Analyse Genre du Cadre Stratégique de l'USAID/Haïti

DISCLAIMER The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States government. USAID/HAITI STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK GENDER ANALYSIS November 30, 2020 USAID/HAITI 1 | USAID/HAITI STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK GENDER ANALYSIS USAID.GOV This publication was produced for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Contract Number 47QRAA18D00CM. It was prepared by Banyan Global under the authorship of Jane Kellum, Sue Telingator, Kenise Phanord, and Alexandre Medginah Lynn. Implemented by: Banyan Global 1120 20 th Street NW, Suite 950 Washington, DC 20036 Phone: +1 202-684-9367 Recommended Citation: Jane Kellum, Sue Telingator, Kenise Phanord, and Alexandre Medginah Lynn. USAID/Haiti Strategic Framework Gender Analysis Report. Prepared by Banyan Global. 2020 USAID.GOV USAID/HAITI STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK GENDER ANALYSIS | 2 ACRONYMS ADS Automated Directives System AFASDA Association Femmes Soleil d'Hait i /Sun of Haiti women's association AOR/COR Agreement Officer’s Representative/Contract Officer’s Representative APN L'Autorité Portuaire Nationale /National Port Authority ARI Acute respiratory infections ASEC Assemblée de la Section Communale /Assembly of the Communal Section BDS Business development services BINUH Bureau intégré des Nations Unies en Haïti /United Nations Integrated Office in Haiti CAEPA Comité d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable et Assainissement /Potable Water and Sanitation Provision Committee CASEC Conseil d'Administration de la Section Communale /Board of Directors of the Communal Section CE Conseil Ecole /Schools Council CEC Commission d’Education du CLIO /Education Commission of CLIO CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women CEP Conseil Electoral Provisoire /Provisional Electoral Council CHP Cap Haïtien Port CIAT Comité Interministériel d’Aménagement du Territoire /Committee for the Management of the Territory COTEM Comité d’Application du Quota /Quota Application Committee CME Commission Municipale d’Education /Municipal Education Commission CNCVFF Concertation Nationale Contre les Violences Faites aux Femmes /National Concertation Against Violence Against Women CNLTP Comité National de Lutte contre la Traite /National Committee for the Fight against Trafficking CSO Civil society organization DINEPA Direction Nationale de l’Eau Potable et Assainissement /National Directorat for Drinking Water and Sanitation DOS Development objectives DRG Democracy, rights, and governance DRR/DRM Disaster risk reduction/Disaster risk management EMMUS Enquête Mortalité Morbidité et Utilisation des Services /Mortality Morbidity and Use of Services Study EPSSS Evaluation de la Prestation des Services de Soins de Santé /Evaluation of the Provision of Health care Services FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FSN Foreign Service National 5DE Five domains of empowerment FP Family planning GA Gender advisor GBV Gender-based violence GDP Gross Domestic Product GEWE Gender equality and women’s empowerment GWG Gender Working Group GHESKIO Groupe Haïtien d'Étude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes /Group for the Study of Sarcoma and Kaposi and Opportunistic Infections Centers GMO Gender Mission Order GOH Government of Haiti GRB Gender-responsive budgeting 3 | USAID/HAITI STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK GENDER ANALYSIS USAID.GOV HR Human resources IDEA International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance IFES International Foundation for Electoral Systems IHSI Institut Haïtien de Statistique et d’Informatique/Haitian Institute of Statistics and Computing IOM International Organization for Migration J2SR Journey to Self-Reliance LAC Latin America and Caribbean LGBTI Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex MARNDR Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Ressources Naturelles et du Développement Rural /Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Rural Development MCFDF Ministère à la Condition Féminine et aux Droits des Femmes /Ministry for the Status of Women and Women’s Rights MCI Ministère du Commerce et de l’Industri e /Ministry of Commerce and Industry MENFP Ministère de l’Education Nationale et de la Formation Professionnelle /Ministry of National Education and Vocational Training MGA Mission Gender Advisor MHM Menstrual health management MINUSTAH Mission des Nations Unies pour la Stabilisation en Haiti /United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti MPCE Ministère de la Planification et de la Coopération Externe /Ministry of Planning and External Cooperation MSPP Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Populatio n /Ministry of Public Health and Population MTPTC Ministère des Travaux Publics, des Transports et des Communications /Ministry of Public Works, Transportation, and Communication NGO Non-governmental organization OAA Office of Acquisition and Assistance OREPA Office Régionale Eau Potable et Assainissement /Regional Office of Potable Water and Sanitation OVC Orphans and vulnerable children ONA Office National d'Assurance Vieillesse /National Office of Retirement Insurance PAD Program Appraisal Document PDEF Plan Décennal d’Éducation et de Formatio n /Ten-year Education and Training Plan PEFH Politique d’Égalité Femmes Hommes /Policy for Equality between Women and Men PEPFAR President’s Emergency Fund for AIDS relief PNAEFH Plan National d’Action d’Égalité Femmes Hommes /National Action Plan for Equality between Women and Men PNEF Plan National d'Éducation Financière /National Financial Education Plan PNH Police Nationale d’Haït i /Haitian National Police PNLCVEF Plan National Lutte Contre les Violences Envers les Femmes / National Plan to Combat Violence Against Women POC Point of contact PSC Personnel Service Contract PSDH Plan Stratégique de Développement d’Haïti / National Strategic Development Plan PTSD Posttraumatic stress disorder P4L Partners for Learning RGA Recensement Général de l’Agriculture /General Census of Agriculture RLO Resident Legal Officer SDG Sustainable Development Goal USAID.GOV USAID/HAITI STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK GENDER ANALYSIS | 4 SF Strategic Framework SME Small and medium-sized enterprise SOFA Solidarité Fanm Ayisyèn /Haitian Women Solidarity SOW Scope of work SRGBV School-related gender-based violence SRH Sexual and reproductive health VSLA Village Savings and Loan Association STEM Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics TBA Traditional birth attendant TEPAC Techniciens en Eau Potable et Assainissement Communa ux /Communal Water and Sanitation Technicians TIP Trafficking in Persons UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFPA United Nations Population Fund USAID United States Agency for International Development VSLA Village savings and loans associations WASH Water, sanitation, and hygiene WEE Women’s economic empowerment WEEE Women’s Entrepreneurship and Economic Empowerment WEAI Women Empowerment in Agriculture Index WFP World Food Programme WSS Water supply and sanitation 5 | USAID/HAITI STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK GENDER ANALYSIS USAID.GOV CONTENTS ACRONYMS 2 CONTENTS 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 1. INTRODUCTION 21 1.1 BACKGROUND 21 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE USAID/HAITI GENDER ANALYSIS 21 2. COUNTRY CONTEXT AND GENDER LANDSCAPE 22 2.1 COUNTRY CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND 22 2.2 GENDER EQUALITY OVERVIEW, BY ADS205 GENDER ANALYSIS DOMAIN 24 3. GENDER ANALYSIS FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: SECTOR 1 — HEALTH 30 3.1 KEY FINDINGS FOR SECTOR 1: HEALTH 31 3.2 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SECTOR 1: HEALTH 40 3.3 ASSUMPTIONS AND RISKS 43 3.4 ILLUSTRATIVE INDICATORS 43 4. GENDER ANALYSIS FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: SECTOR 2 – EDUCATION 44 4.1 KEY FINDINGS FOR SECTOR 2: EDUCATION 44 4.2 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SECTOR 2: EDUCATION 52 4.3 ASSUMPTIONS AND RISKS 54 4.4 ILLUSTRATIVE INDICATORS 55 5. GENDER ANALYSIS FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: SECTOR 3 – DEMOCRACY, RIGHTS, AND GOVERNANCE 55 5.1 KEY FINDINGS FOR SECTOR 3: DEMOCRACY, RIGHTS, AND GOVERNANCE 56 5.2 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SECTOR 3: DEMOCRACY, RIGHTS, AND GOVERNANCE 67 5.3 ASSUMPTIONS AND RISKS 70 5.4 ILLUSTRATIVE INDICATORS 71 6. GENDER ANALYSIS FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: SECTOR 4 – ENVIRONMENT 72 6.1 KEY FINDINGS FOR SECTOR 4: ENVIRONMENT 72 6.2 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SECTOR 4: ENVIRONMENT 76 ASSUMPTIONS AND RISKS 77 6.4 ILLUSTRATIVE INDICATORS 77 7. GENDER ANALYSIS FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: SECTOR 5 – ECONOMIC GROWTH AND AGRICULTURE 78 7.1 KEY FINDINGS FOR SECTOR 5: ECONOMIC GROWTH AND AGRICULTURE 79 USAID.GOV USAID/HAITI STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK GENDER ANALYSIS | 6 7.2 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SECTOR 5: ECONOMIC GROWTH AND AGRICULTURE 86 7.3 ASSUMPTIONS AND RISKS 89 7.4 ILLUSTRATIVE INDICATORS 89 8. GENDER ANALYSIS FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: SECTOR 6 – INFRASTRUCTURE 90 8.1 KEY FINDINGS FOR SECTOR 6: INFRASTRUCTURE 91 8.2 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SECTOR 6: INFRASTRUCTURE 93 8.3 ASSUMPTIONS AND RISKS 95 8.4 ILLUSTRATIVE INDICATORS 95 9. GENDER ANALYSIS FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: SECTOR 7 – WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION 96 9.1 KEY FINDINGS FOR SECTOR 7: WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION 96 9.2 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SECTOR 7: WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION 100 9.3 ASSUMPTIONS AND RISKS 102 9.4 ILLUSTRATIVE INDICATORS 103 10. USAID/COUNTRY INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ON GENDER EQUALITY AND THE SOCIAL INCLUSION OF VULNERABLE GROUPS 104 10.1 USAID/COUNTRY POLICY AND PRACTICE ON GENDER EQUALITY 104 10.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USAID/HAITI 108 ANNEX A. SCOPE OF WORK 110 ANNEX B. METHODOLOGY 123 INCEPTION REPORT 123 ANNEX C. REFERENCE LIST 124 ANNEX D: INTERVIEW GUIDES FOR THE GENDER ANALYSIS 136 ANNEX E: LIST OF KEY INTERVIEWEES 152 ANNEX F: GENDERED LAWS, POLICIES, STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS155 ENDNOTES 157 7 | USAID/HAITI STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK GENDER ANALYSIS USAID.GOV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank Brianne Sanford and Magdala Beaublanc (USAID/Haiti) for facilitating the organization of the gender analysis activities and providing guidance at all stages of the analysis. Gratitude is due to those at USAID/Haiti who participated in interviews or shared feedback through the survey. We appreciate USAID’s partners and other stakeholders who participated in the consultations and shared their experiences and recommendations, greatly contributing to USAID’s efforts to enhance gender equality and women’s empowerment in Haiti for the coming years. A special thanks to Sara Seavey, Victoria Rames, and Caroline English from the USAID Gender Integration Technical Assistance II Task Order team at Banyan Global for providing continuous technical support during the gender analysis process. USAID.GOV USAID/HAITI STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK GENDER ANALYSIS | 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION The United States Agency for International Development (USAID)/Haiti contracted Banyan Global to undertake a countrywide gender analysis to inform the USAID/Haiti 2020–2022 Strategic Framework (SF) and the mission’s programs, projects, and activities. This analysis identifies gender advances, constraints, and recommendations in seven sectors in Haiti: (1) Health; (2) Education; (3) Democracy, Rights, and Governance (DRG); (4) Environment; (5) Economic Growth and Agriculture; (6) Infrastructure; (7) Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS). This report addresses the following crosscutting themes: gender-based violence (GBV) prevention and response; women’s economic empowerment (WEE); resilience; humanitarian assistance; governance; self-reliance, locally-driven development; and COVID-19. It also addresses key populations, including lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, and intersex (LGBTI) persons, persons with disabilities, youth, and urban and rural populations. METHODOLOGY Banyan Global prepared this report after a multi-stage process that included (1) a review of secondary data sources and (2) primary data collection, through remote interviews and/or an online survey with 69 key stakeholders in Haiti. (See Annex B for detailed methodology.) The key findings and recommendations are presented below, with tags to highlight specific opportunities to address WEE and linkages to USAID’s Journey to Self-Reliance (J2SR) sub-dimensions. GENDER ANALYSIS FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1 I n accordance with EO 13950 , USAID has put a hold on all upcoming training, seminars, and other related fora on diversity and inclusion pending an agency and Office of Personnel Management review of the content of these programs (see Executive Order and OMB guidance). It may also be helpful to review agency notices numbers 09214 and 10196. Mission staff reviewing these recommendations should seek guidance from Mission leadership prior to moving forward with any training events. GENDER ANALYSIS KEY FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FINDINGS RECOMMENDATIONS 1 Sector 1: Health J2SR Sub-Dimensions 2, 4, 6: inclusive development, government capacity, and citizen capacity • Financial limitation is the number one constraint to accessing health care for women and men. However, it impacts women at a higher rate than men. • Link female beneficiaries of USAID-supported health programming to economic empowerment opportunities. WEE • Promote the establishment of a health insurance system that takes into account all income levels as well as the urban versus rural divide, and that serves women and men equitably. 9 | USAID/HAITI STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK GENDER ANALYSIS USAID.GOV • Long distances to nearest health facility, insufficient transportation, and poor road quality are barriers to healthcare access for women and men. • Support decentralized access to maternal, neonatal, child, and family health care in rural areas, through free mobile care, expansion of rural health outposts, and support for community health worker networks, especially in rural zones. • Fear of neglect and isolation deter women from giving birth at health care facilities. • Support the Ministry of Public Health and Population/ Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population (MSPP) to create a low-cost trained birth attendant system, making use of traditional birth attendants (TBAs) who are already assisting births in rural communities. • Develop patient support programs that improve communication, privacy, companionship (if deemed safe), respectful care, and attention to pain during vaginal exams, as well as choice of birth position. • Infant and child mortality rates are notably higher for boys than girls. • That rate of accessing treatment for acute respiratory infection and fever is notably higher for girls than boys. • No data exists to explain the gendered differences in neonatal and child health outcomes. • Conduct a study to understand the factors that contribute to gendered differences in the neonatal and child health outcomes for girl and boy children. • Discriminatory treatment by health care workers based on gender identity and (dis)ability is often discriminatory. • Provide capacity building and training to health care personnel to encourage greater professional care and treatment of LGBTI patients; incentivize staff to maintain a high standard of care. • Develop social and behavior change communications activities with health care professionals to create positive social norms around LGBTI persons and persons with disabilities. • Men may avoid seeking health care, especially in cases of mental illness, because of socially-defined expectations of masculinity. • Support large-scale social and behavior change communication campaigns and activities that de-stigmatize care-seeking behaviors among men. • The psychosocial well-being of women, men, girls, and boys has deteriorated because of the humanitarian context in Haiti. • Support the MSPP to provide training to frontline health care providers on identifying and treating mental illness. • Partner with the Ministère de l’Education Nationale et de la Formation Professionnelle /Ministry of National Education and Vocational Training (MENFP) to integrate psychosocial support into its emergency response plans to reach girls and boys suffering from mental illness. • Anecdotal reports highlight increases in teen pregnancy since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. • Early pregnancy increases vulnerability to health concerns for both mother and child. • Social stigma around early pregnancy may cause reluctance • Explore the potential to join and rapidly scale up the new United Nations-led Spotlight 2020–2023 initiative, which includes systematizing and integrating comprehensive sex education and gender equality education into public education curricula. USAID.GOV USAID/HAITI STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK GENDER ANALYSIS | 10 to seek medical care, exacerbated by the pandemic. • Early pregnancy is a risk factor for girls’ school dropout. • Existing GBV services lack coordination and are insufficient to address health needs. • Provide financial and technical support for a coordinated and expanded GBV prevention and response system that includes clear referral pathways across the health, justice, and social services sectors as well as among civil society organizations, international actors, and government of Haiti (GOH) entities. • Convene stakeholders to examine the barriers to health center certification and for processing rape kits; consider ways to ramp up and decentralize training. • Female leadership in the health care system is low, especially in health governance positions. • Support increased female leadership in the health care system by holding health systems accountable to the 30 percent female leadership quota, by providing incentives such as research funding opportunities to female doctors to stay in Haiti, and by partnering with high schools and universities to encourage more girls to pursue medical school. WEE • Health commodities are failing to reach target populations including women, due to weak distribution systems and a lack of dedicated government funds. • Move the distribution of health commodities, particularly family planning supplies, out of health facilities and into schools, churches, hounfour, and small health outposts. • Advocate to MSPP to involve women’s groups and organizations in oversight, planning, and implementation to improve medical commodities supply chains. Sector 2: Education J2SR Sub-Dimensions 2, 4, 6: inclusive development, government capacity, and citizen capacity • COVID-19 increases the likelihood of dropout for both girls and boys, and especially for girls in domestic servitude, girls and boys in street situations, girls with disabilities, and pregnant girls. • Emergency education vouchers should accompany other social protection transfers (e.g., cash transfer or food vouchers) to targeted families, for all school-aged children in the household. * This recommendation addresses the current humanitarian context in Haiti, which may fall under the responsibility of the Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance. • Support revision of the MENFP non-formal education policy to include additional guidance making the education system more flexible and resilient to meet the gender-specific needs of girls and boys, including those at particular risk of dropout because of the current humanitarian context. • Invest in education support programs that prioritize and target groups of children who are at high risk of dropping out of school or are already out-of-school, by adapting strategies to meet their education needs. Priority groups to consider include pregnant girls, girls in domestic servitude, boys and girls in street situations, HIV-positive girls and boys, and girls and boys with disabilities. • Girls and boys with disabilities face discrimination and stigma in both the larger community and at school. • Schools lack inclusive physical infrastructure, adapted teaching and learning materials for special needs, trained teachers, proper assessments to detect special learning needs, and specialized support services for children with disabilities. • Support inclusive education initiatives that focus on: inclusive school infrastructure (e.g., ramps, railings); targeted training for teachers and MENFP pedagogical support staff; creation of specialized support services, learning assessments, and teaching and learning material for children with disabilities. • Support awareness-raising with the school community on inclusion of children with disabilities in schools, to eliminate stigma and discrimination. 11 | USAID/HAITI STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK GENDER ANALYSIS USAID.GOV • Girls outperform boys in reading and math due to underlying gender norms. • Educational performance is low for both girls and boys because of high rates of absence, lack of electricity, and lack of high-quality early childhood development participation. • Develop and include training modules in all USAID-funded teacher training programs on gender-sensitive teaching practices, with a focus on critical reflection sessions that guide teachers to become aware of their unconscious gender bias. • Develop a peer-to-peer coaching program among teacher colleagues to exchange observations, feedback, and experience related to gender-sensitive teaching practices. • Support early childhood education programs that incorporate a strong family literacy component. • See recommendation in the Infrastructure sector, related to development of a solar microgrid initiative that prioritizes access to schools and households with school-aged children. • School-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) is prevalent on school grounds, especially for overage and restavèk girls in domestic servitude. • Support creation of an MENFP-led SRGBV data collection and reporting system; engage the Schools Councils/ Conseil Ecoles (CEs) and Municipal Education Commissions/ Commissions Municipales d’Éducation (CMEs) as primary actors in the system. • Gender-sensitive education initiatives are limited to a handful of local civil society organizations (CSOs). Government leadership and governance are largely absent in this area, and mostly male-led. • Support implementation of transparency mechanisms for the use and disbursement of the National Education Fund allocations; encourage budget allocation to CMEs to strengthen their operational and financial sustainability. • Provide technical assistance to CMEs to support their responsibility for guaranteeing gender-sensitive education—preventing and tracking SRGBV, closing learning gaps, raising the level of performance, and closing completion gaps between girls and boys, with the goal of encouraging girls to move on to higher levels of education. * This recommendation addresses governance, which may fall under the responsibility of the DRG sector. Sector 3: Democracy, Rights, and Governance J2SR Sub-Dimensions 1, 2, 4, 5: open and accountable government, inclusive development, government capacity, and civil society capacity • Participation at the legislative, executive, and judicial levels remains low for women, persons with disabilities, and LGBTI persons. • Barriers to women’s participation include election violence, insufficient campaign financing, and lack of targeted training and technical assistance to transform community and local leadership experience into electoral success. • Members and leaders of local women’s organizations, as well as women locally elected, provide an important pool of potential candidates for both local and national elected offices. • Support the Quota Application Committee/ Comité d’Application du Quota (COTEM) to develop a legally-enforced sanctions system to support the current mandatory 30-percent quota in public administration and within political parties. • Conduct an awareness-raising campaign among politicians, journalists, teachers and community leaders on women's rights and gender equality as well as on participation of LGBTI persons and persons with disabilities. • Support women's organizations’ campaigns for increased women’s political participation, to identify potential women candidates and provide them mentoring and training. • Provide support and resources such as fundraising training, campaign technical assistance, security detail, and leadership capacity-building to female candidates, candidates with disabilities, and candidates who identify as LGBTI persons. • Strengthen the legal protections for female candidates and politicians against election violence with specific provisions and penalties in the new Penal Code and the (eventual) GBV law. • The Ministry for the Status of Women and Women’s Rights/ Ministère à la Condition Feminine et aux Droits des Femmes (MCFDF) has one of the lowest • Partner with other donors and technical partners, the GOH, and the private sector to create a sustainable funding plan for the MCFDF to implement the PEFH 2014–2034. USAID.GOV USAID/HAITI STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK GENDER ANALYSIS | 12 budgets allocated by the GOH. This hinders implementation of the Politique d’Égalité Femmes Hommes /Policy for Equality between Women and Men (PEFH) 2014–2034 and related action plans. • Women’s rights organizations typically do not have access to large donor funds. • Support development of a state-financed gender fund as defined in the framework of the National Strategic Development Plan/ Plan Stratégique de Développement d’Haiti (PSDH), to support women’s rights organizations working to address GBV and other gender equality and women’s empowerment (GEWE)-related work. • Prioritize awards to local women’s organizations through the mission’s Small Grant Facility; support organizational capacity-building to these organizations to access larger funds in the future. • Women, LGBTI persons, and persons with disabilities face barriers to accessing justice, particularly in cases of GBV and discriminatory abuse: language barriers; insufficient funds to pay legal fees; dysfunctional judicial authorities; lack of awareness of rights; and reluctance to file a complaint for fear of stigma, victim-blaming, social prejudice, reprisal by aggressor, or refusal of parents or guardians. • Partner with CSOs, legal aid offices, bar associations, and feminist/women’s rights organizations to strengthen their capacity, increase numbers throughout Haiti, and ensure financial sustainability of legal aid offices. • Support mechanisms that ensure cases of violence and discrimination against women are handled through criminal courts instead of mediation. • Advocate for inclusive legal proceedings to be conducted in the language of the survivor’s choice, and for mechanisms to be put in place to facilitate persons with disabilities (such as hearing and visual impairment) to ensure their full participation in the proceedings. • Provide specialized training to judges, prosecutors, lawyers, police, and related service professionals on all issues related to GBV and discrimination against LGBTI persons and persons with disabilities. • The legal, policy, and institutional framework to prevent and respond to GBV lacks a specific law against GBV, a national GBV tracking system, and the coordination and resources necessary to implement the 2017–2027 National Plan to Combat Violence Against Women. • Conduct direct advocacy with the GOH and the Parliament for the passage of the law to combat GBV. • Support the National Concertation Against Violence Against Women/ Concertation Nationale Contre les Violences Faites aux Femmes (CNCVFF), the Haitian Institute of Statistics and Computing/ Institut Haïtien de Statistique et d’Informatique (IHSI), and the Haitian National Police/ Police Nationale d’Haïti (PNH) to update and operationalize a reliable national data collection system on GBV. • Support improved coordination among United Nations agencies, other international organizations, and bilateral donors to maximize efforts to reduce violence against women and girls in Haiti. • Consider building on and expanding the Spotlight 2020–2023 project that seeks to prevent and respond to GBV in a systematic and cohesive manner, including tackling the cultural and social norms that normalize GBV. • Underreporting of GBV is prevalent because of social stigma, intimidation and victim- blaming by a predominately male legal system, and lack of knowledge about legal rights of women and LGBTI persons. • Provide technical and financial assistance to the PNH Coordination of Women’s Affairs Department to increase the number of gender units in police stations across Haiti. Enhance focus on the prevention, reception and follow-up of cases, as well as care of GBV survivors and data collection around GBV. • Support application of the 30 percent quota across the legal system through special measures, including incentives and awareness programs to support the integration and promotion of women in the police and judiciary. WEE • Advocate for the revision of the 2017–2027 National Plan to Combat Violence Against Women so that it addresses GBV more broadly, including violence against LGBTI persons. 13 | USAID/HAITI STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK GENDER ANALYSIS USAID.GOV • While the GOH has developed legislation on gender equality, women’s rights, and rights of LGBTI persons, many laws still violate basic human rights, especially in the Civil Codes and the old penal code. • There is no defined timetable for passage of pending bills that affect women. • Advocate for the repeal of all discriminatory provisions, particularly in the current Civil Codes. • Advocate for the adoption of new legislation by the next elected Parliament guaranteeing equal rights for women and LGBTI persons and affirming the 2020 Penal Code (with its gender equality and inclusion provisions). WEE • Support the establishment of a precise timetable during the 51 st legislature for the adoption of all human rights bills under consideration, in particular those relating to gender equality, combating GBV, the conditions of work of domestic workers, and the recognition of consensual non-formal unions ( plaçage ) . WEE • GOH has adopted a law and a related action plan to combat human trafficking. However, the National Committee for the Fight against Trafficking/ Comité National de Lutte contre la Traite (CNLTP), in charge of its application, lacks the funding and resources to carry out its mission. • Support the CNLTP with technical and financial resources to implement the national counter-trafficking plan, with special focus on preventing domestic slavery and forced prostitution. • Offer law enforcement agencies ongoing counter-trafficking capacity-building programs. • Support programming that addresses the root causes of trafficking and exploitation of women, including poverty. Promote the recovery and social reintegration of survivors through assistance, rehabilitation services, and income-generating opportunities. WEE Sector 4: Environment J2SR Sub-Dimensions 2, 3: inclusive development and economic policy • Women, in their household roles, are the primary managers of household waste. • Engage women and youth in programs that promote environmentally-conscious waste management practices such as PeaceCYCLE, which also works to promote the dignity of those working in this sector. • Scavenging is an attractive economic activity because it allows women to bring their children and provides flexible hours. • Develop partnerships with successful private enterprises that recycle plastic wastes (e.g., Thread International and Plastic Bank-Henkel) to provide training and mentorship to women to start their own small and medium-sized enterprises (SME)s in this sector. This should be accompanied by assistance to secure financing and loans. WEE • Support behavior change communication programs to demystify waste and recycling as masculine work at all levels of the value chain, supporting awareness- raising and capacity-building interventions for key recycling value-chain stakeholders as well as academic and technical institutions. 1 • Women in this sector face safety and health risks as well as the burden of social stigma. • Provide health and safety awareness about waste management at health centers, targeting life-saving information to women and children to increase resilience of workers in the sector. WEE • Support creation of a citizen-led monitoring and security system of public spaces where waste is collected, to cover evening hours. WEE • There is low representation of women in natural resource governance. • Engage municipalities in promoting women's leadership in natural resource management by collaborating with local women's groups to discuss the barriers faced by women, and ways to address those barriers at the local level. • Develop locally-led community workshops where men and women work together to solve challenges related to natural resources management. Workshops should include critical reflection dialogues about gender roles related to nature, wealth and power, and how strategic interventions can result in greater economic opportunity and shared prosperity. USAID.GOV USAID/HAITI STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK GENDER ANALYSIS | 14 • Gain community buy-in on the advantages of shared power and decision-making authority, using a cost-benefit approach that promotes equitable systems of power. • Deforestation affects men and women differently, based on their roles and responsibilities within the household; however, due to women's lack of decision-making authority, they have fewer opportunities to protect forests and watersheds. • Involve women in the design, implementation, monitoring, and decision-making around projects related to water and land resources, drawing on their traditional knowledge of the environment. • Incentivize women to participate in conservation of forest through cash payments for improved management. • Foster commitments from the government, international donors and local non- governmental organizations (NGOs) to seek women’s perspectives when crafting policy, to ensure that gender concerns are addressed. • Develop behavior change programming that sensitizes local and traditional male leaders on the benefits of inclusive natural resources management. Sector 5: Economic Growth and Agriculture J2SR Sub-Dimensions 2, 3, 4, 6, 7: inclusive development, economic policy, government capacity, citizen capacity, and capacity of the economy • Women’s formal workforce participation is low; they are predominately in low-skill jobs in sectors like manufacturing and services. • Women have limited opportunities for vocational, professional, or tertiary education. • Social and cultural norms have relegated women to the domestic sphere. • Create a national campaign to bring awareness to the value of women’s participation in tertiary, vocational, and higher education and, in turn, the national workforce, including non-traditional sectors and leadership positions. Showcase successful women entrepreneurs as role models. WEE • Establish a scholarship program and linkages to apprenticeships that can encourage women to specialize in private-sector-identified technical areas and provide ongoing and post-study coaching and mentoring to transition graduating women into the formal workplace. WEE • Create social and behavior change communication programs regarding perceptions of women in business/entrepreneurship and changing gender norms. WEE • Current workforce development initiatives misalign training and professional development with the diverse needs of each industry or productive sector. • Conduct a mapping of needed skills and qualifications in the private sector industry and productive sector to support development of training and education plans, with gender-specific outreach to women and men to meet the identified needs of the various productive sectors. WEE • Widespread gender-based and other discrimination and sexual harassment greatly limit inclusion of women, LGBTI persons, and persons with disabilities in the labor market. • Advocate for creation of a comprehensive legal, policy, and institutional framework that includes: permanent criminalization of sexual harassment in the new 2020 Penal Code; creation of a governmental oversight body that supports creating workplaces free from sexual harassment; and establishment of a complaints and follow-up mechanism for cases of workplace sexual harassment and discrimination. WEE • Promote inclusive working environments with zero tolerance policies for employment and workplace discrimination. WEE • Land title fraud is common in Haiti, often preventing banks from accepting land and homes as collateral. • Land ownership is a key challenge to women and men in Haiti as most Haitians do not own land. • Build the capacity of local NGOs to facilitate trainings on women’s legal rights to secure property. For example, sensitize women on the importance of having their names recorded on legal deeds. WEE • Strengthen the government infrastructure surrounding land and property issues through training and transparency, such as the creation of a clear land code, the revision and dissemination of legal texts, the training of public officers and legal professionals, and establishment of a public information system that emphasizes the rights of both men and women to secure property. WEE 15 | USAID/HAITI STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK GENDER ANALYSIS USAID.GOV • Women are less likely than men to have title to their land because of factors like unequal land and inheritance rights, plaçage relationships, higher rates of illiteracy, mistrust in the legal system, and lack of special programs to support women to secure land titles. • Women farmers and entrepreneurs, including “little” Madam Saras and local market sellers, face challenges that include low financial literacy, insufficient capital, and few assets for collateral to secure loans. • Male entrepreneurs also face barriers that include insufficient access to credit because of insufficient collateral and high interest rates. • Women entrepreneurs lack sufficient information and training about owning and starting a business, and access to women’s business associations. • Youth entrepreneurs lack technical assistance, capital, and training on innovation. • Alternatives to bank finance and credit, such as VSLA or Savings and Credit Cooperatives, have been successful in Haiti. • Expand community-based savings and lending programs that are accompanied by financial literacy, business training and coaching, and leadership development, targeting local market sellers and “little” and “big” Madam Saras . WEE • Create information and mutual support networks and associations among women entrepreneurs to provide better access to market information, mentoring, and networking and marketing opportunities, through activities like fairs and competitions. WEE • Support creation of demand-driven credit schemes with formal banks, microfinance institutions, and cell phone companies that meet the needs of rural women and men entrepreneurs, including smallholder farmers and traders. WEE • Develop youth entrepreneurship programs that foster innovation through activities such as competitions, technical assistance, and start-up seed money, with specific support targeting female youth. WEE • Weak storage infrastructure leads to post-harvest losses, which disproportionately impacts women, who are primarily responsible for harvesting and marketing of agriculture goods. • Only 7 percent of lowlands in Haiti are irrigated. • 80 percent of road networks in Haiti are in poor condition. • The absence of rainfall and other data prevent development of needed insurance schemes to offset risk to women and men farmers. • Invest in irrigation, transport, and post-harvest and in-transit storage infrastructure, ensuring that women farmers are involved in the planning and oversight of infrastructure development activities and receive priority in accessing these new infrastructures once completed. WEE • Support use of new technologies to gather real-time information on rain and other agriculture indicators needed to develop agriculture insurance schemes to mitigate risk for women and men farmers. WEE • Women farmers have less access to technical knowledge than men, have limited leadership roles in farmers’ associations, and access fewer resources. • Increase the number of women’s agriculture associations and cooperatives; provide new and existing ones with targeted training on topics that include cooperative logistics and management, financial management and budgeting, access to credit, and leadership. WEE USAID.GOV USAID/HAITI STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK GENDER ANALYSIS | 16 • Women are beginning to form women’s associations to address their needs, but these associations receive less support than other associations. • Women and men farmers experience low access to credit. • Opportunities for women to make value-added agricultural products exist, but challenges like limited infrastructure and technical knowledge prevent them from taking advantage of these opportunities. • Support women’s agriculture associations to identify relevant value-added opportunities (e.g., development of dairy products) and invest in related infrastructure, training, and long-term assistance on appropriate production technologies. Also provide technical assistance on market identification and development of new products, linkages to potential buyers/clients, quality control, sanitary licensing, and export requirements, if relevant. WEE • Partner with commercial banks and microfinance institutions to provide adapted financial products that address the needs of women and men farmers’ associations and women and men farmers. These could include flexible repayment terms, lower interest rates, peer-lending mechanisms, etc. WEE • Workload is one of the top three factors of disempowerment of women and men farmers in Haiti, especially for women. • Women bear a greater time burden than men for household chores, in addition to farm- related activities. This prevents them from taking leadership roles in agriculture associations and community leadership overall. • Fund social and behavior change initiatives in all agency agriculture-related activities to bring women and men farmers together in critical reflection and dialogue on household and farm roles and responsibilities as well as more gender equitable distribution of workload on the family farm. Sector 6: Infrastructure J2SR Sub-Dimensions 2, 3, 4, 7: inclusive development, economic policy, government capacity, and capacity of the economy • GBV including sexual harassment towards women is prevalent in all heavy infrastructure projects, yet little recourse is available. • Infrastructure work site conditions are often gender- discriminatory and pose security risks for women. • Form a public-private partnership among relevant governmental authorities (e.g., MCFDF, Ministry of Commerce and Industry/ Ministère du Commerce et de l’Industrie (MCI), and Ministry of Public Works, Transportation, and Communication/ Ministère des Travaux Publics, des Transports et des Communications (MTPTC), relevant private sector actors (e.g., Caracol Industry Park operators), and CSOs to carry out an awareness campaign to inform women of the resources available and the measures to be taken when they experience GBV, including sexual harassment in large infrastructure work sites. Encourage men to become allies in the prevention and the fight against these behaviors. WEE • Advocate with the General Customs Administration to approve the anti- harassment policy and complaints procedure. Support the National Port Authority/ l'Autorité Portuaire Nationale (APN) to adopt and implement a corresponding anti-harassment policy and complaints mechanism. WEE • Support the MCI or MTPTC to create a policy on gender-sensitive work site conditions that would require a minimum set of measures to ensure a non- discriminatory work environment as well as standards for the safety and security of women. Include special considerations for the safety, security, and well-being of pregnant and nursing mothers. Also provide safe and secure childcare for working mothers. WEE • Women are largely absent in infrastructure-related fields of study at the tertiary level, and, in turn, are underrepresented in infrastructure sectors like electricity, ports, and other heavy • Form an alliance between private-sector industry leaders, Haitian universities, and the relevant Haitian Ministries to: 1) create an awareness-raising or social behavior communication campaign on opportunities for women in infrastructure that deconstructs the gender norms and stereotypes that limit women in the sector; and 2) establish a vocational training program that specifically targets women with and without diplomas to fill industry-identified labor needs. WEE 17 | USAID/HAITI STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK GENDER ANALYSIS USAID.GOV construction, especially in high- skill posts. • Research on gender and infrastructure (electricity or solar energy) is in a preliminary phase and has not so far informed related public policy. • Advocate with the Ministry of Planning and External Cooperation/ Ministère de la Planification et de la Coopération Externe (MPCE) to include a gender analysis as part of its ongoing study of the energy sector, which includes an assessment of solar energy in Haiti. • New opportunities to integrate women into the solar energy sector have emerged. • 75 percent of schools have no access to electricity in Haiti. • Lack of electricity in the home often accounts for poor learning outcomes among primary-age girls and boys in Haiti. • Support expansion of solar microgrids across Haiti, with particular attention to serving schools, other public facilities, and households with children that do not currently have access to reliable and context-adapted energy sources. • Expand professional development opportunities for women in the solar energy field to train them as electricians, microgrid troubleshooters, etc. WEE Sector 7: Water Supply and Sanitation J2SR Sub-Dimensions 2, 4, 6: inclusive development, government capacity, and citizen capacity • Sustained access to clean drinking water at the household level is critical for stopping the spread of water-borne diseases and is critical during a global pandemic. • Capitalize on the increased attention on hygiene and water management during the pandemic to assist local NGOs to advocate for better sanitation systems and for individual households to prioritize spending on sanitation as a pathway to improved health. This should include critical reflection dialogue between spouses to create more gender-equitable decision-making on household water and sanitation. • Invest in strengthening the infrastructure, increasing training, and attracting financing of sanitation systems. • Incentivize companies in the water and sanitation sector by awarding financing to those who are inclusive of marginalized groups, including people with disabilities, whether through seeking their inputs in decision-making, providing jobs training, or improving availability, access, and quality of sanitation systems at local levels. • Consider innovative ways to develop accessible public toilets for those with special needs. WEE • Messaging regarding health and hygiene during the pandemic is not inclusive and gender- sensitive. • Encourage more engagement at the local level by having health and hygiene authorities conduct roadshows for COVID-19-related awareness raising. Consider including youth and children in the dissemination of messages to increase their influence. Hold socially distanced talks at local churches , vodou hounfort , and schools to reach out to otherwise excluded members of the population. • Invest in free mobile hand-washing stations to reach populations with little water access. • Schools have inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities that depress school attendance and fail to meet the sanitation needs of boys and girls, particularly for menstrual hygiene management. • Fund WSS initiatives that include adding schools into community water systems and constructing gender-sensitive toilet facilities that provide privacy and security at the schools. • Expand the evidence base for integrated WASH programming in schools that addresses key issues related to school attendance, including attention to girls’ reproductive issues through activities that could include a comprehensive evaluation of gender-sensitive WASH in schools. USAID.GOV USAID/HAITI STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK GENDER ANALYSIS | 18 • Women’s representation in Haiti’s water sector has improved, although there is still room for greater representation. • Support training and mentorship opportunities to pair junior women at the decentralized level with women in senior positions at the National Directorate for Drinking Water and Sanitation/ Direction Nationale de l’Eau Potable et Assainissement (DINEPA). WEE • Work with the GOH to hold accountable the Potable Water and Sanitation Provision Committees/ Comités d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable et Assainissement (CAEPAs) by