Évaluation Environnementale Programmatique - Appui à la Valorisation du Potentiel Agricole du Nord pour la Sécurité Économique et Environnementale (AVANSE)

PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT APPUI À LA VALORISATION DU POTENTIEL AGRICOLE DU NORD POUR LA SÉCURITÉ ECONOMIQUE ET ENVIRONNEMENTALE (AVANSE) NOVEMBER 2015 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by DAI. PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT APPUI À LA VALORISATION DU POTENTIEL AGRICOLE DU NORD, POUR LA SÉCURITÉ ECONOMIQUE ET ENVIRONNEMENTALE (AVANSE) Program Title: Appui à la Valorisation du potentiel Agricole du Nord, pour la Sécurité Économique et Environnementale (AVANSE) Sponsoring USAID Office: USAID/Haiti Contract Number: AID – 521 – C – 13 – 00006 Contractor: DAI Date of Publication: November 10, 2015 Author: DAI The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS CONTENTS..........................................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................................13 LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................15 ACRONYMS.......................................................................................................................17 1. SUMMARY .....................................................................................................................20 PURPOSE.............................................................................................................................20 AVANSE .......................................................................................................................20 Programmatic Environmental Assessment....................................................................20 ALTERNATIVES.....................................................................................................................21 Original Proposed Action...............................................................................................21 Focused Activity package Alternative ............................................................................22 No-Action Alternative.....................................................................................................22 Comparison of Alternatives ...........................................................................................22 PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE....................................................................................................23 MITIGATION MEASURES ........................................................................................................23 THRESHOLD RECOMMENDATIONS..........................................................................................24 Categorical Exclusion....................................................................................................24 Negative Determination.................................................................................................24 Negative Determination with Conditions........................................................................25 Positive Determination ..................................................................................................25 MAJOR CONCLUSIONS..........................................................................................................25 2. PURPOSE ......................................................................................................................28 PURPOSE OF AVANSE.........................................................................................................28 LOCATION AND ACTIVITIES....................................................................................................28 3. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ............................................31 USAID ................................................................................................................................31 Initial Environmental Examination..................................................................................31 Purpose of the PEA.......................................................................................................33 PEA Methodology .........................................................................................................33 GOVERNMENT OF HAITI.........................................................................................................35 Haitian Environmental Action Plan ................................................................................35 2006 Framework Decree on Environment .....................................................................35 Other Laws, Regulations and Policies ...........................................................................35 4. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT..........................................................................................37 4 AVANSE PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT......................................................................................................37 TOPOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................................37 GEOLOGY AND SOILS ...........................................................................................................38 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS..........................................................................................................38 WATER RESOURCES.............................................................................................................42 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................................................43 COTES DU NORD, LAGONS DU NORD-EST KBAS....................................................................45 PLAISANCE, MORNE BAILLY, CITADELLE/GROTTES DONDON KBAS..........................................47 PROTECTED AREAS..............................................................................................................48 ADDITIONAL NOTES ON VEGETATION.....................................................................................49 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT..........................................................................................50 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ........................................................................................50 LAND TENURE ......................................................................................................................50 LAND USE............................................................................................................................51 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ..........................................................................................................54 HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES...............................................................................55 HEALTH AND EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES .................................................................................55 WATER, SANITATION AND SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT .........................................................56 TRANSPORT .........................................................................................................................56 GOVERNMENTAL SERVICES...................................................................................................57 5. ORIGINAL PROPOSED ACTION, ALTERNATIVES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES .............................................................................................................58 RESULTS OF SCOPING AND SUBSEQUENT CONSULTATION......................................................58 ORIGINAL PROPOSED ACTION ...............................................................................................59 Intermediate Result 1: Agricultural Productivity Increased.............................................59 Intermediate Result 2: Watershed Stability Improved ....................................................65 Intermediate Result 3: Agricultural Markets Strengthened.............................................69 Intermediate Result 4: Capacity Building Support to Implementing Partners .................71 Infrastructure.................................................................................................................72 Information, Analysis, and Environmental Compliance Unit...........................................76 IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED ACTION .....................................................................................77 Intermediate Result 1: Agricultural Productivity Increased.............................................77 Intermediate Result 2: Watershed Stability Improved ....................................................80 Intermediate Result 3: Agricultural Markets Strengthened.............................................85 Infrastructure.................................................................................................................87 FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE ...........................................................................97 IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE .................................................98 NO-ACTION ALTERNATIVE ..................................................................................................100 IMPACTS OF THE NO-ACTION ALTERNATIVE .........................................................................100 SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS.........................................................................................................101 IRREVERSIBLE OR IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF RESOURCES .......................................101 AVANSE PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 5 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ........................................................................................................101 MITIGATION MEASURES ......................................................................................................103 In-house environmental review by AVANSE................................................................103 Site-specific EMPR review as per established LAC procedures ..................................104 COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES.........................................................................................104 PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE..................................................................................................105 6. WATERSHED AND EXTENSION ZONE CONTEXT AND ENVIROMENTAL CONSEQUENCES ...........................................................................................................106 JASSA WATERSHED......................................................................................................106 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.............................................................................................106 TOPOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................107 GEOLOGY AND SOILS..............................................................................................107 WATER RESOURCES ...............................................................................................107 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................107 COTES DU NORD, LAGONS DU NORD-EST KBAS.................................................107 PROTECTED AREAS.................................................................................................108 ADDITIONAL NOTES ON VEGETATION...................................................................108 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ..............................................................................108 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................108 LAND TENURE ..........................................................................................................108 LAND USE..................................................................................................................109 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES............................................................................................109 HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES..........................................................109 HEALTH AND EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES..............................................................109 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES............................................................................109 IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE ............................109 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................110 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................111 IR 2 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................115 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................115 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................115 IR 3 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................116 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................116 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................116 INFRASTRUCTURE.........................................................................................................117 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................117 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................117 INDIRECT IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE.....119 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE120 MARION WATERSHED ...................................................................................................124 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.............................................................................................124 6 AVANSE PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT TOPOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................124 WATER RESOURCES ...............................................................................................124 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................124 KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS, PROTECTED AREAS AND VEGETATION................124 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ..............................................................................125 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................125 LAND TENURE ..........................................................................................................125 LAND USE..................................................................................................................125 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES............................................................................................125 HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES..........................................................125 HEALTH AND EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES..............................................................125 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES............................................................................125 IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE ............................126 IR 1 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................126 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................126 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................129 IR 2 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................130 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................130 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................131 IR 3 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................131 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................131 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................132 INFRASTRUCTURE.........................................................................................................132 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................132 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................134 INDIRECT IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE.....134 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE135 TROU DU NORD WATERSHED...............................................................................................138 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.............................................................................................138 TOPOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................138 WATER RESOURCES ...............................................................................................138 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................139 KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS, PROTECTED AREAS AND VEGETATION................139 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ..............................................................................139 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................139 LAND TENURE ..........................................................................................................139 LAND USE..................................................................................................................140 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES............................................................................................140 HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES..........................................................140 HEALTH AND EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES..............................................................140 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES............................................................................140 AVANSE PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 7 IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE ............................140 IR 1 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................142 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................142 Expanding and improving plantain production near Bord de Mer and, potentially, Caracol would increase farmers’ incomes and provide jobs to local residents. .........................142 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................142 IR 2 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................144 IR 3 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................144 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................144 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................145 INFRASTRUCTURE.........................................................................................................145 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................145 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................146 INDIRECT IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE.....146 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE146 GRANDE RIVIERE DU NORD WATERSHED ..............................................................................149 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.............................................................................................149 TOPOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................149 GEOLOGY AND SOILS..............................................................................................149 WATER RESOURCES ...............................................................................................150 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................150 KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS, PROTECTED AREAS AND VEGETATION................150 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ..............................................................................151 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................151 LAND TENURE ..........................................................................................................151 LAND USE..................................................................................................................152 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES............................................................................................152 HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES..........................................................152 HEALTH AND EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES..............................................................152 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES............................................................................152 IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE ............................152 IR 1 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................154 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................154 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................155 IR 2 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................156 IR 3 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................156 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................156 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................156 INFRASTRUCTURE.........................................................................................................156 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................156 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................156 8 AVANSE PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT INDIRECT IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE.....156 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE157 HAUT DU CAP WATERSHED..................................................................................................161 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.............................................................................................161 TOPOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................161 GEOLOGY AND SOILS..............................................................................................161 WATER RESOURCES ...............................................................................................161 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................162 KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS, PROTECTED AREAS AND VEGETATION................162 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ..............................................................................162 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................162 LAND TENURE ..........................................................................................................162 LAND USE..................................................................................................................162 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES............................................................................................162 HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES..........................................................163 HEALTH AND EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES..............................................................163 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES............................................................................163 IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE ............................163 IR 1 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................164 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................164 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................167 IR 2 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................169 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................169 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................169 IR 3 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................170 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................170 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................170 INFRASTRUCTURE.........................................................................................................171 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................171 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................171 INDIRECT IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE.....173 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE174 LIMBE WATERSHED ............................................................................................................177 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.............................................................................................177 TOPOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................177 GEOLOGY AND SOILS..............................................................................................177 WATER RESOURCES ...............................................................................................177 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................178 KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS, PROTECTED AREAS AND VEGETATION................178 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ..............................................................................178 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................178 AVANSE PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 9 LAND TENURE ..........................................................................................................178 LAND USE..................................................................................................................178 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES............................................................................................178 HEALTH AND EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES..............................................................178 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES............................................................................179 IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE ............................179 IR 1 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................179 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................179 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................182 IR 2 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................183 IR 3 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................183 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................183 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................183 INFRASTRUCTURE.........................................................................................................184 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................184 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................184 INDIRECT IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE.....184 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE185 PORT MARGOT EXTENSION AREA ........................................................................................187 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.............................................................................................187 ....................................................................................................................................187 TOPOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................187 WATER RESOURCES ...............................................................................................187 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................188 KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS, PROTECTED AREAS AND VEGETATION................188 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ..............................................................................188 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................188 LAND TENURE ..........................................................................................................188 LAND USE..................................................................................................................188 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES............................................................................................188 HEALTH AND EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES..............................................................188 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES............................................................................190 IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE ............................190 IR 1 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................190 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................190 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................190 IR 2 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................191 IR 3 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................191 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................191 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................191 INFRASTRUCTURE.........................................................................................................191 10 AVANSE PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT INDIRECT IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE.....191 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE191 BORGNE EXTENSION AREA .................................................................................................193 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.............................................................................................193 TOPOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................193 WATER RESOURCES ...............................................................................................194 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................194 KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS, PROTECTED AREAS AND VEGETATION................194 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ..............................................................................194 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................194 LAND TENURE ..........................................................................................................194 LAND USE..................................................................................................................194 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES............................................................................................194 HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES..........................................................194 HEALTH AND EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES..............................................................195 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES............................................................................195 IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE ............................195 IR 1 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................195 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................195 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................195 IR 2 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................198 IR 3 ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................................198 POSITIVE IMPACTS...................................................................................................198 NEGATIVE IMPACTS.................................................................................................198 INFRASTRUCTURE.........................................................................................................198 INDIRECT IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE.....198 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS OF THE FOCUSED ACTIVITY PACKAGE ALTERNATIVE198 7. THRESHOLD RECOMMENDATIONS..........................................................................200 CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION..................................................................................................200 NEGATIVE DETERMINATION .................................................................................................201 NEGATIVE DETERMINATION WITH CONDITIONS .....................................................................201 POSITIVE DETERMINATION ..................................................................................................202 8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN..................................................................203 ANNEX A: LIST OF PREPARERS...................................................................................205 ANNEX B: BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................208 ANNEX C: SITES VISITED...............................................................................................215 ANNEX D: THREATENED SPECIES IN THE KBAS IN THE AVANSE PROJECT AREA225 ANNEX E: CONSULTATION WORKSHOP .....................................................................228 AVANSE PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 11 ANNEX F: UMBRELLA EMPR FOR IR1 NON-INFRASTRUCTURE ACTIVITIES ...........233 ANNEX G: UMBRELLA EMPR FOR IR2 ACTIVITIES.....................................................243 ANNEX H: UMBRELLA EMPR FOR IR3 GRANTS..........................................................254 ANNEX I: UMBRELLA EMPR FOR IR3 VOUCHER PROGRAM FOR FERTILIZERS.....305 ANNEX J: SITE-SPECIFIC EMPRS AND SCREENING FORMS FOR IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PROJECTS...................................................................................................352 12 AVANSE PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT LIST OF TABLES Table 1: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES ACTIONS ..........................................................................23 Table 2: Number of Focus Groups to Which questionnaires Were Administered ......................................34 Table 3: Average and Minimum Flows on Project Area Rivers ..................................................................43 Table 4: Extent of Mangrove Forests by Watershed or Extension Zone ....................................................47 Table 5: Distribution of Population in the Northern Corridor.......................................................................50 Table 6: Distribution of Farm Households by Size......................................................................................50 Table 7: Distribution of Farm Size by Watershed, in Percent.....................................................................51 Table 8: Access to land in percent..............................................................................................................51 Table 9: Summary of Land Use and land cover in AVANSE Watersheds..................................................52 Table 10: Occupational Distribution of Work Force in the Northern Corridor by Gender ...........................55 Table 11: Distribution of Institutions in the Northern Corridor.....................................................................56 Table 12: Good agricultural practices .........................................................................................................60 Table 13: Infrastucture Projects to be Undertaken by AVANSE.................................................................72 Table 14: Summary of Threshold Determinations for Irrigation Sites .........................................................94 Table 15: summary of interventions on irrigated land.................................................................................98 Table 16: AVANSE Activities By Watershed.............................................................................................102 Table 17: Comparison of the Relative Impact of Each Alternative ...........................................................104 Table 18: Summary characteristics for Jassa watershed .........................................................................108 Table 19: summary of Focused activity package alternative Activities in Jassa Watershed....................109 Figure 16: AVANSE activities in the Jassa watershed .............................................................................110 Table 20: Flow measurements at different locations along the Jassa and Canari Rivers........................118 Table 21: Cumulative Impact Assessment of AVANSE activities in Jassa...............................................123 Table 22: Summary characteristics for Marion Watershed.......................................................................125 Table 23: summary of Focused activity package alternative Activities in Marion Watershed ..................126 Table 24: Irrigation water needed for different perimeters within the Marion watershed..........................133 Table 25: Flow measurements at different locations along the Marion River...........................................134 AVANSE PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 13 Table 26: Cumulative Impact Assessment of AVANSE activities in Marion .............................................137 Table 27: Summary characteristics for Trou du Nord watershed .............................................................139 Table 28: summary of Focused activity package alternative Activities in Trou du nord Watershed.........142 Table 29: Cumulative Impact Assessment of AVANSE activities in Trou du Nord...................................147 Table 30: Summary characteristics for Grande Riviere du Nord watershed ............................................151 Table 31: summary of Focused activity package alternative Activities in grande riviere du nord Watershed ..................................................................................................................................................................154 Table 32: Cumulative Impact Assessment of AVANSE activities in Grande Riviere du Nord..................158 Table 33: Summary characteristics for Haut du cap watershed ...............................................................162 Table 34: summary of Focused activity package alternative Activities in haut du cap Watershed ..........163 Table 35: Irrigation water needs at the different irrigation systems in the Haut du Cap watershed .........172 Table 36: Flow measurement at the Dubré irrigation system ...................................................................173 Table 37: Cumulative Impact Assessment of AVANSE activities in Haut du Cap....................................175 Table 38: Summary characteristics for limbe watershed ..........................................................................178 Table 39: summary of Focused activity package alternative Activities in limbe Watershed.....................179 Table 40: Cumulative Impact Assessment of AVANSE activities in Limbe ..............................................186 Table 41: Summary characteristics for Port Margot extension zone ........................................................188 Table 42: Cumulative Impact Assessment of AVANSE activities in Port Margot .....................................192 Table 43: Summary characteristics for Borgne extension zone ...............................................................194 Table 44: Cumulative Impact Assessment of AVANSE activities in Borgne ............................................199 14 AVANSE PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: AVANSE Project Area with Watershed delineation.....................................................................29 Figure 2: Slopes in AVANSE Project Area..................................................................................................38 Figure 3: Average Rainfall in AVANSE Project Area ..................................................................................39 Figure 4: Projected change in July precipitation, 2046-2065......................................................................41 Figure 5: AVANSE Project Area and Activities Showing PN3B (in purple) and KBAs (in red)...................44 Figure 6: Mangrove (Green) And Coral Reef (Red) Systems of North and Northeastern Haiti..................46 Figure 7: BOUNDARIES OF THE Parc National des Trois Baies ..............................................................48 Figure 8: PROPOSED ACUL / CÔTE DU NORD MARINE MANAGED AREA..........................................49 Figure 9: Land Cover/Use in the AVANSE Watersheds .............................................................................53 Figure10: Location of IR1 and IR2 activities ...............................................................................................65 Figure 11: Vetiver planted along contour in agroforestry demonstration plot .............................................66 Figure 12: Location of Five Pilot Well Irrigation Projects ............................................................................74 Figure 13: Bare soil on steep slope within new agroforestry demonstration ..............................................83 Figure 14: Land Use and Land Cover in Jassa.........................................................................................106 Figure 15: Red Mangroves at Lagon aux Boeufs .....................................................................................107 Figure 17: Lower Jassa Watershed: Bas Maribahoux Irrigated Perimeter...............................................112 Figure 18: Mechanized harvesting of rice in Bas Marihaboux ..................................................................113 Figure 19: Dry bed of Jassa River 3 km north of Makimara .....................................................................118 Figure 20: Land Use and Land Cover in Marion.......................................................................................124 Figure 21: Lower Marion watershed: Dumas, Chalopin, CrOI Cou and Garde Saline Irrigated Perimeters ..................................................................................................................................................................127 Figure 24: Land Use and Land Cover in Trou du Nord.............................................................................138 Figure 25: AVANSE activites in the Trou du Nord watershed ..................................................................141 Figure 26: Land Use and Land Cover in Grande Riviere du Nord............................................................149 Figure 27: Citadelle/Grottes Dondon KBA ................................................................................................151 Figure 28: AVANSE activites in the Grande Rivière du Nord watershed ...................................153 Figure 29: Land Use and Land Cover in Haut du Cap..............................................................................161 AVANSE PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 15 Figure 30: Lower Haut du Cap watershed: Dubre, LA Suisse and Grison Garde Irrigated Perimeters ...164 Figure 31: AVANSE activities in the Haut du Cap watershed...................................................................165 Figure 32: Land Use and Land Cover in Limbe ........................................................................................177 Figure 33: AVANSE activites in the Limbé watershed.............................................................................181 Figure 34: Lower Limbé watershed: Drainage Infrastructure in Bas LImbe .............................................182 Figure 35: Land Use and Land Cover in Port Margot ...............................................................................187 Figure 36: AVANSE activites in the Port Margot cacao extension zone ..................................................193 Figure 37: Land Use and Land Cover in Borgne.....................................................................................193 Figure 38: AVANSE activites in the Borgne cacao extension zone..........................................................197 16 AVANSE PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ACRONYMS 22-CFR-216 Title 22 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Part 216, Environmental Procedures [for USAID] AAA Agro-Action Allemande AVANSE Appui à la Valorisation du potentiel Agricole du Nord, pour la Sécurité Économique et environnementale CBO Community-based Organization CEPF Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund CIAT Comité Interministériel d’Aménagement du Territoire CITES Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species CSSR Citadelle / Sans Souci / Ramier DEED Développement Economique pour un Environnement Durable DINEPA Direction Nationale de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement EC Environmental Compliance EMPR Environmental Management Plans and Reports FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations FECCANO Federation Des Cooperatives Cacaoyeres Du Nord FFS Farmer Field School FoProBiM Fondation pour la Protection de la Biodiversité