing government institutional capacity can facilitate the identification and structuring of viable projects. It is essential that initiatives are technically sound and commercially appealing, making it easier to attract international financing. » Improving the overall business climate, including strengthening the rule of law and ensuring contract enforcement is critical for sustainable infrastructure development, regardless of the procurement mechanism. » It may be necessary to significantly adapt classic PPP models, adopt more traditional government-pay arrangements, or limit private-sector service provision, given the extended payback periods and higher risks for investors in Haiti. INVESTMENTS BY KEY AREAS Increasing private sector participation in the electricity industry requires updates to the National Energy Plan and clearer regulations to stimulate investment, particularly in renewable energy and mini-grid projects. » Enhancing the National Authority for the Regulation of the Energy Sector (ANARSE in French) and modernizing distribution and transmission networks are essential, opening opportunities for private-sector contracts in operations and management. Major export promotion can be achieved by creating a more favorable environment for businesses, enabling them to contribute more effectively to job creation, productivity, and foreign trade. » Reforming the air and sea transportation sectors, through better governance, regulatory upgrades, and increased corporate involvement, is crucial to boost exports. » The adoption of innovative technologies, such as drones and geolocation data, can enhance urban transport systems. Elevating the performance of water and sanitation providers is feasible through the consolidation of standard operating procedures and improved monitoring of PPP contracts. » These contracts should be adapted to ensure better incentives and coordination in service delivery. » Collaboration with IDB Invest and IDB Lab should be strengthened to effectively implement strategic interventions. » Gradually revising subsidies and encouraging private-sector participation in waste collection and treatment is suggested to ensure full cost recovery. » Continuous support, oversight, and adjustment of alternative institutional arrangements for service providers and local regulation are crucial for sustained improvement. » Data collection on water and sanitation services, including solid waste management, should be strengthened for better planning and cost assessment. RECOMMENDATIONS NGOs and private operators have developed independent thermal and renewable energy mini-grid initiatives » Communities have shown a willingness to pay for reliable electricity, despite high tariffs (ranging from USD 0.40 to USD 2.00 per kWh). Most of the processes launched to concession regional networks and mini- grids for EDH (Electricité d'Haïti, the state electricity company) have been declared void » Either price proposals have exceeded reference values, or companies have demonstrated a lack of interest due to high investment costs, financial risks, and an inadequate regulatory framework. » There are no explicit responsibilities for each party, which limits the ability to channel incentives to providers based on performance commitments. » The OREPAs remain weak, with undefined policies and operating procedures. » The absence of a legal structure is a major impediment to establishing sustainable entities responsible for operating water and sanitation services in urban areas. | 33 | 32 BIDeconomics Landscape of Opportunities HAITI Cataloging-in-Publication data provided by the Inter-American Development Bank Felipe Herrera Library Lotti, Giulia. BidEconomics Haiti: landscape of opportunities / Giulia Lotti, Maricruz Arteaga Garavito. p. cm. — (IDB Monograph; 1246) Includes bibliographic references. 1. Sustainable development-Haiti. 2. Economic development-Social aspects-Haiti. 3. Infrastructure (Economics)-Haiti. 4. Human capital-Haiti. 5. Haiti-Economic policy. 6. Haiti-Social policy. 7. Climate change- Haiti. 8. Rule of l